Application of polycarboxylic acid sodium salt in the dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes

In this study, the effects of polycarboxylic acid sodium salt on the dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes were evaluated by measuring and comparing the K/S values and dyeing fastnesses of the dyed cotton fabric samples. Results showed that the K/S value and dyeing fastness of cotton fabrics dyed with polycarboxylic acid sodium salt, substituting inorganic salts as exhausting agent were close to that of with sodium chloride when dip‐dyeing process was used. While, in pad‐dry dyeing, the K/S value of cotton fabric samples dyed with polyacid salts as exhausting agent was higher than that of with sodium sulfate, and the dyeing fastnesses of these samples were nearly the same. The dyeing mechanism of cotton fabric with reactive dye, using polycarboxylic acid sodium salt as exhausting agent was analyzed. The dyeing exhausting mechanism of reactive dye seems different when the inorganic salt and polycarboxylic acid sodium salt were used as exhausting agent in the dyeing of cotton fabric with reactive dye. The polycarboxylic acid sodium salt, as weak electrolyte, increased the dye‐uptake of reactive dye on cotton fabric not only by screening negative charges on cotton surface, but also by the effect of salting‐out or hydrophobic combination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

电沉积锌钴磷合金时阴极行为的研究

用动电位扫描法研究了在氯化物镀液中电沉积Ｚｎ－Ｃｏ－Ｐ合金时的阴极行为。认为在镀液中加入配体柠檬酸钠可以提高阴极极化。加入次磷酸钠有利于合金镀层的形成。     

柠檬酸三钠对低钠光卤石分解制备氯化钾晶体粒度影响研究

针对光卤石分解制备的氯化钾晶体平均粒径小导致过滤、洗涤损失大以及干燥能耗高的问题,以柠檬酸三钠为成核抑制剂,考察了柠檬酸三钠添加浓度、加入光卤石溶液的浓度、搅拌速率、停留时间、加入光卤石溶液的体积、加液速率对氯化钾晶体粒度的影响。在单因素实验的基础上采用3因素3水平的Box-Behnken响应面优化设计方法做了研究。结果表明：在柠檬酸三钠添加浓度为0.007 mol/L、加入光卤石溶液质量浓度为0.759 g/mL、搅拌速率为372.52 r/min、停留时间为40 min、加入光卤石溶液体积为100 mL、加液速率为2 mL/min的条件下可制得平均粒径为595.892 μm的氯化钾晶体,是未添加柠檬酸三钠、其他实验条件不变时所得氯化钾产品的平均粒径（351.607 μm）的1.69倍,并且氯化钾产品纯度为95.82%,符合GB/T 7118—2008《工业氯化钾》质量标准要求。实验结果为提高氯化钾产品的粒度提供参考。     

Effects of crosslinking agents,dyeing temperature,and pH on mechanical performance and whiteness of silk fabric

The effects of bleaching and dyeing conditions on abrasion resistance, tear strength, and whiteness of silk fabrics were studied. Different crosslinking agents at various concentrations were introduced into the silk fabrics under various dyeing temperatures and pH. The results indicated that the oxidatively bleached silk fabric exhibited better mechanical properties than those of reductively bleached silk fabric. Sodium citrate was found to be the most suitable crosslinking agent for enhancing the abrasion resistance and tear strength of the silk fabrics with no significant effect on the whiteness. The mechanical property improvements of sodium citrate–dyed silk fabric were attributed to a chemical reaction between –COOH groups and amino acid side chains in silk fabric, the mechanism proposed in this work. Increasing sodium citrate resulted in improved mechanical properties and whiteness, but the opposite trend was found with increasing dyeing temperature. An optimum pH for dyeing the silk fabric in this work was 5.5. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1000–1007, 2004     

大豆/PTT微胶囊分散染料/活性染料一浴一步法染色

探讨了纯碱和氯化钠用量、染料浓度对微胶囊分散蓝2BLN/活性染料(活性蓝KN-R、活性深蓝B-2GLN和活性蓝K-3RL)一浴法染色大豆/PTT混纺织物表观色深K/S值的影响,测定了不同染色工艺对染色织物牢度的影响.结果表明:当染料总用量为2％(o.w.f.),纯碱用量1g/L,氯化钠用量20 g/L,95℃条件下保温30分钟时,可使大豆/PTT混纺织物获得较高的表观色深.     

