不同抗凝强度华法令对非瓣膜性房颤患者的抗栓治疗

目的 探讨不同抗凝强度华法令对非瓣膜性房颤（Af）患者进行抗栓治疗。观察其血栓栓塞事件及其不良反应。方法 117例非瓣膜病Af患者随机分为两组：抗凝强度国际标准化比率（INR）1．6—2．4组（低等强度，67例）和INR2．5～3．0组（中等强度，50例）。观察两组血栓栓塞并发症及出血等不良反应的发生率。结果 INR1．6—2．4组血栓栓塞年发生率为0．75％，INR2．5—3．0组为0，两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。低强度抗凝组出血不良反应年发生率为0．49％，明显低于中等强度抗凝组的3．74％（P〈0．05），但两组中均无一例为严重出血及其他不良反应。结论 华法令抗凝强度INR1．6—2．4时有一定的血栓栓塞危险。INR2．5—3．0时自发出血危险性增加。     

华法林在预防非瓣膜性房颤血栓栓塞中的安全性评价

目的 评价华法林在预防非瓣膜性房颤血栓栓塞中的安全性。方法 非瓣膜性房颤接受华法林治疗25例，对照组非瓣膜性房颤接受阿司匹林治疗30例，服药后平均随访1年，观察临床是否有脑血管或周围血管血栓栓塞事件或全身任一部位严重出血并发症发生。结果使用华法林，如果密切监测，长期抗凝治疗也是相对安全有效的。     

不同抗凝强度的华法林对非瓣膜性心房纤颤抗栓的疗效

目的:探讨阿司匹林和不同抗凝强度华法林对预防非瓣膜性心房纤颤患者血栓栓塞发生的疗效和安全性.方法:选择172例非瓣膜性心房纤颤患者,随机分为阿司匹林组48例、低强度华法林抗凝组38例[国际标准化比值(INR)1.6～2.0]和中强度华法林抗凝组42例(INR 2.1～2.5)、高强度华法林抗凝组44例(INR 2.6～3.5),应用华法林抗凝并行INR监测,常规门诊随访2年,分析血栓栓塞和出血事件发生与INR的关系.结果:治疗后低、中、高强度华法林3组血栓栓塞发生率相当(P>0.05),华法林3组血栓栓塞发生率低于阿司匹林组(P<0.05),高强度华法林组出血发生率高于其他3组(P<0.05),低、中强度华法林组出血发生率与阿司匹林组大致相仿(P>0.05).结论:对非瓣膜性心房纤颤患者华法林(INR 1.6～2.5)抗栓治疗的疗效优于阿司匹林,出血发生率低,安全性好.     

华法林和阿司匹林对非瓣膜病房颤预防血栓栓塞疗效观察

目的：观察华法林和阿司匹林对非瓣膜病房颤预防血栓栓塞的疗效。方法：选择非瓣膜房颤共166例,随机分成两组：A组83例,给予华法林口服;B组阿司匹林口服,两组患者性别、年龄、心功能、肝肾功能、凝血指标及血清电解质差异无统计学意义。疗效观察：（1）两组栓塞发生率、致残率及病死率;（2）出血并发症的发生率;（3）再栓塞的再住院率。结果：应用华法林组可明显降低脑卒中及周围动脉栓塞的发生率,降低脑卒中的致残率及病死率,降低因栓塞而再入院例数。出血并发症发生率低。结论：华法林对非瓣膜病房颤预防血栓栓塞的疗效显著,具有安全性。     

华法林预防摩洛哥二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动患者血栓栓塞发生的临床研究

目的:观察不同抗凝强度的华法林预防二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动(房颤)患者血栓栓塞发生的疗效和安全性。方法:将确诊为二尖瓣狭窄伴房颤患者127例分为华法林抗凝强度国际标准化比率(INR)2.5～3.5(中等程度,72例)和INR1.6～2.4(低等程度,55例)两组,给予抗凝治疗。观察两组血栓栓塞并发症及出血等不良反应的发生率。结果:低强度组血栓栓塞率为0,中强度组为0,两组比较差异无显著性。两组病例中的主要不良反应为出血,低强度组出血发生率为5.45%,中强度组为16.67%,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),但两组中均无严重出血病例。结论:华法林抗凝强度INR1.6～3.5能明显降低二尖瓣伴房颤患者血栓栓塞的发生率,INR1.6～2.4时安全性更好。     

高龄房颤并发栓塞的华法林抗凝效果及护理观察

目的 观察华法林对高龄患者房颤并发栓塞的抗凝剂量、效果和副作用.方法 华法林2.5mg/片,每日1次早饭后口服,维持剂量为（2.26±0.30）mg,监测国际标准化比率（INR）.结果 华法林在10.6±3.5d内使INR达标（1.5～2.5）,这一维持剂量的出血副作用轻微.结论 高龄房颤患者并发脑栓塞和下肢动脉栓塞后,华法林的应用没有特殊要求,以较普通人小的剂量可使INR达标.     

