混合前驱体常压干燥制备SiO2气凝胶及其性能研究

本文以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三甲氧基硅烷(MTMS)作为混合硅源,通过两步溶胶-壤胶法和常压干燥工艺制备出轻质多孔的SiO2气凝胶,并采用凝胶时间的测定、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和BET吸附等手段对SiO2气凝胶进行了表征,研究了水和前驱比(物质的量)、乙醇(EtOH)和前驱体比(物质的量)、碱浓度对溶胶-凝胶过程和SiO2气凝胶性能的影响.实验结果表明:前驱体:H2O∶ EtOH∶ HCl∶ HH4OH的物质的量为1∶4∶6∶1.8×10-3∶0.144时制备出的SiO2气凝胶性能最优,其密度、比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为0.15 g·cm-3、944m2 ·g-1、2.264cm3·g-1和9.592 nm.     

疏水SiO2气凝胶的制备及表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)为改性剂,经老化、表面疏水改性,常压干燥制备了高比表面积疏水SiO2气凝胶.用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面及孔径分布仪、热重分析仪(TG-DSC)对其疏水特性及结构进行表征.结果表明:疏水SiO2气凝胶与水的接触角达145°,在空气中的热稳定温度为269 ℃;且比表面积达1035 m2/g,具有典型的气凝胶结构特征,孔径尺寸和密度分别达9.7 nm和0.129 g/cc,骨架颗粒尺寸小于30 nm.     

甲基三甲氧基硅烷对块状SiO_2气凝胶性能和结构的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(tetraethoxysilane,TEOS)为硅源,甲基三甲氧基硅烷(methyltrimethoxysilane,MTMS)为改性剂,无水乙醇(ethanol,EtOH);为溶剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2湿凝胶,并经过超临界干燥得到了SiO2气凝胶.利用N2吸脱附测试、红外光谱、热重-差热分析、扫描电镜,高分辨透射电镜、接触角测试等手段对气凝胶的基本性能、表面基团、热稳定性、微观形貌结构进行了研究.结果表明:以TEOS,MTMS,EtOH, H2O的摩尔比为1:0.3:15:4制得的改性气凝胶为轻质疏水块状固体材料,密度为0.1g/cm3,比表面积为1070m2/g,孔隙率为95.5%.经MTMS改性后SiO2气凝胶的比表面积、孔体积和孔隙率更大,密度吏低,其疏水耐温性从250℃提高到500℃以上.     

常压干燥法制备SiO2气凝胶粉体

以工业硅溶胶为原料,通过凝胶过程与干燥条件的控制,采用常压干燥法制备了SiO2 气凝胶粉体,并考察了老化液中正硅酸乙脂(TEOS)含量和干燥控制化学添加荆甲酰胺的添加对气凝胶粉体堆积密度、比表面积和孔径分布的影响.结果表明:所得气凝胶粉体具有纳米多孔结构,组成气凝胶结构的基本粒子呈圆球形,粒径为10～25 nm,由基本粒子连接而成的网络结构具有5～50 nm的孔径分布;随着热处理温度从常温升至1 100℃,SiO2气凝胶从最初的无定形态转化为方石英;在,TEOS的醇溶液中老化,有利于增强凝胶骨架的强度;添加甲酰胺可以改善气凝胶粉体的孔径分布,提高其比表面积.     

SiO2气凝胶的非超临界干燥法制备与表征

以聚二甲基硅烷为原料,采用聚合物超临界法制备了SiO2气凝胶.聚合物超临界法制备的SiO2气凝胶除碳前为疏水性气凝胶,比表面积为27.68 m2/g,孔体积为0.103 7 cm3/g,平均孔径约为15 nm;除碳后为亲水性气凝胶,比表面积为500.6 m2/g,孔体积为0.404 3 cm3/g,平均孔径为3.23 nm.对聚合物超临界法制备SiO2气凝胶的反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

以乌洛托品为扩孔剂合成SiO2气凝胶的研究

以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,用溶胶—凝胶法通过常压干燥制备SiO2气凝胶,在溶胶—凝胶的过程中加入扩孔剂,着重考察以乌洛托品作为扩孔剂的用量、水解时间、水解温度、焙烧温度等因素对SiO2气凝胶孔径的影响。采用红外波谱(FTIR)表征了样品具有SiO2气凝胶的骨架结构和特定的表面基团,电镜(SEM)说明了样品有很好的分散性,热重(TG)说明经过扩孔的SiO2气凝胶依然有良好的热稳定性、BET对SiO2气凝胶表征显示了样品有较大的比表面积(400～1 200m2/g)、孔径(10～21nm)、孔容(0.5～2.5cm3/g)。     

