猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒Nsp2基因缺失株Jiangxi-3灭活疫苗免疫效果评价

将猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(PRRSV)Nsp2基因缺失株Jiangxi-3的第9代病毒(Jiangxi-3F9)按常规方法制成油佐剂灭活疫苗,经肌肉注射免疫PRRSV和猪圆环病毒(PCV2)抗原与抗体均为阴性的60日龄健康猪,免疫组分别于初次免疫第21和28天、二次免疫第28天(即初次免疫第28天加强免疫1次)用200LD50的Jiangxi-3 F9进行攻毒,同时各组均设立对照组。通过试验动物体温变化、临床症状、血清PRRS抗体和抗原定期检测结果评价灭活疫苗的免疫效果。结果表明,初次免疫第21和28天免疫组攻毒后体温仍然明显升高,而二次免疫第28天免疫组攻毒后体温升高不明显,最高体温约40℃。初次免疫21-28 d免疫组特异性抗体水平持续升高,初次免疫第21天与第28天抗体水平差异显著(0.01P0.05);二次免疫后免疫组抗体水平仍持续升高,第28天可达3.105±0.125,二次免疫第28天与初次免疫28天抗体水平差异显著(0.01P0.05)。初次免疫第21天和第28天免疫组攻毒后仍能在血清中检出PRRSV抗原,仍表现不同程度的临床症状,而二免第28天的免疫组攻毒后其PRRSV抗原检出率、发病率、死亡率均为0。表明初次免疫第28天加强免疫一次比免疫一次效果好。     

猪圆环病毒2型感染对仔猪免疫功能的影响

为研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)对宿主免疫应答的动态影响,选取19头PCV2和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)血清抗体阴性的普通断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(4头)和试验组(15头),试验组每头仔猪接种PCV2病毒悬液,分离攻毒后0、3、7、14、21、28和35 d仔猪外周血淋巴细胞和血清,用MTT法检测外周血淋巴细胞的转化率,并用ELISA法检测血清中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-2、IL-6和IL-10的表达变化。结果显示,脂多糖(LPS)刺激下仔猪外周血淋巴细胞的转化率在攻毒后各时间点均极显著降低(P0.01);植物血凝素(PHA)刺激下仔猪外周血淋巴细胞的转化率在攻毒后3、21和28 d极显著降低(P0.01),在攻毒后14 d显著降低(P0.05);与对照猪相比,攻毒猪血清中IL-6的含量在攻毒后各时间点均无显著变化(P0.05);IL-1β的含量在攻毒后7 d显著升高(P0.05),IL-10的含量在攻毒后35 d极显著升高(P0.01);IL-2的含量在攻毒后7 d显著降低(P0.05),在攻毒后21 d显著升高(P0.05),在攻毒后28和35 d均极显著升高(P0.01)。结果表明,PCV2能显著抑制仔猪外周血T、B淋巴细胞的转化能力,并能激活机体的固有免疫应答,但同时能导致适应性免疫应答的活化出现迟滞并在攻毒后期引起免疫调节紊乱。     

猪伪狂犬病灭活疫苗(HB-J株)对兔与猪免疫攻毒保护平行关系的研究试验

用研制的连续3批猪伪狂犬病灭活疫苗(HB-J株)分别以不同剂量免疫健康兔和断奶仔猪,检测其免疫28 d后的血清抗体,采用血清中和试验法测定血清中和指数,并对免疫28 d后的兔和断奶仔猪分别进行攻毒,统计各组兔和断奶仔猪免疫后攻毒保护率。结果表明,兔免疫28 d后的血清抗体中和指数为794～1258时保护率为60%～80%,血清抗体中和指数≥1479时可获得100%保护;仔猪免疫28 d后的血清抗体中和指数为229～269时保护率为60%～80%,血清抗体中和指数≥331时可获得100%保护。兔与仔猪对猪伪狂犬病灭活疫苗(HB-J株)均产生良好的免疫应答反应,抗体值较高者获得保护率相对较高,兔与猪免疫与攻毒保护呈现平行关系。     

