心肺复苏时的低温治疗:争论与进展

低温治疗目前已经被认为是提供心搏骤停全脑缺血后神经功能保护重要的治疗措施.2002年关于复苏后低温治疗的两个大型随机对照临床试验结果发表,客观地阐明低温治疗能够显著提高心搏骤停复苏后患者的神经功能预后.这最终促使国际复苏联盟和美国心脏协会建议对心搏骤停复苏后昏迷患者进行维持治疗12～24 h的亚低温(32 ～34℃)治疗.尽管如此,最新的2010年美国心肺复苏指南中仍然未对低温治疗的实施给予具体的指导,对低温治疗过程中很多的问题仍存争议.     

浅谈亚低温治疗患者的观察与护理

亚低温治疗的顺利进行离不开精心细致的护理配合及严密周到的护理观察，因此就亚低温治疗过程所实施一切护理措施和观察经过做一简要的总结报告。 1临床资料 1．1一般资料本组观察对象共20例均为2004年2月～2006年2月住入我科（创伤科）的患者，其中心肺复苏后4例，颅脑手术后10例，外伤感染中毒性休克6例，所有患者在实施亚低温治疗前均处于昏迷状态，其中有8例建立了人工气道。     

心肺复苏后昏迷行亚低温治疗一例的护理

亚低温治疗是利用对中枢神经系统具有抑制作用的镇静药物，配合物理降温使病人体温处于一种可控制的亚低温状态，抑制中枢神经系统对外界及各种病理性的刺激，降低新陈代谢从而保护机体。国内外经验表明，心肺脑复苏（CPCR）时人工亚低温是有效的，并可采用选择性头部低温。2005年11月本科采用亚低温治疗成功救治了1例心肺复苏（CPR）后昏迷患者，现将有关护理报道如下。     

1例恶性胸膜间皮瘤的循证治疗

目的为1例确诊的恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者制定循证化疗方案。方法在充分评估患者病情的基础上，根据PICO原则，提出临床问题并转换成便于检索的形式，检索Cochrane图书馆（2007年第1期）、PubMed（1966～2007．2）和EMbase（1974年～2007年2月）。结果共检索出治疗恶性胸膜间皮瘤的随机对照试验5篇、系统评价4篇和卫生经济学评价1篇。根据检索结果，并结合患者病情和意愿，为患者制定出雷替曲塞联合顺铂的化疗方案，共进行5个周期的化疗，同时给予胸腔穿刺抽液及其它对症治疗。经过4月的随访证实，该方案适合患者。结论采用循证医学的方法为确诊的恶性胸膜间皮瘤患者制定最佳化疗方案可有效提高治疗效果。     

红皮病型银屑病的循证治疗实践

目的 为红皮病型银屑病患者制定循证治疗方案。 方法 2012年3月收治1例红皮病型银屑病患者，充分评估患者情况后，提出临床问题，计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、 Medline、中文全文期刊医学数据库中相关研究，根据检索结果结合患者实际情况，制定治疗方案。 结果 共检索到相关文献3篇。通过对检索结果进行分析，并结合患者意愿，为患者制定了采用甲氨喋呤的治疗方案。经过6个月的治疗随访，证实该方案适合该患者。 结论 采用循证医学的方法，为红皮病型银屑病患者制定合理的治疗方案，可提高疗效。     

亚低温治疗对心搏骤停心肺复苏患者预后影响

目的 探讨亚低温治疗对心搏骤停后心肺复苏患者的临床疗效,寻找一种切实可行的亚低温治疗的监测指标.方法 选取2005年1月至2010年2月中国医科大学附属盛京医院急诊科收治的心搏骤停患者40例,经心肺复苏(PCR)达到自主循环恢复后随机分为常规治疗组与亚低温治疗组各20例.随访3个月观察其临床疗效,同时监测局部脑组织的氧饱和度(rSO2)在亚低温治疗各时点的变化.结果 亚低温治疗组治愈率显著高于常规治疗组;亚低温治疗组的致残率显著低于常规治疗组.亚低温治疗12 h后rS02明显上升,24 h后rSO2持续维持在稳定状态,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对心搏骤停后心肺复苏患者实行亚低温治疗能减轻脑组织氧代谢紊乱,改善预后.无创持续监测rSO2对亚低温治疗具有指导意义.     

1例老年弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的循证治疗

目的为1例初诊的老年弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者制定循证化疗方案.方法在充分评估患者病情的基础上,提出临床问题,从PubMed(1990年1月～2004年12月)和SUMsearch上进行检索.结果共检索出关于临床化疗方案的随机对照试验11篇及系统评价8篇,其中卫生经济学评估的系统评价1篇.通过分析检索结果,并结合患者实际情况,为患者制定出循证治疗方案.经5个月的随访证实,该方案适合患者.结论采用循证医学的方法为初治的老年弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤患者制定化疗方案可有效提高治疗效果.     

连续脑电监测在心搏骤停后昏迷患者预后判断中的价值

心搏骤停患者心肺复苏后往往存在昏迷,而亚低温治疗期间进行神经系统检查来预测神经功能预后并不可靠,连续脑电图能够提供昏迷患者脑功能的重要信息[1-2].因此,床边连续脑电图监测目前越来越广泛地应用到危重患者上,用来监测脑电生理变化.目前关于复苏后昏迷患者亚低温治疗期间早期应用连续脑电评估预后的研究还很少[3],有些只是针对儿童人群或者监测缺氧后癫痫[4].     

1例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的循证治疗

目的借助循证医学方法为1例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者确定治疗方案。方法在充分评估患者情况后。提出临床问题,首检NCCN网站缩小检索范围,再计算机检索Cochrane图书馆（2008年第4期）、Medline（1990～2008年）和CNKI期刊全文数据库上进行检索,并对所获证据进行评价。结果共检出与非小细胞肺癌相关的随机对照试验21篇,系统评价或Meta分析5篇,Ⅲ期临床对照试验13篇,中文文献67篇。通过文献分析并结合患者意愿,为患者制定出合理的治疗方案。经9个月随访证实,该方案适合患者。结论采用循证治疗方法,为晚期非小细胞肺癌患者确定合理的治疗方案,不仅可有效提高治疗效果,同时有利于引导医患双方共同承担医疗不确定性的风险。     

一例先天性直肠阴道瘘患者围手术期的循证护理

目的：为先天性直肠阴道瘘的患者制定合理的循证护理方案。方法在充分了解患者病情的基础上,根据 PICO 原则,提出临床问题并转化为易于检索的形式,通过检索 Cochrane 图书馆（2012年第6期）、PubMed（1996-2012年）、EMbase（1974-2012年）及CBM（1978-2012年）,搜集有关先天性直肠阴道瘘患者围手术期护理的临床指南、系统评价和随机对照试验。结果共检索到1篇临床实践指南和60篇病例分析。根据检索的结果,并结合患者病情和意愿,为患者制定并实施有效的围手术期护理方案,经过1个月的积极治疗,患者伤口愈合良好。结论采取循证护理的方法可以为先天性直肠阴道瘘患者提供科学、个性化的护理。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。