神经梅毒的临床及磁共振成像特点

目的探讨神经梅毒的临床及磁共振成像特点.方法对本院收治的7例神经梅毒患者的临床资料、实验室检查、磁共振成像结果进行回顾性分析.结果临床常以间质型梅毒,尤其以脑膜血管梅毒常见,临床表现缺乏特异性;血清学检查以梅毒螺旋血凝集试验特异性较高,而脑脊液梅毒诊断实验阳性率低于血清;头部MRI以梅毒树胶肿表现典型.结论神经梅毒早期误诊率高,临床表现多样,应结合实验室及磁共振成像检查综合分析.     

神经梅毒的临床和影像学分析

目的分析神经梅毒的临床、神经影像学和实验室检查特征。方法回顾性分析符合神经梅毒诊断标准的28例患者的临床、神经影像和实验室资料。结果无症状型20例,脑膜型1例,脑膜血管型2例,脊髓结核2例,麻痹性痴呆3例;临床表现复杂多变,易于误诊;脑脊液检查多有异常改变,血清和脑脊液的梅毒特异性抗体检查阳性;神经影像学改变无明显的特异性。结论神经梅毒不同病理阶段有不同的临床表现,应综合分析患者的临床资料,早期诊断和治疗。     

麻痹性痴呆的临床及影像特点

目的:分析麻痹性痴呆(GPI)的临床及影像特征及提供早期诊断依据。方法:回顾性分析经临床及实验室确诊的1例麻痹性痴呆患者的有关临床资料。结果:麻痹性痴呆早期以认知及精神症状为主要表现,影像上主要为脑室扩大,实验室检查有特征性改变。结论:麻痹性痴呆早期临床容易误诊,应重视梅毒血清和脑脊液抗体的检查,结合CT、 MRI可以诊断,大剂量足疗程青霉素治疗能取得显著疗效。     

椎基底动脉纡曲延长症的MRA初步分型及意义

目的探讨和分析椎基底动脉纡曲延长症(VBD)的MRA影像学表现、分型及意义。方法回顾性分析1 139例VBD患者的影像学及临床资料。1 139例均行头颅磁共振血管造影(MRA)检查。其中300例行头颅MRI检查,170例行头颅CT+CTA检查,101例行DSA全脑血管造影术,54例行增强MRA检查。据椎基底动脉MRA走形进行影像学分型并结合其临床症状进行相关分析。结果 1 139例患者MRA均表现为椎动脉或(和)基底动脉纡曲延长;按VBD患者的MRA血管走形将VBD初步分为:S型、U型、L型和螺旋型4型,其中S型648例,U型272例,L型117例,螺旋型102例;4型中螺旋型临床症状最重,L型、U型症状次之,S型症状最轻。行头MRA与同时行CTA、DSA、增强MRA检出的VBD患者相符。结论 MRA可以作为VBD的有效检查手段,根据其MRA影像学表现可将VBD分为4型,各型临床症状轻重各异,总结各分型与临床症状的关系,对指导临床治疗及评估预后具有重要的临床意义。     

三例神经梅毒的临床特征与诊断

目的分析神经梅毒的临床特征及提供早期诊断依据。方法回顾性分析经临床和实验室检查确诊的3例神经梅毒患者的有关临床资料。结果神经梅毒的临床特征包括:(1)急性、亚急性起病多,少数慢性起病;(2)临床以间质型,尤其脑卒中最常见;(3)荧光螺旋体抗体吸收(FTA-ABS)试验及梅毒快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)阳性率极高;(4)脑脊液检查表现为蛋白含量增加、细胞数增多(以淋巴细胞为主);(5)头颅CT或MRI表现与高血压、糖尿病所致常见的脑梗死不同,病灶多发,可分布在脑的所有部位。结论神经梅毒误诊率高,临床表现、实验室及影像学检查是其诊断的重要依据。     

神经梅毒8例临床分析

目的探讨神经梅毒的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析8例神经梅毒患者的临床资料。结果本组男7例，女1例；年龄29～60岁。其中无症状神经梅毒、脑血管型神经梅毒及脑膜型神经梅毒各1例，麻痹性痴呆5例：血清及脑脊液快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)、梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)均( )。头颅MRI检查6例示脑膜增强，3例有脑梗死，5例有脑萎缩表现。经驱梅治疗后，2例痊愈，5例好转，1例死亡。结论神经梅毒多见于中年男性，误诊率高，及时正规的治疗是预后的关键。     

脑膜血管型神经梅毒病灶侧和对侧核磁共振灌注加权成像特征的研究

目的 研究脑膜血管型神经梅毒的影像学特征,指导与脑梗死的鉴别诊断.方法 对神经梅毒患者进行头部MRI平扫+增强、磁共振血管成像(Magnetic Resonance Angiography,MRA)、灌注加权成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)和磁敏感加权成像(Susceptibilit...     

