共线和非共线模式下单光子探测器定标比对实验研究

采用相关光子法定标单光子探测器的量子效率对提高光学载荷的辐射定标准确度具有重要意义.利用355nm连续激光泵浦BBO晶体产生Ⅰ类自发参量下转换,在共线和非共线两种相位匹配模式下分别测量了单光子探测器雪崩光电二极管在736nm波段的量子效率.结果表明,共线和非共线两种模式测量结果的合成不确定度分别为0.71%和0.39%,相对偏差均优于0.4%,这两种模式都可以定标探测器量子效率,且具有很好的一致性.最后比较了两种模式定标探测器量子效率的优缺点,该研究为以后利用相关光子法对遥感器进行辐射定标提供了晶体相位匹配模式选择的依据.     

基于参变下转换效应的光辐射定标方法

介绍了一种新型的基于参变下转换效应的光辐射绝对定标方法,利用固体钛宝石激光器倍频后产生的351 nm的激光光源抽运非线性BBO晶体,制备了一对简并的参变下转换光子对(波长为702 nm),并利用晶体的角度调谐特性,制备了另一对非简并的参变下转换光子对(波长为633 nm和789 nm).定标了光电倍增管的量子效率,介绍了实验原理和定标装置,系统分析了测量过程中引入的不确定度.结果表明,参变下转换效应光辐射定标方法的相对合成不确定度小于5.5%.参变下转换定标方法与传统的基于标准探测器的辐射定标方法作了一个比对,表明两种定标方法相对误差小于10%.     

基于相关光子多模式相关性的InSb模拟探测器定标方法

利用基于参量下转换产生的相关光子可以实现“无溯源”的绝对定标. 将该方法推广应用于模拟探测器定标的过程中, 获取两路模拟光电流信号的有效相关信息是主要难点. 在相关光子的多模式相关性理论模型的基础上, 提出了一种新的光电流处理方案. 通过将某一时刻采集到的光电流所包含的电荷量转换为等效光子计数, 采用双光路平衡探测和双通道数据波动校正的技术思路, 开展了红外模拟探测器量子效率定标验证实验研究. 利用532 nm单波长激光器为抽运源、PPLN晶体为非线性晶体, 在25 ℃工作温度下获取了631和3390 nm的相关光子对, 定标了InSb红外模拟探测器在3390 nm处的绝对功率响应度. 结果表明, 对InSb模拟探测器的合成不确定度为7.785%. 根据量子效率与绝对功率响应度之间的函数关系, 定标结果与国内计量单位的校准结果的相对偏差为3.6%. 利用多模式相关性在模拟信号下实现红外模拟探测器的绝对功率响应度定标在国际上暂无此方面的报道, 该方法验证了应用多模式相关性理论开展模拟探测器定标方法的可行性, 对于探索基于相关光子的定标技术和拓宽辐射定标应用领域具有重要意义.     

Research in absolute calibration of single photon detectors by means of correlated photons

There are two general methods in radiometric calibration of detectors, one is based on radiation sources and the other based on detectors. Because the two methods need to establish a primary standard of high precision and a transfer chain, precision of the standard will be reduced by extension of the chain. A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal, without needing transfer chain. Using 351.1-nm output of a tunable laser to pump β-barium borate (BBO) crystal, an absolute calibration experimental system of single photon detectors based on correlated photons is performed. The quantum efficiency of photomultiplier (PMT) at 702.2 nm is measured by the setup. Advantages of this method over traditional methods are also pointed out by comparison.     

基于相关光子的光辐射定标方法研究

为提高定标精度,提出一种基于相关光子的光辐射定标方法,它是一种独立于基于辐射源和基于探测器的定标方法。利用351．1 nm的激光抽运BBO晶体产生的相关光子,建立了一套基于相关光子的光辐射定标系统,分析了它的原理和实验装置,给出符合测量系统,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,该系统定标的光电倍增管(R2949)在702．2 nm的量子效率为(5．960±0．003)%,与其在这一波长的量子效率典型值的相对误差约为1．0%,测量结果的相对合成标准不确定度为2．61%。     