嵌合型猪圆环病毒(PCV1-2)及PCV2 ORF2真核表达质粒对商品猪的免疫保护

应用本实验室构建的嵌合型猪圆环病毒(PCV1-2)及真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/V5-His-ORF2作为免疫原免疫母源抗体ELISA效价在0.07～0.60不等的商品猪,9头猪随机分为4组,1组(3头)肌肉注射免疫103.5TCID50的PCV1-2/头,2组(2头)肌肉注射真核表达质粒200μg/头,3组(2头)肌肉注射空载体(pcDNA3.1)200 μg/头,4组(2头)不免疫作为攻毒对照组.于免疫后42 d,PCV1-2组及真核表达质粒组产生了PCV2抗体.免疫后42 d所有组攻毒PCV2和PRRSV,剂量分别为2×104.5TCID50/头和106TCID50/头.攻毒后21 d,攻毒对照组猪淋巴结比免疫组显著肿大,免疫组猪血清、淋巴结中PCV2病毒载量低于对照组,攻毒对照组猪淋巴结中PCV2抗原含量高于免疫组.这些结果表明,嵌合型PCV1-2及真核表达质粒肌肉注射免疫商品猪后,对PCV2感染能产生保护性免疫应答,有可能成为候选疫苗.     

不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征减毒活疫苗在猪体内的动态学及临床免疫效果比较

为了比较国内不同猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)弱毒疫苗的安全性和有效性,本研究将17头PRRSV抗原和抗体双阴性的28日龄仔猪随机分为4组,TJM-F92株弱毒疫苗组,JXA1-R株弱毒疫苗组,经典株弱毒疫苗(VR2332来源)组和注射生理盐水对照组。免疫后7,14,21,28d分别采血,ELISA抗体检测试剂盒检测PRRSV抗体,结果从免疫后14d起PRRSV抗体开始转阳,但各试验组的抗体水平无明显差异。对免疫后14d所采血样进行病毒分离,TJM-F92株免疫组未分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,JXA1-R株免疫组2头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒,经典株免疫组只1头猪分离到PRRSV疫苗毒。免疫后28d,所有猪接种PRRSV强毒株TJ株进行攻毒试验,观察各组猪的体温、临床症状;攻毒后21d,所有猪安乐死,剖检观察肺部病理变化。结果显示,TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未出现临床发病猪,经典株免疫组2头猪出现临床发病,对照组全部临床发病,死亡1头。经典株免疫组临床发病猪出现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化,而TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株免疫组均未发现典型PRRSV感染肺部病理变化。本研究证实TJM-F92株和JXA1-R株对高致病性PRRSV的免疫效果优于经典株弱毒疫苗,TJM-F92疫苗株与JXA1-R疫苗株相比,疫苗毒在体内带毒时间更短,安全性更高。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗（HuN4-F112株）对类NADC30 PRRSV免疫保护效果的评价

类NADC30猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)已成为我国PRRSV的主要流行株,为了评价当前商品化疫苗对类NADC30 PRRSV的免疫保护效果,本研究将12头6周龄仔猪随机分为3组,免疫组和攻毒对照组各5头、空白对照组2头,免疫组肌注高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗(HuN4-F112株)105.0TCID50/头,免疫后21 d,免疫组和攻毒对照组每头各肌注2 mL和滴鼻2 mL类NADC30 PRRSV SD53-1603株(104.0TCID50/mL)。攻毒后观察各组实验猪临床症状,可见攻毒对照组所有猪均发热,持续5 d~9 d,免疫组仅2头猪发热1 d~2 d。检测各组实验猪体重变化,结果显示,攻毒后免疫组和攻毒对照组体重增长均显著低于空白对照组(p0.001),但攻毒14 d以后,免疫组体重增长显著高于攻毒对照组(p0.05)。IDEXX ELISA测定各组猪血清中PRRSV的特异性抗体,结果显示免疫后14 d可以诱导免疫组仔猪产生良好的针对PRRSV的特异性抗体。利用荧光定量PCR测定血清和组织中的病毒载量,结果显示免疫组血清和组织中的病毒载量均极显著低于对照组(p0.0001)。对PRRSV免疫后及攻毒后各组仔猪各脏器病理学观察,结果可见攻毒对照组与免疫组相比出现明显的剖检和组织病理学变化。以上结果表明,高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗(HuN4-F112株)对类NADC30 PRRSV可以提供一定的交叉保护,该研究为评价我国现有疫苗是否对类NADC30 PRRSV具有保护效果提供了参考依据。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征对塞内卡病毒灭活苗免疫效果的影响

