Total lipids content and fatty acid composition of seed oils from six pomegranate cultivars

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivars was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 51-152 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were demonstrated (fatty acid esters as % (w/w) total fatty acid esters. Sour varieties had the highest while sour-sweet varieties had the lowest oil content. Eleven fatty acids were identified. In all varieties, the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (25.2-38.6%) and oleic acid (24.8-35.5%) followed by palmitic (18.2-22.6%), stearic (6.9-10.4%) and linolenic acid (0.6-9.9%). To a lesser extent arachidic (1.1-3.4%) and palmitoleic acid (0.2-2.7%) were also found in all varieties. Lauric, myristic, behenic and lignoceric acids were rarely detected. As far as we know linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0) or lignoceric (24:0) acids have not been previously reported in the seed oils of edible pomegranate varieties. Lignoceric acid has not previously been found in pomegranate seed oil.     

葡萄籽油的脂肪酸组成、抗氧化活性及其在可食性口红中的应用

以葡萄籽为原料,采用索氏提取法提取葡萄籽油,对其脂肪酸组成及抗氧化活性进行分析,并考察其应用于可食性口红中的可行性。结果表明:葡萄籽油中主要不饱和脂肪酸含量高达76.26%,且以亚油酸(61.69%)为主;葡萄籽油的总抗氧化能力为0.735 mmo/L,羟自由基清除能力为56.49%,超氧自由基清除能力为57.60%;葡萄籽油与甜杏仁油比例为1∶1时,制备的可食性口红清爽、滋润,品质佳,稠度与延展性与市售口红无显著差异,说明葡萄籽油可用于口红产品中。     

高分辨率反式脂肪酸测定方法的建立及市售食用油反式脂肪酸的测定

本文建立了高分辨率的反式脂肪酸测定方法,并考察了市售食用油的反式脂肪酸含量及其种类的情况。结果表明:采用高极性的色谱柱HP-88在优化后色谱条件下,可以实现4种亚油酸异构体、8种亚麻酸异构体、37种常见脂肪酸良好的色谱分离,而且反式脂肪酸与常见的顺式脂肪酸在同时检测条件下出峰时间不重叠,可以进行高分辨率的脂肪酸包括反式脂肪酸组成分析;市售主要品种的食用油都存在一定量的反式脂肪酸,其中调和油、花生油、大豆油含有2~3%的反式脂肪酸(反式亚麻酸含量在1.5~2%之间);玉米油和葵花籽油中反式亚油酸的含量在0.7~2%之间;稻米油的反式脂肪酸的含量最高,接近4%;橄榄油和山茶油的反式脂肪酸含量一般在0.5%以下;各油样的反式脂肪酸异构体的种类也存在区别。     

Chemical characteristics of canarium salomonense oil

Canarium salomonense (ngali nuts) had an oil content of 736 g kg^?1 dry weight. The major fatty acids present were oleic (41–6%), palmitic (34–9%) and stearic (12–6% of the total fatty acids). The nuts produced a yellow oil which had a low free fatty acid content. The fatty acid composition of C salomonense is similar to palm oil and could be used as a general purpose cooking oil.     

Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Acacia species collected from the northwest zone of India

BACKGROUND: The oil content and fatty acid composition of the mature seeds of Acacia species collected from natural habitat of the northwest zone of the Indian subcontinent (Rajasthan) were analyzed in order to determine their potential for human or animal consumption. RESULTS: Oil content varied between 40 and 102 g kg^?1. The highest oil content was obtained in Acacia bivenosa DC. (102 g kg^?1) among the nine Acacia species. The fatty acid composition showed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (～757.7 g kg^?1 in A. bivenosa), oleic acid (～525.0 g kg^?1 in A. nubica) and dominant saturated fatty acids were found to be 192.5 g kg^?1 palmitic acid and 275.6 g kg^?1 stearic acid in A. leucophloea and A. nubica respectively. Seed oils of Acacia species can thus be classified in the linoleic–oleic acid group. Significant variations were observed in oil content and fatty acid composition of Acacia species. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of high linoleic–oleic acid‐rich edible oil and its full potential should be exploited. The use of oil from Acacia seed is of potential economic benefit to the poor native population of the areas where it is cultivated. The fatty acid composition of Acacia seed oils is very similar to that reported for commercially available edible vegetable oils like soybean, mustard, sunflower, groundnut and olive. Hence the seed oil of Acacia species could be a new source of edible vegetable oil after toxicological studies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variation in the oil content and fatty acid composition of field beans (Vicia faba) and peas (Pisum spp.)

