Tolerance of ciliated protozoan Paramecium bursaria (Protozoa, Ciliophora) to ammonia and nitrites

1 INTRODUCTION Ammonia and nitrites are common pollutants in waters used for intensive aquiculture, and are harmful to cultured animals and their larvae when present in sufficiently high concentrations (Zhou, 1991). Ammonia in water is usually derived from animal excretion and catabolism of organic materi- als. It occurs in un-ionized and ionized forms. Un-ionized ammonia can pass through cell mem- brane and is harmful to the cells due to its fat-soluble feature (Chen, 2000; Chin, 2001).…     

Tolerance of ciliated protozoan Paramecium bursaria （Protozoa,Ciliophora） to ammonia and nitrites

The tolerance to ammonia and nitrites in freshwater ciliate Paramecium bursaria was measured in a conventional open system. The ciliate was exposed to different concentrations of ammonia and nitrites for 2h and 12h in order to determine the lethal concentrations. Linear regression analysis revealed that the 2h-LC50 value for ammonia was 95.94 mg/L and for nitrite 27.35 mg/L using probit scale method (with 95% confidence intervals). There was a linear correlation between the mortality probit scale and logarithmic concentration of ammonia which fit by a regression equation y=7.32x-9.51 (R^2=0.98; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of ammonia), by which 2 h-LC50 value for ammonia was found to be 95.50 mg/L. A linear correlation between mortality probit scales and logarithmic concentration of nitrite is also followed the regression equation y=2.86x 0.89 (R^2=0.95; y, mortality probit scale; x, logarithmic concentration of nitrite). The regression analysis of toxicity curves showed that the linear correlation between exposed time of ammonia-N LC50 valueand ammonia-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y=2 862.85e-0.08x (R^2=0.95; y, duration of exposure to LC50 value; x, LC50 value), and that between exposed time of nitrite-N LC50 value and nitrite-N LC50 value followed the regression equation y = 127.15e-0.13x (R^2=0.91; y, exposed time of LC50 value; x, LC50 value). The results demonstrate that the tolerance to ammonia in P. bursaria is considerably higher than that of the larvae or juveniles of some metozoa, e.g. cultured prawns and oysters. In addition, ciliates, as bacterial predators, are likely to play a positive role in maintaining and improving water quality in aquatic environments with high-level ammonium, such as sewage treatment systems.     

SPECIES COMPOSITION, HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL SUCCESSION OF PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE CHANNEL FROM DONGTING LAKE TO THE CHANGJIANG RIVER, CHINA

The species composition, horizontal distribution and seasonal succession of the phyto-plankton at five sampling stations in the channel between Dongting Lake and the Changjiang River, China were studied from May 1995 to December 1997. A total of 416 taxa were observed; diatoms comprised the most diverse taxonomic group representing 58.2 % of the total species. The β-mezotrophic indicators were 92 taxa or 22 % of the total, the a-mezotrophic or α, β-eutrophic indicators decreased distinctly to 20 taxa or 4.8 % of the total. The species number and composition of various phyla were approximately similar at Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4, but at Station 5 the number of species was the minimum and the ratio of diatoms to total phytoplankton in the number of species was the highest. In seasonal succession of the phytoplank-ton species, the number was the highest in May and June, lower in December, January, March and July in the channel. The dominant species were different in different months. The ratio of diatoms species number to blue green algae and green algae species number diminished gradually from winter to summer and autumn, and then increased gradually from autumn to winter and early spring in the annual cycle. Margalef, Simpson and Shannon—Weaver diversity indices changed in different months, their values were higher in winter, lower in summer. Nygaard‘s diatoms quotients were lower in winter, then in spring and autumn, higher in summer. These results indicated that the water quality was the best in winter, better in spring and autumn than in summer. The relationship between the structure of the phytoplankton communi-ty and the water environmental quality was discussed.     