为探究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)对塞内卡病毒(SVA)灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响,对PRRS阳性猪和PRRS阴性猪分别免疫相同批次、相同剂量的SVA灭活苗,检测首次免疫后7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d血清中和抗体效价,并在免疫后28 d对所有试验猪进行攻毒保护试验。结果显示,所有PRRS阳性猪的SVA血清中和抗体效价均小于1∶4,而PRRS阴性猪SVA血清中和抗体效价在二免后上升到较高水平。攻毒保护结果与中和抗体效价结果呈正相关,PRRS阳性组0/5保护,而PRRS阴性组试验猪达到5/5保护。这一研究表明PRRS会使SVA灭活疫苗免疫效果下降,为SVA及PRRS疫苗的研发及猪场疾病的防控提供了参考。     

PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗免疫特性的研究

为进一步研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株疫苗的免疫机理和明确PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗各自的免疫特性,本实验分别采用PRRSV变异株(HuN4)活疫苗和PRRSV变异株(JXA1)灭活苗免疫PRRSV抗原和抗体阴性的健康断奶仔猪,免疫后21d用PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒,ELISA方法检测血清中PRRSV特异的抗体水平及TNF-α、IFN-α、IL-1、IL-6和CRP细胞因子水平,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测病毒血症的发生和持续情况,并取主要器官进行病理组织学观察。结果表明:HuN4活疫苗组免疫后14d便可检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后21d病毒血症完全消失,免疫后各器官没有明显病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化轻微;JXA1株灭活苗组免疫期间没有检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d～9d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后病毒血症持续存在,免疫后各器官有轻微病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化比HuN4活疫苗组严重,但比对照组明显减轻。本实验表明,HuN4活疫苗能够快速有效的激发机体的体液免疫反应,在抵抗PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒时,临床症状明显优于JXA1灭活苗。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒基因工程双标记疫苗rHN4-△25+NP49株最小免疫剂量的测定

将35头40日龄猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)、猪圆环病毒(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)抗原及抗体均为阴性的健康仔猪,随机分成7组,每组5头,命名为XJ1~XJ7组。XJ1~XJ6组分别免疫PRRSV基因工程双标记疫苗rHN4-△25+NP49株,接种剂量分别为102TCID50/头、103TCID50/头、104TCID50/头、105TCID50/头、106TCID50/头和107TCID50/头,XJ7组为对照组,按1mL/头剂量接种DMEM。各试验组在免疫后28 d,用3×104.0TCID50/头剂量感染HP-PRRSV HuN4第5代强毒,疫苗免疫和攻毒后观察和检测各组试验猪的免疫效果。结果表明:攻毒前XJ2-XJ6组PRRSV ELISA抗体在免疫后14 d全部转为阳性,XJ1组在免疫后21 d转为阳性,但维持在较低水平;XJ2-XJ6组针对标记基因NP49的特异性抗体在免疫后28 d转阳性。攻毒后对照组全部发病,且死亡2头,XJ1有4头发病,XJ2-XJ6组无发病和死亡,本研究结果表明PRRSV基因工程双标记疫苗rHN4-△25+NP49株对仔猪提供免疫保护的最小免疫剂量为103TCID50/头。     

