二甲双胍改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的临床研究

目的通过临床观察二甲双胍药物制剂对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的改善,确定2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗在使用二甲双胍药物制剂的临床效果。方法笔者通过对所在医院在2012年3月—2015年3月收治入院的32例2型糖尿病患者(经临床治疗10个月以上、血糖不能有效控制)进行治疗总结分析,将32例患者随机分为两组,即治疗组(二甲双胍制剂组)和对照组(安慰剂组),治疗2周,治疗前后分别测量空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血压、高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、体重指数。结果二甲双胍制剂组治疗后空腹血糖为(8.02±2.73)mmol/L、胰岛素抵抗指数为(6.12±0.06)、血压为(125±10)mm Hg、高密度脂蛋白为(0.99±0.27)mmol/L、胆固醇为(4.81±1.30)mmol/L、甘油三酯为(1.81±0.35)mmol/L、体重指数为(20.11±1.15)kg/m~2,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);安慰剂组治疗后空腹血糖为(9.28±1.19)mmol/L、胰岛素抵抗指数为(8.90±0.08)、血压为(142±18)mm Hg、高密度脂蛋白为(0.76±0.22)mmol/L、胆固醇为(7.81±2.46)mmol/L、甘油三酯为(3.31±1.66)mmol/L、体重指数为(23.61±5.77)kg/m~2,治疗后指标未得到良好改善;二甲双胍组治疗后空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血压、高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、体重指数等指标与安慰剂组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论二甲双胍药物制剂对2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗有明显的治疗和改善作用,值得临床推广。     

糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或＜7.0 mmol/L但已确诊为糖尿病、正在使用降糖药物的8 306例糖尿人群作为观察队列,随访(48.01 ±3.14)个月,随访期间每半年收集一次新发脑梗死事件情况.分析糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.结果 (1)随访结束时,随着基线空腹血糖水平的增高,研究对象的总胆固醇、甘油三酯的水平逐渐增高[总胆固醇:(4.93±1.15,510±1.20,5.15± 1.28,5.33±1.35) mmol/L,甘油三酯:(1.70±1.26,1.83± 1.29,2.18±1.76,2.41±2.08) mmol/L,P＜0.05];低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、收缩压、舒张压、体重指数的水平也增高(P＜0.05).(2) 7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0mmol/L组累积发生脑梗死事件率最低(2.1％,P＜0.01).校正年龄、性别、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数、吸烟、糖尿病病程及降糖治疗因素,Cox比例风险回归分析表明,相对于7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0 mmoL/L组,6.1 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜7.0mmol/L组和空腹血糖≥9 mmol/L两组发生脑梗死事件的相对危险(RR)各分别增加1.85倍(95％CI 1.09～3.15,P＜0.05)、1.54倍(95％CI 1.16～2.05,P＜0.01).结论 糖尿病人群空腹血糖控制在7.0 ～9.0 mmol/L水平者似新发生脑梗死事件率最低.     

高脂血症人群血清胆固醇酯转运蛋白的水平

目的分析不同高脂血症人群血清胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平及其对血浆各脂蛋白间脂质转运的调节作用。方法脂蛋白电泳结合酶显色法分别检测血清各脂蛋白中的甘油三酯含量;酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清胆固醇酯转运蛋白和氧化型低密度脂蛋白水平;分析胆固醇酯转运蛋白与脂质水平间的相关性。结果高甘油三酯组、高胆固醇组、混合组和对照组中胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平分别为1.89±1.32、2.37±1.30、2.33±1.73和1.58±1.00 mg/L,与对照组比较,高甘油三酯组变化无显著性(P>0.05),高胆固醇组(P<0.01)和混合组均升高(P<0.05)。高脂血症人群高密度脂蛋白中胆固醇/甘油三酯比值降低;高甘油三酯组和混合组低密度脂蛋白中甘油三酯/胆固醇比值升高,高胆固醇组无差别,其中高甘油三酯组变化程度最大,混合组次之,高胆固醇组最小;且胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平与上述比值相关。高脂血症人群血清氧化型低密度脂蛋白水平升高,与低密度脂蛋白中甘油三酯/胆固醇比值高度呈正相关。结论高脂血症人群胆固醇酯转运蛋白水平升高,促进了脂蛋白间脂质转运,使高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白脂质组成发生变化,促进了动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展。     

2型糖尿病患者一级亲属非糖尿病者游离脂肪酸水平和代谢特点

目的 探讨2型糖尿病家系一级亲属非糖尿病者血清游离脂肪酸(NEFA)的变化及影响因素.方法 测定186例2型糖尿病患者、565名2型糖尿病家系一级亲属非糖尿病者、149名正常对照者的血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平.结果 (1)一级亲属组空腹NEFA水平明显低于2型糖尿病组[(0.53±0.28 vs 0.63±0.31)mmol/L,P＜0.01],稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)明显高于正常对照组(0.98±0.51 vs 0.89±0.47,P＜0.01).(2)一级亲属组体重指数(BMI)、血糖及葡萄糖曲线下面积(AUCglu)较高者空腹NEFA明显高于较低者(均P＜0.05).(3)相关分析显示,一级亲属组空腹NEFA与BMI、收缩压、舒张压、AUCglu明显相关(r分别为0.12、0.148、0.21、0.281,均P＜0.05);多元逐步回归分析显示,AUCglu、舒张压、年龄是影响一级亲属组空腹NEFA水平的独立相关因素(均P＜0.01).结论 2型糖尿病家系一级亲属非糖尿病者已经存在胰岛素抵抗,后者与NEFA水平的升高密切相关.     