Seasonal dynamics of crustacean zooplankton community structure in Erhai Lake,a plateau lake,with reference to phytoplankton and environmental factors

The seasonal dynamics of a crustacean zooplankton community in Erhai Lake was investigated from May 2010 to April 2011. In total, 11 species were recorded, including six （6 genera） cladoceran and five （5 genera） copepod species. The crustacean zooplankton densities ranged from 24.3 to 155.4 ind./L. In winter and spring, the large-bodied cladoceran Daphnia galeata dominated the crustacean plankton community. In summer and autumn, when the colonial or filamentous algae dominated the phytoplankton communities, the small-bodied species （e.g. Bosminafatalis, Ceriodaphnia quadrangular, and Mesocyclops leuckarti） replaced the large-bodied ones. One-way ANOVA and redundancy analysis revealed that community structure was dependent upon total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water temperature, transparency, and the biomass of small algae. The variation in both phytoplankton structure and environmental variables were important factors in the seasonal succession of crustacean zooplankton structure in Erhai Lake.     

Fauna and standing crop of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, China

Freshwater mussels are a major component of the zoobenthos and they therefore play an important role in freshwater ecosystems. The community composition and the standing crop of freshwater mussels in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China and one of two lakes connected to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, were investigated from February 2008 to May 2009. Mussels were sampled in hydrologically and geographically distinct sampling areas. A total of 42 species and 13 genera were identified, of which 32 species were endemic to China. Two species, Unio douglasiae and Lamprotula caveata, dominated all sampling areas. The number of genera and species, and the number of species within each genus, differed significantly among sampling areas. Freshwater mussels were very abundant, with an overall density of 0.28 ± 0.22 ind./m2 and biomass of 4.08 ± 3.96 g/m2. Significant variation observed among sampling areas and among genera was probably due to the variety of habitats among the areas sampled and to the adaptability of different freshwater mussels to environments. This study suggests that Poyang Lake and other freshwater lakes in the region are important sites of freshwater mussel biodiversity and conservation.     

济南市华山湖开挖建设渗漏分析研究

该文在查明区域水文地质条件、湖区地下水的类型、分布、埋藏条件、含水层及隔水层特征、岩性结构以及地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件的基础上,通过现场试验,确定了天然状态下湖区各含水层之间的水力联系、黄河侧渗补给量及湖区向小清河的排泄量,结合数值模拟,预测了湖区维持设计蓄水位21.5m时黄河的侧渗补给量、湖区向小清河的排泄量及湖区对周边地下水位的影响。结果表明,天然状态下,黄河侧渗补给量为748.23m~3/d,湖区向小清河排泄量大约为52.03m~3/d,黄河侧渗补给量远大于湖区向小清河的排泄量。数值模拟结果表明,湖区维持设计蓄水位21.5m时,不同水文年湖区接受的侧渗补给量均大于湖区的渗漏量,且对周围地下水位的影响不超过1.5m,因此,湖区维持设计蓄水位21.5m时可不考虑防渗措施。     

Relationship between changes of river-lake networks and water levels in typical regions of Taihu Lake Basin, China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.     

2011年洪湖和梁子湖受旱程度差异和成因分析

湿地是水陆交错的生态系统,往往受旱灾影响大,故此,对不同湖泊湿地受旱程度差异及其原因分析,可为减灾和湿地保护提供科学依据。本文利用2010年5月和2011年5月2个时相的HJ-1卫星CCD影像,提取洪湖和梁子湖2个时相的湿地水面积,结合统计资料和问卷调查数据,从湿地水面积及空间分布变化、湿地生态系统功能退化、湿地生态系统,对人类福祉影响3方面,分析了两湖湿地受旱程度的差异。并综合气象数据、统计资料和问卷调查数据,从气象因子、区域自然地理环境、湿地类型及特点、区域水文条件和湿地受保护程度5方面探讨两湖受旱程度差异的原因。结果表明：（1）2011年春旱期间,洪湖比梁子湖受旱程度更严重。旱灾时,洪湖水面积减少83.93 km2,减小比例为26%,梁子湖水面积减少13.02 km2,减小比例为4%;两湖的涵养水源、保护生物多样性、物质生产和水质净化功能均受到损害,洪湖较梁子湖更严重;受旱灾影响,洪湖湿地对人类福祉的消极影响大于梁子湖。（2）降雨量、气温和风速等气象因素、湖泊湿地成因类型、区域自然地理环境和水文条件是影响两湖受旱程度差异的主要因素,另外,湿地保护措施的差异及效果也会造成两湖受旱程度不同。     