PCV2感染对仔猪NO-NOS系统的动态影响

将19头PCV2和PRRSV血清抗体阴性的普通断奶仔猪分为对照组(4头)和攻毒组(15头),攻毒组每头仔猪滴鼻接种PCV2病毒悬液4mL(5×105 TCID50/mL)并用KLH刺激,分别在攻毒后14、21、35d各扑杀5头仔猪采集血清和脾脏、淋巴结、胸腺(对照组4头在攻毒当天扑杀)。检测各种组织中NO、TNOS和iNOS的含量。结果显示,攻毒猪各组织中NO含量均在攻毒后14d显著升高(P<0.05),然后缓慢下降;血清和3种免疫器官中NOS(包括TNOS和iNOS)活性的变化趋势比较一致,均表现出先升高然后再逐渐降低的特点。此外,iNOS活性变化与其相应的组织中NO含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结果表明,PCV2在感染早期(1～14d)可激活仔猪多种组织中NO-NOS系统,中后期逐渐恢复,这种变化与PCV2所致的组织损伤密切相关,因此,NO-NOS系统可能是PCV2相关疾病发生发展的重要信号。     

不同免疫方式对仔猪免疫高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪瘟、猪口蹄疫三种疫苗抗体水平的影响

采用不同的免疫方式,对38头36~38日龄健康仔猪进行高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪瘟、猪口蹄疫3种疫苗进行免疫,分别于免疫前（0 d）和免疫后15、30、45、60、90 d采血进行这3种疫病抗体检测。结果发现效果最好的方法是先免疫猪瘟和口蹄疫疫苗14 d后再免疫高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗;其次是猪瘟疫苗和高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗分别释稀后混合为1针,口蹄疫疫苗另作1针同时分点注射;免疫效果最差的是高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪瘟、猪口蹄疫3种疫苗同时分3点注射。     

Analysis of the Immune Efficacy of Attenuated Live Vaccine in the Pig Herds Previously Infected with Wild-type Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

To evaluate the immune efficacy of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) attenuated live vaccine,this study selected 4 litters from two small pig farms (two litters each farm) and vaccinated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) attenuated live vaccine.Sera were collected on different days post vaccination (dpv) to detect PRRSV nucleic acid by RT-PCR,and PRRSV antibody using two different ELISA Kits,i.e.N-ELISA and G-ELISA.The results showed that PRRSV nucleic acid were positive on 0 dpv until 30 dpv in piglets and also positive on 0 dpv in the corresponding sows.All piglets were negative for PRRSV antibody on 0 dpv,but were positive on 30 dpv until 150 dpv.The positive rates detected by N-ELISA Kit were higher than those of G-ELISA Kit on 30 and 60 dpv,but lower than those of G-ELISA Kit on 120 and 150 dpv.A total of 216 sera were detected respectively by two ELISA Kits and the coincidence rate of the results was 95.83%.The P value of χ² test was more than 0.05,showing there was no significant difference between the results of two Kits.The Kappa value was 0.87,showing there was strong consistence between them.The correlation coefficient was 0.605,showing there was significantly linear correlation between them.The results indicated that the wild-type PRRSV in the previously infected pig herds could be eliminated by vaccination with attenuated live vaccine and both N-ELISA and G-ELISA Kits could be used to estimate the immune efficacy of the attenuated live vaccine effectively.     