Oil content has been found to range from 1.2–1.9% in a wide range of diverse field bean (Vicia faba) cultivars, populations and selections and from 1.4–2.8% in a narrower range of pea cultivars. The ranges in fatty acid composition for beans and peas respectively were palmitic, 13.9–21.0% and 12.0–16.6%, stearic 2.2–3.5% and 2.5–4.2%, oleic 15.0–33.0% and 14.2–33.3%, linoleic 41.3–59.7% and 43.7–60.9%, linolenic 2.6–4.9% and 6.4–13.4%. Environment exerted a significant effect on the oil content of field beans but cultivar differences remained apparent. The analysis of whole or milled field beans stored for up to 5 years showed only minor losses of oil and component fatty acids. In both species over 90% of the total oil content was found in the cotyledons. Cultivar differences in whole grain oil content were associated with the concentration of oil in the cotyledons and appeared independent of the relative proportions of either embryo or seed coat. The interrelationships between oil content and other seed characteristics were also determined and the significance of these results in relation to plant breeding are discussed.     

紫云英籽油超声-微波协同提取及脂肪酸组成分析

采用超声-微波协同提取法提取紫云英籽油并测定其脂肪酸组成。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面(RSM)分析法,对紫云英籽油提取条件进行优化,并用气相色谱 ( GC) 分析了紫云英籽油脂肪酸组成。结果表明,对紫云英油的提取影响由大到小依次为提取时间、液料比、微波功率。超声-微波协同提取法提取紫云英籽油的优化工艺条件为：提取时间152 s、微波功率204 W和液料比10 mL.g^-1 ,紫云英籽油的出油率为31.52%。紫云英籽油达到食用植物油国家标准。紫云英籽油共检测到20种脂肪酸,主要成分为油酸(13.24%)、亚油酸(37.58%)、亚麻酸(30.03%)、硬脂酸(3.48%)、棕榈酸(10.56%)、芥酸(1.11%)。其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量为82.83%。亚油酸与α-亚麻酸的比值为1.25。本研究为紫云英籽油的开发利用提供了科学依据和技术参考。     

四棱豆油脂、脂肪酸、蛋白质、氨基酸的分析

以4 个四棱豆品种的种子为材料,采用索式提取法、毛细管柱测定总脂肪含量及分析各脂肪酸含量;利用凯氏定氮法、全自动氨基酸分析仪测定蛋白质总量及各蛋白氨基酸组成。结果表明,四棱豆种子中油脂总量在20%～22%,主要含有28 种脂肪酸,油酸占单不饱和脂肪酸的90.7%;多不饱和脂肪酸主要为亚油酸、α - 亚麻酸和EPA;饱和脂肪酸平均含量为25.76%,主要为棕榈酸和硬脂酸。蛋白质总量在38% 左右,必需氨基酸含量丰富。     

Total lipid,fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) fed diets containing different lipid sources

BACKGROUND: Seafood is an important constituent of the human diet. In Iran, Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) is the major cultured shrimp species as a result of market demand, local availability and growth rate. It is mainly reared using commercial feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 50% of the fish oil by vegetable oils in shrimp feed on total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of shrimp muscle. RESULTS: No significant differences in total lipid content (6.1–7.3 g kg^?1) were found between edible tissues of shrimp fed different diets. The major fatty acids in shrimp muscle were palmitic, oleic, lionoleic, stearic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Higher levels of EPA and DHA were observed in muscle of shrimp fed a diet containing fish oil. Oxidative rancidity, measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, for all shrimps did not exceed 0.2 mg malonaldehyde kg^?1 muscle tissue, which was low and acceptable. CONCLUSION: This study had shown that the fatty acid composition of feed directly affects the fatty acid composition of Indian white shrimp muscle. Farmed Indian white shrimp can be considered as a species of low fat and shrimp muscle was quite stable to oxidation during storage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同品种石榴籽油油脂品质对比分析

为比较不同品种石榴籽油的油脂品质差别,以10个品种的石榴籽油为样本采用气相色谱技术(GC)分析了其主要脂肪酸组成,采用国标方法测定其过氧化值(POV)和碘值,并研究了储存期石榴籽油的POV变化。结果显示,10个品种的石榴籽油棕榈酸含量为1.77%～3.01%,油酸含量为1.20%～5.12%,亚油酸含量为1.67%～2.95%,石榴酸含量为52.54%～89.78%;POV为0.002 25～0.008 6 g/100 g之间,碘值为143.4～162.2 gI/100 g;储存期石榴籽油POV存在跃变现象。表明不同品种石榴籽油在品质上存在一定的差别,其中石榴酸是各品种的主要脂肪酸并且品种间含量差异较大,都属于高不饱和植物油,保健价值高,但容易氧化变质,不耐储存。     