The accelerating effect of a small cationic quaternary ammonium compound and the adsorption kinetics in the dyeing of silk with reactive dyes

In order to develop an eco‐friendly method for silk reactive dyeing that uses a lower accelerant dosage to achieve a higher dye fixation, hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride was synthesised as an accelerant for the dyeing of silk with reactive dyes. The accelerating effect, corresponding adsorption kinetics, and interaction mechanisms among hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride, reactive dyes, and silk were investigated. At hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride concentrations of 10.8–14.4 mm , the dye fixations for three reactive dyes were much higher than those achieved with sodium sulfate, even though the required dosages of hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride were 30–40 times lower than those of sodium sulfate. The wash fastness, rub fastness, light fastness, K/S, and colour difference values after dyeing with hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride were similar to those obtained using sodium sulfate, and silk can be dyed uniformly. The adsorption kinetics followed a second‐order kinetic model. The activation energies of surface adsorption for the three reactive dyes were lower than those of sodium sulfate. The high fixation of reactive dyestuffs and the low required dosage of hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride demonstrate that the use of this new accelerant provides a novel, highly efficient method for silk dyeing. A possible acceleration mechanism of hexyl dimethyl octyl ammonium chloride for reactive dyes adsorbed on the surface of silk was proposed, based on a series of activation parameters of the adsorption process.     

偶氮染料的光还原脱色及其染色废水的回用研究

用还原脱色剂对水溶性偶氮染料进行光还原脱色降解,重点考察了还原脱色剂、辐射光以及染料浓度等对还原脱色反应的影响,并将脱色后的染色废水回用于棉织物染色中.结果表明,以适当比例的引发剂和促进剂组成的还原脱色剂具有较强的脱色降解能力,辐射光对染料的还原脱色反应具有明显的促进作用,染料浓度的提高不利于染料的脱色降解反应.脱色废水可以回用于棉织物的活性染料染色中,通过降低染色过程中氯化钠和碳酸钠的添加量,可使染色试样与自来水染色试样的总色差(DE*)＜1.0.     

Synergistic inhibition effect of trisodium phosphate and sodium benzoate with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate on the corrosion of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy in 30% ethylene glycol containing chloride ions

The enhanced efficiency of the sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) by the addition of trisodium phosphate and sodium benzoate on the corrosion inhibition of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy in aqueous ethylene glycol solution (30%) containing chloride ions was studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. The combination of SDBS with trisodium phosphate and sodium benzoate resulted in synergistic effects on the inhibition efficiency. The inhibition efficiencies decreased with the increase in the medium temperature. The mixture of inhibitors acted predominantly as anodic types and the adsorption of the inhibitors on the surface of the alloy obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

球形氟化锶的控制合成研究

以氢氧化锶和氟化铵为原料,柠檬酸三钠为络合剂,通过水热法制备出由纳米立方体自组装形成的球形氟化锶颗粒。考察了柠檬酸三钠与氢氧化锶物质的量比、氢氧化锶浓度和水热时间对产物物相及形貌的影响,并探讨其形成机理。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线能谱分析（EDS）等手段对产物形貌和物相进行了表征。结果表明在柠檬酸三钠与氢氧化锶物质的量比为1∶1、氢氧化锶浓度为0.08 mol/L、水热时间为6 h条件下,制备的球形氟化锶形貌规整、粒径均一,过程中加入的柠檬酸三钠对球形结构的形成具有重要作用。     

