苦皮藤素乳油对三种储粮害虫的熏蒸作用

采用密闭熏蒸法研究了苦皮藤素乳油对储粮害虫的熏蒸作用。研究结果表明,处理24h后,苦皮藤素乳油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的LD50分别为3.606 97、2.773 78和2.048 87μg/ml;玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的回归方程分别为Y=3.972 64 X+2.786 68、Y=4.319 64 X+3.086 09和Y=4.095 70 X+3.724 13。三种储粮害虫对苦皮藤素乳油的敏感度由强到弱依次为锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、玉米象。     

辣根素对长角扁谷盗和锯谷盗成虫的熏蒸活性

辣根素是一种潜在的替代溴甲烷的植物源熏蒸物质。为了进一步完善其杀虫谱,利用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法,研究了辣根素原油和无水乙醇以1∶9按体积比混配后分别在不同温度下对长角扁谷盗和锯谷盗成虫的熏蒸毒力。结果表明:在10、20、28℃下,辣根素对长角扁谷盗的LC50依次为1.40、1.13、0.87μL/L;对锯谷盗的LC50依次为10.06、6.88、5.81μL/L。在相同熏蒸温度下,长角扁谷盗成虫对辣根素的敏感性均较锯谷盗成虫高。辣根素对两种仓虫的熏蒸效果均随温度的升高而升高。     

土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性

研究土荆芥挥发油的化学成分及对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性。用水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取土荆芥挥发油,气相-质谱法分析挥发油的化学成分;用密闭熏蒸法、点滴法与滤纸扩散法对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性进行了测定。从土荆芥挥发油中共检出96种化合物,相对含量较高的有：（+）-4-蒈烯（36.136%）、2-蒈烯（23.897%）、邻伞花烃（10.992%）、驱蛔素环氧化物（9.047%）,驱蛔素（4.882%）等。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗熏蒸活性LC50 值分别为1.35 mg/L和2.83 mg/L;对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的触杀活性LD50值分别为16.80 μg/头和29.35 μg/头;当浓度为58.975 ??g/cm2时,处理2 h和4 h,土荆芥挥发油对玉米象的驱避率分别为45%和47%,对赤拟谷盗的驱避率分别为76 %和80 %。土荆芥挥发油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗两种仓储害虫均有良好的熏蒸、触杀与驱避活性,可望从土荆芥挥发油中发现对两种仓储害虫具有良好生物活性的化合物。     

几种植物精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸作用

在14.7μL/L的剂量下,测试了八角茴香油、高良姜油、臭椿油、留兰香油、艾蒿油、黄樟油、薄荷油、山苍子油、辣椒油、石菖蒲油、肉豆蔻油、姜黄油、广藿香油、香茅油和芥菜油等15种植物精油对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)成虫的熏蒸活性,结果表明八角茴香油、高良姜油、臭椿油、留兰香油、艾蒿油和黄樟油等6种植物精油对赤拟谷盗成虫具有熏蒸活性,其中八角茴香油和高良姜油的效果较好.八角茴香油对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸毒力测定结果表明,当熏蒸处理24、48、72 h时,其LC50值分别为14.39、7.44、7.03μL/L.高良姜油的测定结果表明,在24、48、72 h的熏蒸处理条件下,LC50值分别为25.48、17.93、15.79μL/L.     

13种植物精油和茴香脑对赤拟谷盗成虫熏蒸活性研究

在20μL/L的剂量下,测试了13种植物精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸作用,其中以八角茴香油效果最佳,熏蒸24 h的校正死亡率达到100%,显著高于其他精油。随着熏蒸时间的延长,八角茴香油对赤拟谷盗的LC50值逐渐降低,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为13.88μL/L,熏蒸72 h时降为5.08μL/L,仅为熏蒸12 h的0.36倍。继而采用GC-MS技术对八角茴香油的主要组分进行分离鉴定,共从八角茴香油中鉴定出21种组分,其中茴香脑的相对百分含量为79.81%,为八角茴香油的主要成分。进一步测试了茴香脑对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸毒力,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为7.76μL/L,72 h时LC50值降为3.36μL/L,不同熏蒸时段茴香脑的LC50值均低于相应时段八角茴香油的LC50值,与八角茴香油相比,茴香脑对赤拟谷盗具有更强的熏蒸作用。     