比较低强度华法林与阿司匹林预防老年非瓣膜性房颤并发脑栓塞的效果

目的比较低强度华法林与低强度阿司匹林用于预防老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)并发脑栓塞的效果。方法选取78例老年非瓣膜性房颤患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为华法林组(予低强度华法林治疗)和阿司匹林组(口服阿司匹林肠溶片),每组39例。比较2组脑栓塞发生率及出血率。结果治疗期间,华法林组发生1例脑栓塞,阿司匹林组发生7例脑栓塞,华法林组脑栓塞发生率低于阿司匹林组(2.56%比17.95%,P<0.05);华法林组发生出血11例,其中4例严重出血,7例轻微出血,阿司匹林组3例发生出血,均为轻微出血,华法林组出血率高于阿司匹林组(28.21%比7.69%,P<0.05)。结论使用低强度华法林可更好地预防老年非瓣膜性房颤患者脑栓塞的发生,但用药期间应加强出血症状的监测,合理调整药用剂量。     

华法林抗凝治疗心房颤动的安全性

目的评价华法林用于心房颤动患者抗凝治疗的效果与安全性。方法选择符合研究标准的223例房颤患者,随机分为华法林治疗组112例与阿司匹林对照组111例。治疗组给于华法林片,每次2.5 mg,第1天每天3次,第2天每天2次,然后每天1次,治疗开始每2天复查1次国际标准化比值(INR)。稳定后每月复查1次INR,依据INR调整华法令用量,使INR保持在2.0～3.0。对照组给予阿司匹林50 mg,每天3次。每2周进行1次随访,随访期为1年,观察血栓栓塞事件及有无出血情况。结果华法令组的栓塞发生率为1.8%,阿司匹林组为4.58%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);华法令组出血发生率为3.6%,阿司匹林组为1.83%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心房颤动患者使用华法林抗凝治疗,使INR保持在2.0～3.0,能有效的预防血栓栓塞事件的发生,不良反应轻微,临床用药安全。     

华法林预防非瓣膜性心房颤动并发脑卒中的疗效观察

目的 探讨华法林预防非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者发生脑卒中的疗效和安全性.方法 选择慈溪市人民医院和市第二、第三人民医院门诊和住院治疗的非瓣膜性房颤患者136例,随机分为调整剂量华法林组(初始剂量2 mg/d),目标国际标准化比值(INR)为2.0～3.0,阿司匹林组(100 mg/d)和对照组(未用抗栓药物).常规门诊随访,调整华法林剂量并记录三组患者的终点事件和不良反应发生情况.结果 136例患者,失访4例,随访男性77例,占58.3%,平均年龄70.6岁.华法林组40例,平均用量为(205±1.0)mg;阿司匹林组42例,对照组50例.三组患者基本特征(包括合并疾病和伴随用药)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).有≥3项伴随危险因素的病人,三组之间总体生存函数差异有统计学意义,P<0.05,华法林组生存率明显高.结论 有≥3项伴随危险因素的NVAF患者,华法林可改善患者的生存率,华法林组多数出血并发症发生在INR>3.0.严密监测(INR 2.0～3.0)下的调整剂量华法林安全有效.     

高龄房颤并发栓塞18例华法林抗凝效果观察

目的:探讨华法林对高龄房颤并发栓塞患者的抗凝剂量、效果和不良反应.方法:对18例高龄房颤并发栓塞患者应用华法林(每片2.5 mg),每日1次早饭后口服,维持剂量为(2.26±0.30) mg,监测国际标准化比率(INR).结果:本组患者华法林在(10.6±3.5) d内使INR达标(1.5～2.5),这一维持剂量的出血不良反应轻微.结论:高龄房颤患者并发脑栓塞和下肢动脉栓塞后,华法林的应用没有特殊要求,较普通人小的剂量可使INR达标.     

Mixed Treatment Comparison Meta-Analysis of Aspirin,Warfarin, and New Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Warfarin and aspirin are used to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). There are inherent challenges with both treatments, including variable and inconsistent benefit and increased bleeding risks. The availability of new anticoagulants offers some alternatives.

Objective

A mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis to evaluate direct and indirect treatment data including aspirin, warfarin apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban for the prevention of primary or secondary stroke in patients with AF.

Methods

A comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted to identify randomized trials comparing aspirin, warfarin, apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban in patients with AF requiring treatment for stroke prevention. Open-label and blinded designs were included if they evaluated any stroke or any bleeding event. Data on stroke and bleeding events were abstracted, verified, evaluated, scored, and entered into Aggregate Data Drug Information System version 1.16 to generate a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Direct and indirect comparisons were evaluated, and we looked for inconsistency in closed loop structures. Data are reported as rate ratios with 95% credible intervals. In addition, we reviewed variance statistics and explored variance with node-splitting models.