添加甲酰胺和二甲基甲酰胺对SiO2气凝胶性能的影响

以工业硅溶胶作为硅源,分别添加甲酰胺(FA)、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)(其与SiO2的物质的量比分别为0∶1、0.1∶1、0.25∶1、0.5∶1、0.75∶1、1∶1),经溶胶-凝胶过程,结合CO2超临界干燥工艺制备了SiO2气凝胶,研究了FA、DMF对体系凝胶时间、SiO2气凝胶密度以及比表面积的影响。结果表明:FA、DMF的加入有利于体系获得完整、无开裂的气凝胶样品,且随着FA、DMF添加量的增大,由于其延缓羟基的缩聚反应以及和乙醇的亲和作用,使得体系的凝胶时间越来越长,但气凝胶密度和比表面积并无显著变化,同时FA、DMF对体系影响的差别不大。所制备的气凝胶样品具有纳米多孔结构,比表面积为220～235 m2·g-1,密度为180～198 kg·m-3。     

常压干燥溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO_2气凝胶织构和结构研究

以廉价的四氯化钛为前驱体,环氧丙烷为促凝剂,甲酰胺为干燥控制化学添加剂,有机配体丙酸为水解降速剂,采用正交实验设计以常压干燥-溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2气凝胶,并用BET和XRD对样品的织构和结构进行表征。结果表明,以n(四氯化钛)∶n(去离子水)∶n(甲酰胺)∶n(丙酸)∶n(环氧丙烷)=1∶14∶2∶0.5∶10制备的TiO2气凝胶,比表面积为632.87 m2·g-1,平均孔径7.87 nm,孔容1.24 cm3·g-1;当平均孔径小、孔容大时比表面积较高,反之,比表面积很低;随着焙烧温度升高,晶化度增强,但仍未出现金红石相衍射峰,表明具有较好的热稳定性。TiO2气凝胶孔容较大时,锐钛矿相结晶度差,反之,结晶度好;孔容居中的TiO2气凝胶出现游离的无定型SiO2,而较低的丙酸含量有利于提高焙烧后样品的晶化度。     

疏水性SiO2气凝胶常压干燥制备与表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,以NH4F为催化剂,实现了纳米多孔SiO2气凝胶材料的常压干燥制备,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)进行疏水改性,以减少样品在使用过程中的收缩和塌陷.结果表明:TMCS疏水改性的SiO2气凝胶样品的表观密度为0.191 g/cm3,导热系数为0.031 W/(m· K),比表面积为667 m2/g.SEM和TEM的测试结果表明,所得样品为纳米介孔材料.接触角的测定分析表明,TMCS疏水改性的SiO2气凝胶样品与水的接触角为147°,表现出良好的疏水性.400 ℃热处理后,气凝胶因失去大量的甲基基团,由疏水性变为亲水性.     

含钴硅酸乙酯的Sol-Gel法制备Co/SiO_2纳米复合气凝胶

气凝胶 (aerogels)是一种结构可控的新型轻质纳米多孔性非晶固态材料 ,而金属 /氧化物复合气凝胶由于其高的比表面积 ,可作为高效催化剂 .本工作首次采用含钴硅酸乙酯 (Co_TEOS)进行溶胶 -凝胶反应来制备高钴含量的纳米级Co/SiO2 复合气凝胶 ,制备的Co/SiO2 复合气凝胶中n(Co)∶n(Si)的比例最高可达 2∶1,且复合气凝胶中的Co含量可在小于 6 6 % (质量分数 )的范围内任意调节 ,并系统研究了水量、催化剂浓度、溶剂量及含钴硅酸乙酯的组成对溶胶 -凝胶过程的影响 .所制备的高钴含量的Co/SiO2 复合气凝胶的比表面积和孔体积均随钴含量的降低而增加 ,分别可达到 6 0 0m2 /g以上和 1.0m3/g以上 .该方法简单、可靠、金属保留率高 ,可制备所需金属含量的金属 /SiO2 复合气凝胶、多元金属 /SiO2 复合气凝胶 ,以及金属氧化物 /SiO2 复合气凝胶 .     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.