石榴籽油的理化性质及清除自由基能力研究

以石榴籽为原料,利用超声波辅助提取石榴籽油,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析其脂肪酸组成,并对其理化性质及自由基清除能力进行了研究。结果表明:石榴籽油的主要成分是石榴酸58.68%,二十碳三烯酸15.02%,亚油酸6.06%,油酸6.46%等。理化测定结果表明:石榴籽出油率为23.53%,折光率为1.5168,皂化价为181.67mgKOH/g,碘价为150.9gI2/100g,酸价为0.81mgKOH/g,过氧化值为0.91meq/kg,相对密度为0.906g/mL;DPPH.及.OH最大清除率分别达83.62%和90.16%,可见石榴籽油是值得开发利用的营养保健油源。     

Variability in oil content and fatty acid composition of Ethiopian and introduced cultivars of linseed

This study was undertaken to assess the variability in oil content, oil yield and fatty acid composition of 60 linseed cultivars and to identify suitable accessions for use in future breeding and development endeavours in Ethiopia. Mean oil contents ranged from 291 to 359 g kg^?1, while oil yields varied between 1443 and 3276 g m^?2. Exotic introductions, especially those from Canada such as CDC‐VG, had higher oil contents than the local cultivars. Thus the introduction of exotic materials should be given more emphasis through germplasm exchange programmes. Unsaturated fatty acids were the major components in the oils, varying significantly (P < 0.01) from 859 to 906 g kg^?1, while minor saturated fatty acids were present at 84–119 g kg^?1. The contents of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were 148–293, 109–161 and 470–591 g kg^?1 respectively. Although accessions with variable linolenic acid contents were identified, this variability was insufficient to develop genotypes with less than 20 g kg^?1 linolenic acid for cooking oil through conventional crossing and selection methods. Hence mutation techniques and the introduction of exotic lines should be regarded as alternative approaches to obtain linseed genotypes with low linolenic acid contents. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fat and fatty acids of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in comparison to sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The study was undertaken to compare fat and fatty acid profiles in white lupin (Lupinus albus ssp. albus) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), representing two different families, Fabaceae and Pedaliaceae. Fat levels were 10.74% and 55.44% in seeds of white lupin and sesame, respectively. The results indicated that oleic, linolenic and arachidic acids in seed fat were higher in white lupin than in sesame cultivars. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in white lupin, whereas linoleic acid was predominant in sesame. Fat content (%) was statistically significantly correlated with linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids at the genotypic level. The fatty acid composition of white lupin is useful for human consumption. Although oil content of white lupin was lower than that of sesame, white sweet lupin could be improved.     

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Guizotia Cass (Compositae)

Seeds of Guizotia abyssinica and wild Guizotia were analysed for oil content and fatty acid composition by multisequential and gas chromatographic methods, respectively. The oil content of G abyssinica ranged from 416 to 436 g kg^-1 (weight per kg dry matter of seeds) and that of the wild Guizotia taxa from 214 to 328 g kg^-1. Two unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic (54·3–72·8, weight percent of total oil) and oleic (5·4–26·8% of oil by wt) and two saturated fatty acids (palmitic (7·8–10%) and stearic (5·5–8·1%)) were about 91–97% of the fatty acids present. Palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, eicosenoic, behenic, erucic and lignoceric acids constituted about 2–3%. An unidentified fatty acid, probably an epoxy form of C: 20 or C: 22, has been found in all the materials and it was 1·1–6·6%. Total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were about 74–84% and 15–20%, respectively. Differentiation in fatty acid composition between the taxa is too small to be of taxonomic use. It is inferred that when gene transfer is desired hybridisation between the wild and cultivated taxa may not affect the oil quality of the latter and the oils of the wild taxa are possibly safe for human consumption. © 1997 SCI.     

不同产地元宝枫种仁油脂含量及脂肪酸成分研究

元宝枫是我国特有的木本油料作物,种仁油脂含量丰富。为了探明元宝枫种仁油脂及脂肪酸含量在不同生长环境间的变化,促进元宝枫油用资源的开发,实验采用了索氏提取法及GC-MS分析法测定了9个产地天然元宝枫的种仁含油量、脂肪酸组分及含量,并分析成分间的差异性及相关性。结果表明9个产地元宝枫种仁平均含油量达到了43.30%,含量范围为18.87%～52. 23%。种仁油共鉴定出13种脂肪酸组分,其中亚油酸含量为最高,达到32. 28%,其次为油酸,平均含量为25. 36%,功能性成分神经酸的平均含量为5.25%,油脂中不饱和脂肪酸比例在87.05%～90. 16%。油脂和脂肪酸相关性分析显示,油酸与不饱和脂肪酸显著性正相关,与油脂含量极显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.78,0. 82,神经酸分别与不饱和脂肪酸、油脂含量弱正相关,亚油酸与油脂含量呈极显著性负相关关系。实验为元宝枫种仁油营养价值评价提供一定的指导,为元宝枫种子食用及药用价值开发提供了基础。     