多波段相关光子光谱分布与时间相关性测量实验研究

基于相关光子的定标技术能够实现“无标准传递”绝对定标,研究相关光子的光谱辐射特性及时间相关特性对遥感器在宽波段的辐射定标具有重要意义。为满足光电探测器在宽谱段量子效率定标需求,基于相关光子的定标技术有必要从单一波段向更多波段扩展。根据自发参量下转换所满足的相位匹配条件,推导出相关光子在晶体内的非共线角计算公式,通过数值模拟相关光子光谱辐射角度分布规律,优化晶体相位匹配角,使得自发参量下转换产生的相关光子具有宽光谱分布,并且相关光子辐射角度与光谱波长能够一一对应。根据光谱分布数值模拟结果,建立了多波段相关光子的光谱分布和时间相关性测量实验系统,利用该系统测量了四对相关光子的光谱分布、符合计数、相关时间以及偏振特性。其中,测量的光谱分布范围为633~808 nm,最大光谱分布测量偏差为1.51 mm,光谱分布实验测量结果与数值模拟结果符合一致;测量了四对相关光子对的相关时间,最小相关时间为0.32 ns,并在实验中观察到了“符合三峰”现象;相关光子单光子计数及符合计数与泵浦光的偏振方向呈正弦函数关系。实验研究表明,相关光子对具有可见光~近红外宽波段分布、时间相关及偏振特性。论文研究结果在国内外尚属首次报道,该研究结果有望应用于光电探测器在多波段的辐射定标。     

泵浦光的入射角对参量下转换的影响

利用参量下转换制备相关光子实现对各类探测器的量子效率的定标,是近年来兴起的新型定标技术。由于参量下转换的光子转换效率低,探测器输出信号信噪比小。采用短波激光器泵浦PPLN周期极化性晶体,可获得较大功率的参量光。分析了泵浦光在PPLN晶体端面的入射角对参量光的转换效率、空间分布、参量带宽及晶体周期的影响,并进行了数值模拟。分析发现当泵浦光正入射晶体端面时,参量光功率转换大,带宽小,发散角大;随着泵浦光入射角度逐渐增大,参量下转换的转换效率降低,相关光子的带宽变小,发散角变小且参量光的中心波长的空间位置会发生相对偏移。该研究结果可为相关光子探测、模拟探测器量子效率的高精度定标提供理论依据。     

纠缠光子法绝对定标光电探测器量子效率的研究

为了应对国际上“坎德拉”新定义的动向,开展了利用纠缠光子法测量光电探测器量子效率的研究,并建立了测量装置。装置采用351.1 nm连续激光抽运BBO晶体产生纠缠光子场,然后通过双通道门控计数器组成的符合测量系统在702.2 nm和788.7 nm两个波长点对光电倍增管的量子效率进行了测量。同时对单光子脉冲信号获取、噪声抑制及提取、符合时间特性、偶然符合、暗背景计数和器件透过率等影响测量结果的关键因素进行了实验分析并给出了修正分量,最终在两个波长点量子效率测量不确定度小于0.7%。     

两个独立全光纤多通道光子纠缠源的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉

独立光子源的干涉是实现复杂量子体系应用(比如多光子纠缠态产生和量子隐形传态等)的核心技术.利用100 GHz密集波分复用技术,实现了1.55μm全光纤多通道独立纠缠光子源的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉,在不去除暗符合(随机符合计数)的情况下,可见度为53.2%±8.4%,去除暗符合可见度可达到82.9%±5.3%.给出了关于色散位移光纤中基于自发四波混频过程产生的单光子光谱纯度严格的理论描述,模拟了抽运脉冲宽度和滤波器带宽对单光子光谱纯度的影响,并给出了理论上的最佳条件(最佳的抽运脉冲宽度为8 ps,高斯滤波器带宽为40 GHz及以下).在测量Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉之前,先测量了液氮冷却状态下的色散位移光纤关联光子源的符合和随机符合比率,在抽运功率为23μW的情况下,最大比率可以达到131.Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉在高精度光学测量、测量装置无关的量子密钥分配等应用中扮演着极为重要的角色.     