ORIGIN OF CARBONATE MATERIALS IN THE NORTHERN BASIN OF LAKE BAIKAL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HOLOCENE PALEOCLIMATE

Fine-grained disseminated carbonate was found in Holocene sediments in a core taken from the northern basin of Lake Baikal. The core had two distinct facies. a terrigenous blue-clay overlain by a diatomaceous silt. Oxygen and carbon stable isotope analyses, combined with SEM , X-ray diffraction and .palynology, show that the carbonate in the blue-clay layer is pedogenic in origin, rather than biogenic or authigenic . The S C values in the blue clay suggest that the carbonate is derived from a single source , while the carbonate in the diatom-rich layer might be transported by winds from different sources. On the assumption that the carbonate was formed during the post-glacial age and was transported primarily by river runoff, the 18O isotopic values suggest that the annual temperature in the northern Baikal drainage area was about 3℃ warmer during the middle Holocene (8500-7000 a, B. P.) than during the early Holocene (11 000-8 500a, B.P.) when the blue clay was being deposited . This interpretation is     

富营养化的太湖水体叶绿素a浓度模型反演

半经验模型反演叶绿素a浓度是目前遥感反演水体叶绿素a浓度的主要方法。但是,大量研究结果表明,太湖水体浑浊,富营养化严重,各种半经验模型的反演精度和模型适用性有较大差异。因此,研究一种既满足一定精度要求,又具有时间普适性的叶绿素a浓度反演算法,对提高模型适用性,促进遥感的反演应用具有重要意义。本研究通过2005年6-10月地面实测数据,建立太湖叶绿素a浓度一阶微分反演模型、波段比值反演模型和三波段反演模型,对比各模型反演效果,认为波段比值模型与三波段模型具有较好的反演效果。运用2006年11月和2007年11月实测数据对这三种模型加以检验,结果表明,三波段模型反演高富营养化的太湖水体,不仅精度高,平均误差仅为实测浓度差的8.3%,而且适用性较强,不同年份数据的检验结果证明平均误差均低于实测浓度差的20%。因此,三波段模型是这三种反演模型中效果最好的一类模型。     

Study of phytoplankton community in the channel from Dongting Lake to Changjiang River, China

1 INTRODUCTION Dongting Lake (28°18'–29°45'N, 111°35'– 113°18'E) is the second largest freshwater lake in China, and directly connected with the Changjiang River (Yangtse River) through the channel. The sur- face area was about 2 740 km2 (at the low     

基于低空无人机搭载可见光近红外传感器的太湖蓝藻监测

传统卫星遥感手段因受其访问周期的限制,较难在时间频率上保证数据的及时性。低空无人机搭载轻小型传感器,以其机动、快速、经济等优势,在环境监测等领域日益发挥重要作用。面向太湖蓝藻监测需求,探索了一种基于低空无人机搭载可见光近红外传感器的监测方法。在系统规划和平台设计的基础上,选取太湖梅梁湖湖区进行试验。依据前人经验,采用可见光和近红外波段及其组合方式提取蓝藻信息,并与试验数据验证。该方法可为蓝藻灾害的防灾、减灾、救灾等提供辅助手段和决策支持。     

2001-2013年洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度时空变化特征

本文基于2001-2013年MODIS NDVI多时序数据,采用像元二分模型估算了洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度,分析了区域近13年来植被覆盖度的变化特征及趋势,并结合同期气象数据,阐明了植被覆盖度变化对气候因素的响应。结果表明：（1）近13年洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度的整体变化较为稳定,呈微弱减少趋势,速率为-0.3%/10a。（2）洞庭湖流域绝大部分区域植被覆盖状况良好,植被覆盖度呈自西向东递减趋势,高植被覆盖度及中高植被覆盖度占整个流域面积的88.63%,水体或低植被覆盖度及中低植被覆盖度仅占2.57%。（3）洞庭湖流域植被覆盖度变化趋势为北部强于南部、东部强于西部。流域内植被覆盖度极显著与显著减少的面积比例为5.30%、增加面积的比例为4.29%,植被覆盖度变化不显著占90.40%。该区域植被覆盖度变化受人为因素影响更大。     