库欣综合征对代谢指标的影响

目的：比较库欣综合征与原发性高血压对代谢指标的影响。方法：选择22例经病理证实为库欣综合征的患者（库欣组）和22例同期住院并且年龄、性别、民族、人体质重指数、平均血压水平与之匹配的原发性高血压患者（高血压组）,比较两组的空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h 血糖（2hPBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2h 胰岛素（2hINS）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）等指标,并进行统计学分析。结果：与高血压组比较,库欣组FBG [（4.75±0.44）mmol/L比（6.31±0.51）mmol/L]、FINS [（13.04±2.68）mU/L比（29.05±2.92）mU/L]、2hPBG [（7.32±0.82）mmol/L 比（8.96±1.14）mmol/L]、2hINS [（37.66±9.21）mU/L比（104.45±23.14）mU/L]、HOMA-IR [（2.57±0.44）比（7.96±0.56）]、TC [（4.15±0.93）mmol/L 比（5.17±1.35）mmol/L]、TG [（1.44±0.87）mmol/L 比（2.24±1.25）mmol/L]水平均显著升高（P＜0.05或＜0.01）。结论：库欣综合征与原发性高血压相比,有更多的代谢改变和更明显的胰岛素抵抗。     

丙氨酸转移酶升高的2型糖尿病患者伴有更多的心血管风险因素

根据血丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平将4 509例2型糖尿病患者分为A组(n=449,ALT增高)和B组(n=4 060,ALT正常),ALT升高的患者为10%.与B组患者相比,A组患者相对年龄更轻[(48.5±11.3对55.7±11.4)岁,P＜0.01]、糖尿病病程更短[(36.8±45.0对56.2±58.8)个月,P＜0.01]、体重指数以及腰臀比更大[(27.7±3.9对25.8±3.4)kg/m2,P＜0.01;0.95±0.06对0.93±0.07,P＜0.01].两组之间的血压存在差别[收缩压(132±19对131±21)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,P=0.60;舒张压(78±10对75±10)mm Hg,P＜0.01].A组的空腹血糖[(9.04±2.91对8.63±3.05)mmol/L,P=0.008]、餐后血糖[(13.85±4.67对13.07±4.92)mmol/L,P=0.002]、HbA1C(8.11%±1.82%对7.74%±1.96%,P＜0.01)、空腹胰岛素[(10.59±7.31对7.97±7.18)mU/L,P＜0.01]和餐后胰岛素[(48.96±43.80对35.25±32.37)mU/L,P＜0.01]及稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR,4.11±2.85对3.00±2.92,P＜0.01)、甘油三酯[(2.77±2.50对2.19±2.99)mmoL/L,P＜0.01]明显增高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[HDL-C,(1.20±0.30对1.29±0.83)mmol/L,P=0.01]更低.Logistic回归分析说明,HbA1C、餐后胰岛素、HOMA-IR、尿酸和尿白蛋白与ALT水平正相关,HDL-C则为负相关.提示ALT增高的2型糖尿病患者发病年龄更轻,有更严重的胰岛素抵抗和更多的心血管危险因素.     

胰岛素联合阿卡波糖对T2DM合并高血压患者血糖、血脂、血压的影响

目的:观察胰岛素联合阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并高血压(EH)患者血糖、血脂、血压水平的影响。方法:本院2017年～2018年的92例T2DM+EH患者被随机均分为胰岛素组(在常规治疗基础上加用胰岛素)和联合治疗组(在胰岛素组基础上加用阿卡波糖),疗程3个月。观察比较两组治疗前后血糖、血脂、血压、肝肾功能水平,以及不良反应发生率。结果:与胰岛素组比较,联合治疗组治疗后空腹血糖[(7.34±1.25)mmol/L比(6.52±1.01)mmol/L]、餐后2h血糖[(10.83±2.83)mmol/L比(9.61±1.98)mmol/L]、糖化血红蛋白[(7.72±2.03)%比(6.85±1.73)%]水平、血糖达标时间[(12.56±5.31)d比(7.12±4.02)d]、总胆固醇[TC,(4.43±1.24)mmol/L比(3.45±1.03)mmol/L]、甘油三酯[TG,(1.21±0.71)mmol/L比(0.91±0.62)mmol/L]、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[LDL-C,(2.79±0.81)mmol/L比(1.12±0.73)mmol/L]、24h平均收缩压[(138.69±11.25)mmHg比(125.28±10.62)mmHg]、24h平均舒张压[(90.38±8.92)mmHg比(86.11±8.18)mmHg]、收缩压负荷[(26.51±6.98)%比(20.38±6.02)%]、舒张压负荷[(25.07±6.41)%比(21.19±5.92)%]均显著降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[HDL-C,(1.34±0.25) mmol/L比(1.93±0.27)mmol/L]水平显著升高,P0.05或0.01。联合治疗组不良反应发生率显著低于胰岛素组(13.04%比32.61%),P=0.025。结论:胰岛素联合阿卡波糖能够显著降低患者血糖、血脂、血压水平,起效更快,且用药安全,值得推广。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病与胰岛素抵抗及血脂代谢紊乱的关系