五水柠檬酸钠连续结晶动力学研究

研究了五水柠檬酸钠的连续结晶过程。利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对不同温度和停留时间下连续结晶过程产品的粒度分布进行分析。通过实验数据和粒度无关生长模型,分别计算了连续结晶过程中五水柠檬酸钠晶体生长与成核速率方程。研究表明,在33.3℃的连续结晶过程中,五水柠檬酸钠的成核速率较生长速率对溶液的过饱和度变化更敏感,增加溶液过饱和度更易形成较小粒度的晶体。     

涤/棉混纺织物分散/活性染料一浴染色工艺研究

本实验选择双一氯均三嗪结构的活性染料和耐碱型分散染料,探讨涤/棉(65/35)混纺织物分散/活性染料一浴染色工艺。通过单因素实验分析了染色温度、染色时间、无水硫酸钠浓度和碳酸钠浓度对织物染色效果的影响,得到优化的工艺。红色在硫酸钠60 g/L、碳酸钠2 g/L、温度120℃、时间30分钟工艺条件下染色;蓝色在硫酸钠浓度45 g/L、碳酸钠浓度2g/L、温度130℃、时间60分钟工艺条件下染色。     

Preparation of reverse osmosis membranes by surface modification of polymeric films. I. Surface acetylation of cellulose

Surface acetylation of cellophane to afford an asymmetric membrane having high desalination ability (as high as 98% sodium chloride rejection) is described. The films were characterized by multiple-internal-reflectance microscopy (MIR), dyeing tests, light microscopy, and determination of water and sodium chloride transport properties in reverse osmosis cells. Surface modification employing acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride was studied in detail: the influence of the cellophane employed, the degree of cellophane activation, reaction time, reagent concentration, and diluent were assessed. Mixed acetylation reactions are also discussed as well as an evaluation of various postconditioning treatments used to increase desalination.     

Production of detergent-grade trisodium citrate

An efficient process to produce a technical-grade trisodium citrate suitable for detergent use has been demonstrated. Ammonium citrate is produced as an intermediate by a continuous fermentation approach usingCandiada lipolytica yeast and C₁₀–C₂₀ linear paraffin. After removing yeast cells and residual oil by centrifuge, ammonia is distilled off with addition of sodium hydroxide. Trisodium citrate is recovered by methanol precipitation. Impurities, e.g., isocitrate, coloring materials and odorous substances dissolve in methanol and are removed. The methanol is recovered and recycled. A simple approach to convert the trisodium citrate solution directly to a solid for possible use in detergents failed because of the objectionable color, odor and high hygroscopicity.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical hydroxyapatite: Preparation, growth mechanism and drug release property

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) hierarchical microspheres were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using calcium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate through controlling complexing agents. The influences of two kinds of complexing agents (potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate and trisodium citrate) and reaction time on the morphology of HAP crystals have been investigated. These results indicate that complexing agents have a great influence on the morphology of HAP. When potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate was used as complexing agent, HAP flowers were composed of the network of nanosheet building blocks. Well-crystallized HAP dandelions with nanorods radiating from the center can be obtained by the introduction of trisodium citrate. Broader XRD diffraction peaks imply a nanometer scale size. Based on XRD and SEM results, the formation mechanism of HAP crystals has been discussed. The hierarchically structured HAP microspheres were explored as drug carriers. The results indicate that HAP flowers and dandelions showed a favorable sustained release property for ibuprofen; thus, they are very promising for application in drug delivery.     

Adsorptive removal kinetics of anionic dye onto chitosan films doped with graphene oxide: An in situ fluorescence monitoring

The aqueous adsorption of a fluorescent dye (pyranine) onto crosslinked chitosan-graphene oxide composite films was studied. In situ fluorescence monitoring technique is introduced as easy and fast experimental technique to select optimal adsorbent conditions. The effect of ionic crosslinker on adsorption was studied with sodium tripolyphosphate, trisodium citrate, and sodium sulfate, respectively. Among the crosslinkers, it was realized that sodium sulfate crosslinked films showed a greater adsorption rate for pyranine than the other two types of crosslinked films. Recently, graphene oxide is of interest as a filler compound for many biopolymer applications due to its favorable thermal, mechanical and surficial properties. In the present study, graphene oxide incorporation increased adsorption rate of the dye and the mechanical strength of ionically crosslinked chitosan films. The adsorption behavior of the adsorbent was explained by a kinetic model. Samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling experiments and tensile testing method.     