太阳辐射计直射通道实验室定标方法研究

利用可调谐激光器作为光源,以溯源于低温绝对辐射计的标准辐照度探测器作为传递标准,将可调谐激光导入积分球,通过功率稳定、退相干等措施,形成均匀、稳定、无偏的辐照度场。利用替代定标技术,对太阳辐射计CE318的870nm直射通道的三个偏振通道(P1、P2和P3)和无偏通道(UP)的绝对光谱辐照度响应度进行了光谱扫描定标,获得这四个通道的光谱辐照度响应度,并预测了大气层顶太阳辐照度的信号值。最后,对定标过程的不确定度进行评价,三个偏振通道和无偏通道的定标不确定度分别达到了1.83%、1.98%、1.73%和1.2%,与Langley定标法定标精度相当。     

连续变量1.34 μm量子纠缠态光场的实验制备

设计研制了连续单频671 nm/1342 nm双波长激光器,并通过模式清洁器降低了激光器额外噪声.利用该低噪声连续单频激光器抽运由Ⅱ类准相位匹配晶体构成的双共振非简并光学参量放大器,实验制备出纠缠度达3 dB的光通信波段1.34μm连续变量量子纠缠态光场.该波段量子纠缠态光场在光纤中传输损耗低且相散效应小,与现有的光纤通信系统相兼容,可用于实现基于光纤的实用化连续变量量子通信.     

Analysis of uncertainties affecting the Monte Carlo simulation of a neutron multiplicity counter

When applying numerical simulation to physical problems it is important to be able to clearly understand the quality that can be reached and the uncertainty associated with the modelling. In this paper we will deal with the Monte Carlo simulation of neutron coincidence and multiplicity counters. These instruments are intensively used in nuclear safeguards for the measurement and verification of the mass of fissile materials in nuclear installations. Their numerical simulation, either for detector design or for numerical calibration, is now used more and more frequently as support to inspections.Several benchmark exercises have been organised in order to assess the capabilities of Monte Carlo simulation to correctly predict realistic practical cases in neutron coincidence and multiplicity counting. Nevertheless most of them allowed reaching conclusions only on the overall uncertainties associated to the modelling through the comparison between calculated and measured integral data.In this paper we aim to analyse more deeply the sources of these uncertainties, separating the different possible causes and analysing parametrically the individual factors. We will include influencing factors deriving from the physical model of the detector, of the acquisition electronics, of the sample and from the nuclear data. The final total uncertainties are consistent with the results of the integral benchmarks.     

PET image reconstruction with a system matrix containing point spread function derived from single photon incidence response

A point spread function(PSF)for the blurring component in positron emission tomography(PET)is studied.The PSF matrix is derived from the single photon incidence response function.A statistical iterative reconstruction(IR)method based on the system matrix containing the PSF is developed.More specifically,the gamma photon incidence upon a crystal array is simulated by Monte Carlo(MC)simulation,and then the single photon incidence response functions are calculated.Subsequently,the single photon incidence response functions are used to compute the coincidence blurring factor according to the physical process of PET coincidence detection.Through weighting the ordinary system matrix response by the coincidence blurring factors,the IR system matrix containing the PSF is finally established.By using this system matrix,the image is reconstructed by an ordered subset expectation maximization(OSEM)algorithm.The experimental results show that the proposed system matrix can substantially improve the image radial resolution,contrast,and noise property.Furthermore,the simulated single gamma-ray incidence response function depends only on the crystal configuration,so the method could be extended to any PET scanner with the same detector crystal configuration.     

VUV/EUV标准探测器装置和传输标准探测器的标定

对研制的安装在合肥国家同步辐射实验室(NSRL)计量光束线上的VUV/EUV标准探测器装置进行了传输标准探测器的首次标定工作.实验选取了3个能点17.625nm,6.8nm和92nm,在这3个能点处分别标定光电二极管,得到其相应的量子效率.结果表明在同一能点多次标定结果的重复一致性很好,相对标准偏差在1%—14%的水平;但是与美国国家标准计量局(NIST)标定过的光电二极管的量子效率比较,短波17.625nm的标定结果较好,而6.8nm和92nm波长的结果差距偏大.偏差主要来自光源稳定性和光谱纯净度的影响.     