鸡骨柴挥发油及其主要组分γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的防治作用

本研究分析了鸡骨柴挥发油及其主要组分γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的防治作用。通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避试验评价鸡骨柴挥发油及γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫的生物活性。结果显示，鸡骨柴挥发油及γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗成虫具有明显的触杀活性（LD50 = 26.64和33.04 μg/头）和熏蒸活性（LC50 = 32.16和16.94 mg/L-1）。鸡骨柴挥发油对赤拟谷盗幼虫触杀和熏蒸活性均弱于成虫（LD50和LC50分别为111.72 μg/头和78.25 mg/L-1）。驱避活性测试中，在5 mg/ml测试浓度下，鸡骨柴挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫驱避作用显著，驱避率值分别达到100%和90%以上。γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗成虫和幼虫未表现出驱避活性及对赤拟谷盗幼虫未表现出触杀和熏蒸活性。鸡骨柴挥发油及其主要组分γ-萜品烯对赤拟谷盗具有一定的防治作用。     

水菖蒲水提物对谷蠹和玉米象的触杀活性

为开发绿色环保、价格低廉的水剂提供理论依据,采用药膜法研究了水菖蒲根茎水提物对谷蠹、玉米象成虫的触杀活性.结果表明:水菖蒲根茎水提物对谷蠹、玉米象成虫均具有较强的触杀活性,并且对谷蠹成虫的触杀活性明显强于其对玉米象成虫的触杀活性,对谷蠹成虫0.46mg/cm2处理4 d后校正死亡率就达到100.0%,而对玉米象成虫1.50 mg/cm2处理4 d后校正死亡率达到90.8%.处理4 d后对谷蠹、玉米象成虫的毒力回归方程及LD50分别为:谷蠹y=3.17+5.45 x,0.26 mg/cm2;玉米象y=-0.36+9.50 x,1.09 mg/cm2.     

12种植物精油对两种仓储害虫熏蒸活性的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取12种香料植物精油,密闭容器熏蒸法测定精油对赤拟谷盗和花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性,为仓储害虫的生物防治提供依据。结果表明:精油熏蒸处理24 h后,在3个筛选浓度(166.67、33.33、6.67μL/L)下,5种植物精油(大蒜、花椒、小茴香、肉桂和八角茴香)对赤拟谷盗表现出较好的熏蒸活性,在高浓度(166.67、33.33μL/L)时,熏蒸致死率达到90%,在低浓度6.67μL/L时,致死率依然在60%以上;5种精油对赤拟谷盗的LC_(50)分别为0.71、1.15、1.39、1.58、1.73 mg/L。4种植物精油(大蒜、肉桂、小茴香和八角茴香)对花斑皮蠹的熏蒸活性最好,在高浓度(166.67μL/L、33.33μL/L)时,致死率高达100%,在低浓度(6.67μL/L)时,致死率均在80%以上;4种精油的LC_(50)分别为0.41、1.03、2.92、3.28 mg/L。12种植物精油中,大蒜精油对两种仓储害虫的熏蒸活性最好,且大蒜精油资源丰富,原料易得,对人类安全无毒,可成为理想的绿色环保仓储害虫熏蒸剂。     

毛莲蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫的活性研究

研究毛莲蒿挥发油对常见储粮害虫赤拟谷盗成虫的生物活性.采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取毛莲蒿挥发油并通过触杀、熏蒸和驱避3种测试方法对生物活性进行评价.结果表明,毛莲蒿挥发油对赤拟谷盗成虫表现出较强的触杀活性(LD50=30.63 μg/头)和熏蒸活性(LC50=7.91 mg/L);此外,在高测试体积分数78.63 nL/cm2...     

臭椿树皮提取物对玉米象和杂拟谷盗成虫的控制作用

采用索氏提取法,利用无水乙醚作为有机溶剂提取臭椿树皮提取物,并研究其在一定浓度下对重要储粮害虫玉米象和杂拟谷盗的驱避、触杀、熏蒸和种群抑制作用.结果表明,臭椿树皮提取物对玉米象成虫的驱避作用强于对杂拟谷盗成虫的驱避作用,且随着处理时间增加驱避作用均显著下降.臭椿树皮提取物对玉米象和杂拟谷盗成虫具有较强的触杀作用和熏蒸作用,在1.5μL/cm2的处理浓度下处理72 h后触杀作用校正死亡率分别达到80.6%和88.9%,熏蒸作用校正死亡率分别为83.2%和96.8%.臭椿树皮提取物对玉米象和杂拟谷盗具有较强的种群抑制作用,对二者的当代种群抑制率均达到100%,对二者的子代种群抑制率分别达到96.2%和100%.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.