再生蚕丝蛋白纤维的染色性能研究

主要研究染料种类、染料质量分数、氯化钠质量浓度、染色时间、染色温度等5个因素对再生蚕丝蛋白纤维上染率的影响,分析了再生蚕丝蛋白纤维的染色性能.结果表明:对纤维素纤维染色性能较好的染料对再生蚕丝蛋白纤维也有很好的染色性能.运用直接染料对再生蚕丝蛋白纤维进行染色,得到的最佳工艺为:染料质量分数1％ (omf)、氯化钠质量浓度12 g/L、染色温度85℃、染色时间50 min.     

The use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate in the pad–steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes

This paper presents results on the use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate, a biodegradable alkaline organic salt, for pad–steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes as a replacement for conventionally used inorganic electrolyte and alkali. Two widely used dyes, CI Reactive Red 147 and CI Reactive Blue 250, were used in the study. The colour yield, dye fixation and ultimate colour fastness achieved by using trisodium nitrilo triacetate were closely comparable with those obtained by using inorganic electrolyte and alkali. The tensile breaking force and wrinkle recovery angle of the dyed fabrics were also measured and were slightly improved when using organic salt. Additionally, the dyeing effluent showed reductions in total dissolved solids content with trisodium nitrilo triacetate.     

乙醇-水体系中活性染料无盐低碱染色技术的探索

采用活性染料在乙醇-水混合溶剂体系中对棉织物进行染色、固色,探讨了碱预溶胀和一浴两步法两种染色方式及固色碱的种类、浓度、固色温度等对染色性能的影响,并与传统染色工艺比较。结果表明：在乙醇-水染色体系中,随着乙醇比例的增加,上染率增加;使用氢氧化钠和碳酸钠两种碱预溶胀棉织物后,相同浓度下,碳酸钠的固色率高于氢氧化钠,而且氢氧化钠的固色率随着浓度的增加而减小;一浴二步法染色中,采用80%体积分数的乙醇-水体系染色更符合实际生产的需求,氢氧化钠的适宜固色浓度为2g/L,碳酸钠的适宜固色浓度为3g/L;在乙醇水体系染色中,不需加盐,碱使用量为常规染色的1/10时,上染率为97%,固色率比常规染色高出9%~20%。     

Pretreatment of cotton with poly(vinylamine chloride) for salt-free dyeing with reactive dyes

Poly(vinylamine chloride) has been investigated as a pretreatment for the salt-free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes. Dye fixation was found to be much higher than by conventional dyeing without pretreatment, even in the presence of a large amount of salt. The influence of pretreatment conditions on dye fixation, such as pad–bake variables and the concentration of poly(vinylamine chloride), has been studied. The dyeing behaviour of CI Reactive Red 2 on pretreated cotton was examined and found to follow a Langmuir-type adsorption curve. Dyed cotton pretreated with poly(vinylamine chloride) showed excellent wash fastness and good rub fastness. It is concluded that poly(vinylamine chloride) is effective as a pretreatment for salt-free dyeing with reactive dyes.     

应用厚体液膜法处理含镍废水

采用内耦合大块液膜分离技术,考察料液相浓度、料液相pH值、载体浓度、反萃取剂浓度、料液相中柠檬酸钠与镍(Ⅱ)的摩尔比对镍(Ⅱ)迁移率的影响,研究了以三辛基甲基氯化铵(TOMAC)为载体的液膜中镍(Ⅱ)的迁移规律。结果表明,在其它条件一定时,当料液相浓度为0.03M,料液相pH值控制在10左右,载体浓度为6%,反萃取浓度为0.05￣0.07M,料液相中柠檬酸钠与镍离子的摩尔比值为11∶,迁移时间为180min时,镍(Ⅱ)的提取率达到50%以上。