Seston and dissolved organic carbon dynamics duringMicrocystis bloom with special reference to the effects of three Chinese domestic fishes in experimental enclosures

TheMicrocystis bloom that once disappeared from Donghu Lake, a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake, was successfully resumed with the use of the enclosure method. Seston and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics during theMicrocystis bloom were investigated with particular emphasis on the effect of three Chinese domestic fishes (silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp). The results showed that the change of chlorophyll a obviously related to the fish species and its stocking density. Due to the release of extracellular ogranic carbon and increased bacterial activity, DOC increased apparently after silver and bighead carps were introduced. POC/DOC dropped considerably in the enclosures containing silver and bighead carps and in the surrounding lake water, which implied that the bacterial activity was more pronounced in such ecosystems. Statistical analysis indicated that the linear relationship between POC and chlorophyll a could reflect the state of algal growth and nutrient metabolism. It was expected that this study would provide some information on biomanipulation in the shallow, eutrophic lakes. This work was supported in part by a Grant-In-Aid from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology (FEBL) affiliated to the Institute of Hydrobiology for the project “Control Ecosystem: An Approach to Lake Restoration”.     

Reproductive cycle and seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition in gonad of the cockle Fulvia mutica in relation to temperature and food

From March 2004 to February 2005,seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition of gonad of the cockle Fulvia mutica(Reeve) were studied on the eastern coast of China in relation to the reproductive cycle and environment conditions(e.g.,temperature and food availability).Histological analysis as well as lipid and fatty acid analyses were performed on neutral and polar lipids of the gonad.Results showed that gametogenesis occurred in winter and spring at the expense of lipids previously accumulated in summer and autumn,whereas spawning occurred in summer(20.4-24.6℃).The seasonal variation in lipid content was similar to that of the mean oocyte diameter.In both neutral and polar lipids,the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels were relatively higher than saturated fatty acids,and polyunsaturated fatty acids were abundant,with series n-3 as the predominant component.Seasonal variations in the 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 levels and the principal n-3 fatty acids were clearly related to the reproductive cycle.The ∑(n-3) and ∑(n-6) values were relatively high during January-May,and the associated unsaturation index was significantly higher than that in other months.The results suggest that fatty acids play an important role in the gametogenesis of F.mutica.     

Comparison between BCR sequential extraction and geo-accumulation method to evaluate metal mobility in sediments of Dongting Lake,Central China

The form in which a metal exists strongly influences its mobility and thus, the effects on the environment. Operational methods of speciation analysis, such as the use of sequential extraction procedures, are commonly applied. The Dongting Lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, contains three China wetlands of international importance, the East Dongting Lake, South Dongting Lake, and West Dongting Lake. In this work, an optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to assess the environmental risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in contaminated sediment of the Dongting Lake. The procedure was evaluated by using a certified reference material, BCR701. The results of the partitioning study indicated that in the lake sediments, more easily mobilized forms （acid exchangeable） were predominant for Cd, particularly in the samples from the East Dongting Lake. In contrast, the largest amount of Pb was associated with the iron and manganese oxide fractions and Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni analyzed were mainly distributed in residual phase at an average percentage greater than 60% of the total metals. The potential risk to the lake＇s water contamination was highest in the East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors. On the other hand, the total metal content was determined as well by inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and assessed by using geo-accumulation index. The assessment results using geo-accumulation index were compared with the information on metal speciation. Both were correspondent with each other.     