PRRSV野毒感染猪群免疫接种弱毒活疫苗的效果分析

为评估猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS）弱毒活疫苗的免疫效果,本研究在两个小型猪场各选取两窝仔猪,在免疫接种猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）弱毒活疫苗后不同时间采集血清,应用RT-PCR检测PRRSV核酸,应用N-ELISA和G-ELISA两种试剂盒检测PRRSV抗体。结果发现,免疫前0 d可以从仔猪血清中检测到PRRSV野毒株核酸,可持续到免疫后30 d;相对应的母猪在免疫前0 d可从血清中检测到PRRSV野毒株核酸。试验仔猪在免疫前0 d未能检测到PRRSV抗体,但在免疫后30～150 d均可检测到PRRSV抗体,其中N-ELISA试剂盒的阳性检出率在免疫后30、60 d高于G-ELISA试剂盒的阳性检出率,而在免疫后120、150 d则低于G-ELISA试剂盒的阳性检出率。使用两种ELISA试剂盒共同检测216份血清样品,检测结果的总体符合率为95.83%;配对χ²检验,P>0.05,两者差异不显著;Kappa值为0.87,属于极强一致性;两者相关系数r为0.605,具有显著线性相关。表明免疫接种弱毒活疫苗可以有效清除野毒感染猪群中的野毒株,N-ELISA和G-ELISA两种ELISA试剂盒均可用于评估弱毒活疫苗的免疫效果。     

反转录聚合酶链式反应检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征持续性感染

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征感染的特点之一，是持续性的感染和病毒血症。本研究利用反转录滞酶链式反应检测了ＰＲＲＳＶ ＢＪ－４株单独感染ＳＰＦ仔猪和接种ＰＲＲＳＶ ＢＪ－４后再接种猪瘟疫苗不同时间的血清中病毒的存在，结果显示在感染２４h后的血甭样口 中就发现有病毒ＲＮＡ存在，病毒血症及少持续到感染后３７天，到５０天时已经消失，ＰＲＲＳＶ ＢＪ－４感染后再接种猪疫苗的仔猪的ＰＲＲＳＶ病毒血症没有受到影响。这些结果提供了ＰＲＲＳＶ持续感染的直接证据，解释了实际生产中通过引进临床正常但已经感染了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的猪群造成猪场内病毒的传和长期感染的存在，为采用合理的措施控制疾病提供了依据。     

无针注射器接种猪瘟活疫苗对猪免疫效果评价

为了评定无针注射器接种猪瘟活疫苗的免疫效果,将300头非免仔猪随机分为6个组,其中3组用无针注射器分别免疫1头份、1/2头份剂量的瘟倍安以及1头份剂量的STTM猪瘟活疫苗,剩下的3组将无针注射器替换成传统的有针注射器进行免疫。30日龄进行首次免疫,55日龄进行二次免疫,免疫后一周内观察猪有无不良反应。首免后第14天、二免后第25天分别采血、分离血清,ELISA试剂盒检测CSFV抗体,计算每组猪抗体阻断率及免疫合格率,统计分析各组之间的差异。实验结果显示,无针注射器与有针注射器接种疫苗均未对猪精神状态、采食、运动造成影响,无针注射器接种部位炎症发生率也低于有针注射器;无针注射器免疫组抗体滴度明显高于有针注射器接种组,即使疫苗使用剂量减半也能达到很好的免疫效果。     

Efficacy of different protocols of vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a farm affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)

In order to control growing problems associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) several vaccines for piglets or sows were introduced recently. An objective of the study was to compare an efficacy of three different vaccination protocols in the herd with acute postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) outbreak affecting 3-month-old pigs. All of three applied protocols, namely vaccination of sows, piglets or sows and piglets with Circovac proved to be efficacious in controlling of PMWS. All production parameters significantly improved after vaccination. Obtained values were as good as before the outbreak or even better as in case of average daily weight gains. However, decreased mortality before weaning was recorded only after vaccination of sows while in groups where piglets were vaccinated significantly lower mortality in fourth month of life was observed. The impact of different protocols on different parameters suggests that they could be adopted in herds with different porcine circovirus associated problems.     