Results

Our literature search yielded 30 articles, 21 of which were included. All treatments except aspirin reduced the risk of any stroke compared with placebo. Warfarin (0.43 [0.33–0.57]), apixaban (0.37 [0.27–0.54]), dabigatran (0.34 [0.21–0.57]), rivaroxaban (0.36 [0.22–0.60]), and aspirin with clopidogrel (0.73 [0.53–0.99]) were more protective than aspirin alone. Warfarin and the new anticoagulants were similar in the reduction of stroke, vascular death, and mortality. There was no difference in major bleeding between any treatment group. There were more nonmajor bleeding events when comparing warfarin and apixaban (1.83 [1.05–4.03]); no other differences between warfarin and the other new anticoagulants were found.

Conclusions

This mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis found similarity between warfarin and the new anticoagulants with the exception of one comparison, in which warfarin was associated with more non-major bleeding than apixaban. Thus, the new anticoagulants are therapeutically comparable when warfarin is inappropriate.     

非瓣膜病性房颤伴缺血性中风的二级预防

目的：观察应用阿司匹林预防非瓣膜病性房颤伴缺血性中风患者复发的疗效。方法：选取89例非瓣膜病性房颤伴缺血性中风的患者,随机分为两组,其中阿司匹林组47例,丹参对照组42例,随访1年,观察阿司匹林及丹参片对其复发率病死率及其他血管事件发生率的影响。结果：对照组中风后1年的复发率高于阿司匹林组（P〈0.05）;对照组中风后1年的病死率与其他血管事件的发生率高于阿司匹林组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：阿司匹林对非瓣膜病性房颤伴缺血性中风患者有预防复发的作用。     

Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion for The Unmet Clinical Needs of Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Oral anticoagulation is the dominant strategy for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. However, lifelong oral anticoagulation is associated with major issues including inappropriate dosing, nonadherence, and adverse effects. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop site-specific therapy aimed to occlude the left atrial appendage, the anatomical site accountable for more than 90% of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation–related ischemic strokes. This review focuses on the growing literature to put into perspective the risk-balance ratio of left atrial appendage occlusion.     

Persistence of Warfarin Therapy for Residents in Long-term Care Who Have Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Among long-term care (LTC) residents with atrial fibrillation (AF), the use of warfarin to prevent stroke has been shown to be suboptimal. For those who begin warfarin prophylaxis in LTC, persistence on this therapy has not been reported.

Objective

This study was conducted to estimate persistence on warfarin among LTC residents with AF.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from an LTC database. Pharmacy dispensing data were used to track warfarin use in residents with a diagnosis of AF who were newly started on warfarin therapy. The main outcome measure was persistence of warfarin over the first year of therapy. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier plots and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to test the association of resident characteristics and conditions with warfarin discontinuation.

Results

A total of 148 residents new to warfarin therapy met all study inclusion criteria. Median age was 84 years; 69% were female. Median time to therapy discontinuation was 197 days (95% CI, 137–249) across all study residents. By 90 days after the initiation of therapy, 37% (95% CI, 28–47) of study residents had discontinued warfarin; by 1 year, 65% (54%–76%) had discontinued warfarin therapy. The multivariate Cox regression analysis found that the following factors were independently associated with discontinuation of warfarin therapy: age 65 to 74 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.01 [95% CI, 1.04–8.73]), female sex (HR = 0.45 [95% CI, 0.24–0.87]), Hispanic race/ethnicity (HR = 2.86 [95% CI, 1.30–6.26]), Midwest region (HR = 2.13 [95% CI, 1.02–4.48]), and Alzheimer disease or dementia (HR = 1.97 [95% CI, 1.05–3.68]).

Conclusions

Although clinical practice guidelines exist for the prevention of stroke in AF patients, persistence on warfarin therapy seems suboptimal in many LTC residents with AF.     