融合面向对象和分水岭算法的山地湖泊提取方法

面向对象的方法提取湖泊,常常面临边界识别不精确的问题.本研究在面向对象方法的基础上,利用分水岭算法,解决湖泊边界识别问题.该方法初步将遥感影像划分为确定湖泊区域、潜在湖泊区域和背景;然后通过分水岭算法对潜在湖泊区域进行二次提取.研究选择昆仑-喀喇和喜马拉雅山脉区域的3个山地湖泊发育良好的区域作为实验区,利用Landsa...     

基于MODIS数据的太湖浮游植物物候变化及其对水表温度的响应

浮游植物物候能够反映浮游植物的生长变化与湖泊生态系统的变化,水温、营养盐浓度等因素对物候有重要影响。太湖富营养化程度较高,水温的影响作用日趋显著,物候与水温关系的研究对理解、控制和改善太湖生态系统具有重要意义。本研究利用2003—2018年MODIS遥感数据计算浮游植物物候指标和湖泊水表温度（Temperature of Water Surface,LSWT）,通过分析太湖浮游植物物候时空变化特点探究了不同区域的物候特征,并结合LSWT揭示了浮游植物物候对LSWT变化的响应关系。结果表明：① 不同浮游植物物候指标具有不同空间分布特点,水华发生次数、峰值叶绿素a（Chla）浓度和水华总持续时间呈现由西部沿岸向湖心区递减的趋势;浮游植物生长开始时间和峰值Chla发生时间分布复杂但在沿岸区域相对较早;② 太湖可被划分为4种具有不同物候特征的区域,Ⅰ类区域主要位于贡湖湾、东部沿岸以及太湖中部开阔水域,该区Chla浓度范围为50~60 μg/L,且波动平缓,水华发生次数最少、开始最晚、持续时间最短;Ⅱ类区域主要分布于太湖西部沿岸,Chla浓度范围为50~90 μg/L且变化剧烈,该区水华发生次数最多、开始最早、持续时间最长;Ⅲ和Ⅳ类属于过渡区域,前者主要分布于梅梁湾、竺山湾及入湾口,后者主要位于南部沿岸以及太湖中部;③ 浮游植物物候对LSWT变化的响应受营养水平影响,当营养水平较高时,浮游植物的生长受LSWT的促进作用显著,LSWT年际变化的升高趋势对浮游植生长物候提前、生物量增加的影响明显,反之,则LSWT变化对浮游植物生长的影响减弱。     

EFFECT OF FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE ON DISASTROUS FLOODS IN THE TAIHU LAKE LOWER REACH DEPRESSIONS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Use of numerical simulation of the tidal flow of the Changjiang River Estuary and the HuangpuRiver to forecast flood in the Taihu Lake lower reach drainage system for the case of future sea level riseof 0.4 m and 0.8 m,and floods preventing and reducing methods are discussed in this paper.     

Dynamics of litter decomposition and seasonal dynamics of phosphorus in decomposed residua of Calamagrotis augustifolia in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain

During the period of May to October in 1999, systematical studies were given to the rate of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter, the phosphorus content and weight in decomposed residua of litter, and phosphorus content in the corresponding soil in the Sanjiang Plain. At the same time, the simulation models were listed in the paper. The results showed that the rate of weight lost of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter is 29.80% and the maximum of daily rate of weight lost is 0.25%, which appeared in July. The change trend of phosphorus content and weight in the decomposed residua of litter is to reduce with the decomposing process, when it comes to the day of 157, the decrement amount of the both were respectively 57.69mg/kg and 1.6199mg, which were 72.80% and 76.30% of its previous amount. In addition, there is a polynomial minus correlationship of phosphorus content between the variation in corresponding soil and the decomposed residua of litter at the corresponding period. The study will be helpful to further understand the process and mechanism of biochemical cycling of nutrient elements in wetland ecosystems, in addition, it will also be helpful to the restoration and rebuilding of retrogressive wetlands and reasonable development and utilization of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 49771002), the Key B Items of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ951-B1-201-3) and the Innovative Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-302). Boigraphy: WANG Shi-yan (1974 -), male, a native of Jinan City, Shandong Province, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include ecology of wetland environment and application of remote sensing and GIS.