Immunization of Sows in an Integrated Pig‐breeding Herd using a Homologous Inactivated Salmonella Vaccine Decreases the Prevalence of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in the Offspring

The efficacy of a homologous vaccination in preventing infection of suckling piglets with Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium was evaluated after an immunization of pregnant sows using an inactivated herd‐specific S. Typhimurium vaccine. Twenty‐five pregnant sows were vaccinated three times antepartum. The efficiency of this vaccine regime was assessed by comparison with a control group of 37 sows and their suckling piglets, which were daily treated with enrofloxacin from day 14 antepartum until the day of weaning. From the first day of life until day 142 post‐partum, faecal samples of the piglets were collected and analysed for Salmonella shedding. In parallel, systemic antibody responses were monitored using a whole cell‐based isotype‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The bacteriological investigation showed marked effects of vaccination. Salmonella Typhimurium could not be detected in any of the faecal samples of the piglets from the vaccinated sows. In contrast, the piglets of the group with long‐time antibiotic treatment shed salmonellae rating to 47.4% of the animals. Furthermore, the offspring from vaccinated sows showed significantly decreased antibody activities of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG. These bacteriological and serological results indicate a significantly lower Salmonella prevalence in piglets of the vaccinated group. As this study shows, the presented strategy of vaccination of pregnant sows with an inactivated Salmonella vaccine seems to be a suitable measure in decreasing Salmonella prevalence in offspring of infected sows.     

Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets born from naturally PCV2-infected sows against postnatal PCV2 challenge. The experimental design was aimed at mimicking commercial swine rearing conditions to evaluate the response of the PCV2 vaccine on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. PCV2a (or 2b)-viremic piglets received a PCV2 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a PCV2b (or 2a) challenge at 49 days of age (28 days post vaccination). The PCV2 vaccines elicited a high level of humoral (as measured by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and neutralizing antibody titers) and cellular (as measured by the frequency of PCV2-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells) immune response in the PCV2-viremic piglets after vaccination even in the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). The initial infection of PCV2 in the pigs was not affected by PCV2 vaccination, however the challenging PCV2 was reduced by PCV2 vaccination on PCV2-viremic pigs. The results from this study demonstrate that the PCV2 vaccine used in this study is effective at reducing PCV2 viremia and lymphoid PCV2 DNA, even for PCV2-viremic pigs with passively acquired MDA at the time of vaccination.     

Blending of a conventional Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine with a positive marker: tracking of immunised pigs by peptide-specific antibodies raised to the marker component

Highly immunodominant marker antigens simply blended to existing veterinary vaccines may represent a smart approach for addressing the still open issue of vaccination compliance. This approach was evaluated by blending a widely deployed Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccine with a peptide-KLH (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) conjugate as marker. Piglets were vaccinated twice with: (i) a combination of the M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine and the marker, (ii) M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine, (iii) marker alone or (iv) placebo dose only. All piglets which received the M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine/marker formulation or, as control, the marker blended with Montanide IMS1313 adjuvant responded to the respective immunisation from day 21 to 77 post vaccination as seropositive for the appropriate peptide and KLH. However, the responder rate to M. hyopneumoniae of piglets administered with M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine/marker was slightly reduced at day 35 and 49 post immunisation in comparison with piglets vaccinated with M. hyopneumoniae-specific vaccine alone. Accordingly, we conclude that this marker technology could be successfully applied to label a whole set of vaccines prevented that the blending process will be optimised.     

Potential viral vectors for the stimulation of mucosal antibody responses against enteric viral antigens in pigs

Four viruses were compared for their ability to induce an intestinal antibody response in piglets. Antibodies were not detected in response to oral vaccination with either fowlpox virus or a baculovirus (BV). Simultaneous oral dosing and parenteral inoculation with high concentrations of BV in an oil emulsion adjuvant induced high levels of circulating virus neutralising (VN) antibodies, and also low levels of intestinal antibodies when booster doses of virus were given. In response to oral vaccination with swinepox virus (SPV), low levels of circulating and intestinal VN antibodies, and higher titres of antibodies reactive in an enzyme immunoassay, including intestinal antibodies of the IgA class, were detected. Oral vaccination with porcine adenovirus type 3 (PAV-3) stimulated both circulating and intestinal VN antibodies, and IgA antibodies were demonstrated in the intestinal contents. It was concluded that SPV and PAV-3 might be suitable vectors for the expression of genes encoding the protective antigens of porcine enteric viruses.