心房颤动中C反应蛋白增高的临床意义

目的:探讨C反应蛋白(CRP)增高在心房颤动(房颤)中的意义。方法:应用免疫法测定76例诊断为房颤患者(房颤组)血清CRP水平,与非房颤患者(对照组)28例比较;并对房颤按时间、病因不同分设组,进行统计学分析。结果:房颤组血清CRP为(4.31±2.88)mg/L,明显高于对照组的(1.15±0.91)mg/L,P<0.05。器质性、孤立性房颤者CRP分别为(5.05±1.91)mg/L,(4.37±1.32)mg/L;持续性、永久性房颤患者CRP分别为(5.60±1.81)mg/L,(5.05±1.59)mg/L,均高于阵发性房颤者的(3.30±1.20)mg/L,P<0.05。结论:CRP增高反映的炎症状态可能促进房颤发生和呈持续性发作。     

华法林在房颤病人中的临床应用

就华法林在房颤病人中的作用机理及临床应用作一综述。     

老年房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗社区管理与专科管理的对比研究

目的：心房纤颤是老年最常见的心律失常之一,并且带来了如外周血管血栓形成、肺梗死、脑卒中等并发症。口服抗凝治疗是预防该类并发症的有效手段,但监测繁琐、有药物不良反应风险等。本实验为寻找有效的房颤管理模式,设计了社区管理模式,并与专科管理模式进行对照,以研究社区管理模式是否适合老年房颤患者的管理。方法：纳入在我院就诊的老年房颤患者107名,随机分入社区管理组及专科管理组,其中专科管理组患者在珠海市人民医院门诊常规就诊,而社区管理组在所属社区进行治疗。对照比较在抗凝达标率、华法林相关不良反应事件发生率（出血、血栓事件）、及费用方面的差异。结果：与专科管理组比较,社区管理组在抗凝达标率（分别为61.2%,64.2%,P〉0.05）、出血及血栓事件（P值分别为0.133,0.279）发生率方面无明显统计学差异,但是在总体费用方面存在着统计学差异（P〈0.001）。结论：老年房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗在社区管理有着与专科管理相似的可行性、安全性及有效性,并且有费用方面的优势。     

非瓣膜病房颤并左房血栓患者的TEE研究

本文研究经食管超声心动图检查的两组慢性非瓣膜病房颤患者，Ａ组为检出左房或左心耳血栓者，２４例；Ｂ组为无左房或左心耳血栓者，２４例。发现与Ｂ组患者相比，Ａ组的左房自发超声显影现象明显增高，而左房有左心耳内血流速度明显减低。说明房颤而左房内血汉速度明显减低者，局部血流淤滞明显，是房内血栓形成的预示因子。     

不同抗栓药物二级预防高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动脑栓塞的临床研究

目的探讨不同抗栓药物在二级预防高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动脑栓塞的临床效果。方法选择2010年01月至2013年12月在本院住院的高龄非瓣膜性房颤合并血栓栓塞患者165例,所有患者既往均有脑血栓史,按照治疗药物不同,分为华法林组（n=57）,氯吡格雷组（n=54）和阿司匹林组（n=54）,比较三种药物在预防高龄非瓣膜性心房颤动脑栓塞的作用。结果总危险事件统计华法林组24例（42.1%）,氯吡格雷组40例（74.1%）,阿司匹林组50例（92.6%）,华法林组能显著降低危险事件发生率（P＜ 0.05）;三组脑栓塞复发率和后循环缺血发生率大小比较均为：阿司匹林组 ＞氯吡格雷组 ＞华法林组,三组间均有统计学差异（P＜ 0.05）;与阿司匹林治疗组比较,华法林组和氯吡格雷组的出血事件总发生率显著升高（P ＜ 0.05）;三组间在病死率方面无统计学差异（P ＞0.05）。结论华法林能显著降低总危险事件发生率,在无禁忌证时,对高龄高危脑栓塞患者应首选华法林,若有禁忌证则考虑氯吡格雷或阿司匹林。     

Warfarin Use and Stroke Risk Among Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Managed Care Population

Background

Stroke prevention is a goal of atrial fibrillation (AF) management, but discontinuation of warfarin anticoagulation therapy is common.

Objective

To investigate the association between warfarin discontinuation and hospitalization for stroke among nonvalvular AF (NVAF) patients enrolled in managed care.

Methods

Patients with NVAF who initiated warfarin therapy from January 2005 through June 2009 were included. Warfarin discontinuation was defined as a supply gap >60 days without evidence of International Normalized Ratio measurements. Follow-up, which was a variable time period from warfarin initiation until the earlier of death, disenrollment from the health plan, or June 30, 2010, was divided into periods of warfarin treatment and discontinuation. Stroke events were identified based on claims for inpatient stays with a primary diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to assess the relationship between warfarin discontinuation and incident stroke while adjusting for baseline demographics, stroke and bleeding risk, and comorbidities, as well as time-dependent antiplatelet use, stroke, and bleeding events in the previous warfarin treatment period.

Results

Among warfarin initiators with NVAF (N = 16,253), 51.4% discontinued warfarin therapy at least once during a mean follow-up of 668 days. Stroke risk was significantly greater during warfarin discontinuation periods compared with therapy periods (hazard ratio = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.35–1.90; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

More than half of patients on warfarin had treatment gaps or discontinued therapy. Therapy gaps were associated with increased stroke risk.