喀什甜石榴与会理青皮石榴品质及抗氧化 活性的比较

目的 比较新疆喀什甜石榴和四川会理青皮石榴两个品种的果实品质和抗氧化活性。方法 测定了这两个石榴品种的品质、糖酸含量、总花色素苷、总酚及其抗氧化能力。结果 新疆喀什甜石榴的可溶性固形物含量、籽粒色饱和度、苹果酸含量、总花色素苷含量和总酚含量均高于四川会理青皮石榴;而四川会理青皮石榴的葡萄糖含量和果糖含量则高于喀什甜石榴;喀什甜石榴和会理青皮石榴籽粒的总抗氧化能力分别为211.25 U和178.97 U;DPPH自由基清除率分别为0.87和0.82;石榴籽粒中抗氧化活性分别与总酚、总花色素苷成正相关。结论 两个石榴品种在果实品质和抗氧化活性方面各有特点,这为石榴品种的品质评价和果实加工利用提供了参考依据。     

泡核桃无性系油脂脂肪酸组成和营养成分的比较分析

核桃是我国重要的木本油料树种。为评选出脂肪酸及营养成分优良的核桃无性系,为油用型核桃良种选育奠定基础。本研究对11个泡核桃（Juglans sigillata）无性系的油脂脂肪酸组成、生物活性物质和矿质元素含量进行了测定,采用ASReml-R进行统计分析,并估算遗传力、遗传变异系数等遗传参数。结果表明,泡核桃油脂脂肪酸组分主要为不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸（49.60%～62.25%）、油酸（12.46%～22.31%）、亚麻酸（7.89%～10.03%）和棕榈油酸（0.55%～1.18%）为主;饱和脂肪酸主要为硬脂酸（3.77%～10.03%）、棕榈酸（4.53%～8.04%）和花生酸（2.32%～3.67%）。硬脂酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸和花生酸相对质量分数在无性系间差异显著,矿质元素中铜、锰和铁元素含量在无性系差异显著,黄酮和多酚含量在无性系间也存在显著差异。8个性状（棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、多酚、黄酮、铜、锰和铁元素）遗传力均在0.7以上,表现出较强的受无性系遗传控制。各性状遗传变异系数和表型变异系数分别在0.10～0.83和0.05～0.51之间。硬脂酸、花生酸、棕榈酸、和黄酮含量具有较高的遗传相关和表型相关系数（0.527～0.979）,且都显著相关。采用BLUP法估算综合育种值,初步评选出高脂肪酸品质（C86、C72和C65）和高品质微量营养（C001、C72和C301）油用无性系各3个。本研究结果可为进一步开展核桃油营养功能评价、油用型良种选育、育种亲本选配以及核桃油开发利用等提供依据。     

Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Analysis of pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate seed oil is predominantly composed of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids, including high levels of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs). The major CLnA component, punicic acid, is known to possess biological activity. Consequently, it is desirable to obtain a detailed characterisation of pomegranate seed oil fatty acid profiles, including molecules potentially co‐eluting with punicic acid, such as jacaric acid. RESULTS: Conjugated fatty acid profiles of a commercial sample of cold pressed pomegranate seed oil were characterised in detail by both gas chromatography of methyl esters and by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The methylation procedures were found to be critical for determination of accurate fatty acid profiles. GC analysis was unable to resolve jacaric acid from punicic acid, the major fatty acid present in pomegranate seed oil. To establish the presence or absence of jacaric acid, ¹³C NMR was employed. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid. Punicic acid, eleostearic acid, and catalpic acid were confirmed by ¹³C NMR, but jacaric acid was not found. Thus, we have shown that punicic acid levels may be accurately measured by gas chromatography alone in pomegranate seed oil. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

亚麻籽油在煎炸过程中的品质变化

本文研究了常规煎炸条件下,经过不同煎炸时间的亚麻籽油营养成分、理化指标及有害物质含量,并通过主成分分析对其煎炸性能进行了综合评价。结果表明:未经煎炸的亚麻籽油不饱和度达81.77%,其α-亚麻酸的含量为47.50%,是一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸、高营养价值的食用油。亚麻籽油在170 ℃连续煎炸60 h（5 d）过程中,亚麻籽油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、折光指数、羰基价、极性组分、生育酚含量、脂肪酸组成均有显著（P<0.05） 变化,煎炸全程没有产生苯并（α）芘;5种主要脂肪酸（α-亚麻酸、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸）含量均呈下降趋势,C17:0以下的五种饱和脂肪酸（辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸）含量均呈逐渐升高的趋势,其余脂肪酸呈下降趋势。通过煎炸性能分析,煎炸35 h后的亚麻籽油的酸价超过国家限量,其他项目均在国家限量范围以内,经综合评估30 h基本到达亚麻籽的煎炸使用极限,在30 h的煎炸时间内是一种健康良好的煎炸用油。