目的 分析2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病( NAFLD)与胰岛素抵抗及血脂代谢紊乱之间的关系,并探讨诱发这些疾病的相关危险因素.方法 选取2型糖尿病患者200例,其中合并NAFLD者99例,未合并NAFLD者101例.测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围;检测肝酶、糖脂代谢指标,计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比以及改良的胰岛素C肽指数(HOMA-C肽),2组进行比较.结果 NAFLD组体重、BMI、腰围、臀围、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均明显增高(均P＜0.01),而年龄、病程、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于非NAFLD组(均P＜0.05).NAFLD组高脂血症尤以高TG血症发生率明显增加(P＜0.01).NAFLD组空腹和餐后1h血糖[(2.07±0.36对1.83±0.43) mmol/L,(14.04±3.96对12.59±3.90)mmol/L]、空腹及餐后1hC肽[(2.79±1.15对2.08±1.29) ng/ml,(1.33±0.45对1.12±0.54)ng/ml]、HbA1c[(2.09±0.33对1.96±0.28)％]、HOMA-C肽指数均明显增高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).logistic 回归分析显示TG、BMI、ALT是2型糖尿病合并NAFLD的主要危险因素(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 高TG血症、肥胖以及ALT升高增加2型糖尿病合并NAFLD的患病风险.     

中药养阴降浊汤联合耳穴贴压治疗糖尿病合并高脂血症的价值评价

目的分析评价中药养阴降浊汤+耳穴贴压在糖尿病合并高脂血症中的治疗价值。方法用"双盲法"将2016年3月—2018年2月在该院诊治的68例糖尿病合并高脂血症患者分为34例/组。一组实施常规西药治疗(对照组),另一组在此基础上增加中药养阴降浊汤、耳穴贴压治疗(观察组)。比较血糖与血脂指标以及血糖达标率、低血糖事件发生率。结果治疗后,观察组患者糖化血红蛋白(6.05±0.24)%、空腹血糖(7.06±1.14)mmol/L、饭后2 h血糖(8.36±1.14)mmol/L均低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(1.41±0.22)mmol/L比对照组高,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(3.15±0.50)mmol/L、甘油三酯(1.52±0.29)mmol/L、总胆固醇(6.01±0.24)mmol/L同样低于对照组,观察组的血糖达标率更高,为73.53%(P0.05),两组低血糖事件发生率都较低(P0.05)。结论在糖尿病合并高脂血症中,选择中药养阴降浊汤、耳穴贴压治疗效果确切。     

苦瓜蛋白对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化形成及小肠胆固醇转运相关基因表达的影响

目的 探讨苦瓜蛋白对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠小肠胆固醇转运相关基因表达的影响,阐明苦瓜蛋白在动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用机制.方法 选用36只6周龄的雄性载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠,随机分为普食组(对照组)、高脂高胆固醇饲料组(高脂组)、高脂高胆固醇+苦瓜蛋白组(苦瓜蛋白组).喂养12周后处死,比较各组血脂水平,苏丹Ⅳ染色观察全主动脉粥样硬化病变程度,主动脉窦冰冻切片油红O染色检测脂质沉积,逆转录聚合酶链反应和Western Blot分别检测ATP结合盒转运体G5和G8的mRNA和蛋白表达.结果 高脂组总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平比对照组明显升高(P＜0.05),而苦瓜蛋白组总胆固醇(14.52±1.06 mmol/L比18.21±1.95 mmol/L)、甘油三酯(0.51±0.11 mmol/L比0.92±0.07 mmol/L)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(4.12 mmol/L±0.95比7.16±0.98 mmol/L)水平显著低于高脂组(P＜0.05),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平与高脂组比差异无显著性(P＞0.05).苦瓜蛋白组主动脉斑块面积(31.2%±3.6%比69.6%±4.8%)和主动脉窦脂质面积(26.02±3.07 μ m2/比45.23±11.2 μm2)比高脂组显著减少.苦瓜蛋白组小肠中ATP结合盒转运体G5和G8的mRNA和蛋白表达都比高脂组明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 苦瓜蛋白可通过增加载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠小肠中ATP结合盒转运体G5和G8的表达,降低血脂水平,减少主动脉斑块及主动脉窦脂质沉积.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.