音频段1.34μm压缩态光场的实验制备

音频段压缩态光场是进行连续变量量子精密测量重要的量子资源.本文利用自制的低噪声连续单频671 nm/1.34μm双波长激光器作为抽运源,抽运基于周期极化磷酸氧钛钾晶体的简并光学参量振荡器,进行了光通信波段1.34μm连续变量音频段真空压缩态光场的实验制备.当简并光学参量振荡器运转于阈值以下参量反放大状态时,抽运光场功率为95 mW,本地振荡光功率为60μW时,在分析频率8—100 k Hz范围内研制出1.34μm真空压缩态光场.在分析频率36 k Hz处,压缩态光场的最大压缩度达5.0 d B;在音频频率8k Hz处,压缩态光场的压缩度达3.0 d B.音频段1.34μm压缩态光场可用于实现基于光纤的量子精密测量.     

Nd:YAG laser pumped at 946 nm

A Nd:YAG laser crystal was pumped at 946 nm and lased at 1064 nm. This pump-lase format was investigated in order to reduce the quantum defect between the pump and laser photons as compared to other pump schemes of this material. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first realization of this scheme. A room temperature absorption coefficient and linewidth of approximately 0.075 cm(-1) and approximately 1 nm for 1% at. Nd(+3) concentrations were measured for the 946 nm absorption line. Those parameters impose both narrow-bandwidth pumping and a long absorption path. By increasing the laser crystal temperature above room temperature, the absorption cross sections at 946 and 938 nm increase due to enhanced thermal population of the upper energy level of the ground manifold. The possibility of exploiting this phenomenon to enhance the pump absorption is also discussed.     

Absolute calibration of photodetectors: photocurrent multiplication versus photocurrent subtraction

We report testing of the new absolute method of photodetector calibration based on the difference-signal measurement for two-mode squeezed vacuum by comparison with the traditional absolute method based on coincidence counting. Using low-gain parametric downconversion, we have measured the quantum efficiency of a counting detector by both methods. The difference-signal method was adapted for the counting detectors by taking into account the dead-time effect.     

Diffuse surface calibration method to improve accuracy and dynamic range of aerosol elastic light scattering measurements

A new method to calibrate detectors for elastic light scattering (ELS) measurement based on diffuse scattering from a Lambertian surface is presented. The method produces a calibration signal that is approximately seven orders of magnitude larger than a propane gas Rayleigh scattering calibration. The method also allows for calibration of detectors such as photodiodes, which are not sensitive enough to detect Rayleigh scattering for calibration but possess characteristics desirable for the measurement of soot ELS. Since the method is only suitable for backward scattering calibrations, transfer of calibration data from a backward- to a forward-oriented detector is accomplished with a secondary laser and integrating sphere. In demonstration experiments, calibration constants for photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors obtained using both Rayleigh scattering and diffuse surface scattering agreed within experimental uncertainties as did measurements of in-flame scattering coefficients obtained with PMTs and photodiodes. However, achievable uncertainties with the diffuse-surface calibration approach were significantly reduced. More importantly, by enabling the use of photodiode detectors in ELS measurements, the new method facilitates operation at higher photon fluxes resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratios, reduced influence of photon shot noise, and the ability to achieve higher dynamic range in transient measurements.     

Device calibration impacts security of quantum key distribution

Characterizing the physical channel and calibrating the cryptosystem hardware are prerequisites for establishing a quantum channel for quantum key distribution (QKD). Moreover, an inappropriately implemented calibration routine can open a fatal security loophole. We propose and experimentally demonstrate a method to induce a large temporal detector efficiency mismatch in a commercial QKD system by deceiving a channel length calibration routine. We then devise an optimal and realistic strategy using faked states to break the security of the cryptosystem. A fix for this loophole is also suggested.     

1.55 μm升频单光子探测量子密钥分配系统的性能研究

分析了1.55 μm升频单光子探测量子密钥分配(QKD)系统的性能,讨论了升频单光子探测器的主要参数：量子效率和暗计数与抽运功率的关系.比较了BB84协议、BBM92协议和DPSK协议的光纤QKD系统的性能：安全通信速率与距离的关系,通过比较得出升频探测器优于传统的InGaAs/InP雪崩二极管单光子探测器,用升频探测器后的通信距离能比传统的大两倍以上,能很好改善量子通信系统的性能. 关键词： 量子效率 通信速率 暗计数