经手术治疗的神经梅毒三例分析

目的探讨合并神经梅毒病灶的颅脑手术临床特点。方法报道3例经术后病理证实的神经梅毒病例．对这些病例的临床表现、影像学特征、血清和脑脊液的实验室检查结果、手术中所见及病理镜下特点等进行回顾性分析。结果所有病例术后病理诊断均为间质型神经梅毒，其中包括1例脑膜梅毒和2例脑膜血管梅毒。2例患者为慢性起病，症状均表现为神经功能缺失；1例以脑出血急性起病，并在手术治疗后再次出血。结论神经梅毒的临床表现多种多样，并且没有特征性，临床误诊率极高。因此．神经梅毒的正确术的诊断需综合临床表现、实验室检查和影像学资料。     

神经梅毒12例临床分析

目的探讨神经梅毒的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析12例神经梅毒患者的临床资料。结果本组男10例,女2例;年龄28～62岁。其中无症状神经梅毒1例,脑血管型神经梅毒及脑膜型神经梅毒各2例,麻痹性痴呆7例。血清及脑脊液快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR),梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(TPPA)均阳性。头颅MRI检查9例示脑膜增强,脑梗死5例,脑萎缩表现8例。经驱梅治疗后,4例痊愈,7例好转,1例死亡。结论神经梅毒多见于中年男性,误诊率高,及时正规的治疗是预后的关键。     

DSA、CTA及MRA对诊断颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病的应用评价

颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病(ICAD)的诊断主要依赖于影像学检查,目前可用于ICAD的检查手段有数字减影血管造影(DSA)、CT血管成像(CTA)及磁共振血管造影(MRA).这三种检测方法都能明确ICAD的诊断,但评价颅内血管狭窄程度的标准尚不统一.DSA是一种有刨检查,对ICAD的诊断仍是金标准,而CTA、MRA属于无创或微创检查,是首选的检查方法,临床应用时应结合各方面的因素综合考虑,合理选择检测方法.上述三种检测方法有着各自的优缺点及评价ICAD严重程度的标准.     

Application of Clinical Scanners in Rats: Experimental Carotid Imaging Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Spiral Computed Tomography, and Color Duplex Ultrasound

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Noninvasive small animal imaging allows for reduction of the required numbers of animals in research by providing the possibility of long-term follow-up at various time points. Additionally, correlation to the investigated respective human disease is possible as equivalent equipment is employed. The authors therefore evaluate feasibility and potential of color duplex sonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) by the use of clinical scanners for carotid artery imaging in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 17) were subjected to color duplex sonography, CTA, and MRA of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the carotid bifurcation. Clinical scanners were used for the experiments and optimal parameter settings evaluated accounting for the different size of the animals. The applied imaging methods were analyzed in regard to image quality and practicability in laboratory settings. RESULTS: The CCA could be clearly displayed by all imaging modalities in all rats. Duplex sonography provided distinct images and reproducible basic functional information. CTA and MRA provided distinct images of the CCA and the carotid bifurcation in both axial and reconstructed 3-dimensional images. The authors further describe different indications for these imaging methods regarding spatial resolution, acquisition times, possible scanning range, and application of contrast agent. CONCLUSIONS: Color duplex sonography, CTA, and MRA are all feasible methods for imaging of the carotid arteries in rats. Images of sufficient clarity and resolution could be obtained by the use of clinical scanners, yielding information about vessel size, direction of blood flow, and adjacent structures. Further studies need to be performed that address investigations of pathological conditions such as flow disturbances or vessel stenosis.     

创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨早期诊断和治疗创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的临床意义。方法回顾性分析9例创伤性大脑前动脉瘤患者的临床资料,分析其受伤机制、临床表现及头颅CT或MRI的特征性表现。患者早期行CTA或DSA检查,早期手术治疗,术后随访,并进行格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分。结果 9例患者的动脉瘤均位于大脑前动脉分支,7例患者在动脉瘤破裂之前行手术治疗,2例患者在动脉瘤破裂后手术治疗。随访12个月,7例患者GOS评分5分,1例患者GOS评分4分,1例患者GOS评分3分。术后复查CTA,均无复发。结论对于高度怀疑创伤性大脑前动脉瘤的患者,应早期行CTA或DSA检查,早诊断、早治疗,手术治疗是其有效的治疗方法。     

Contrast-enhanced 3-D MRA in decision making for carotid endarterectomy: a 6-year experience

BACKGROUND: Systematic need for angiography in diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and indication of surgical therapy is still debated. Noninvasive imaging techniques such as MR angiography (MRA) or CT angiography (CTA) offer an alternative to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and are increasingly used in clinical practice. In this study, we present the radiological characteristics and clinical results of a series of patients operated on the basis of combined ultrasonography (US)/MRA. METHODS: This observational study included all the patients consecutively operated for a carotid stenosis in our Department from October 1998 to December 2004. The applied MRA protocol had previously been established in a large correlation study with DSA. DSA was used only in case of discordance between US and MRA. The preoperative radiological information furnished by MRA was compared with intraoperative findings. The outcome of the operation was assessed according to ECST criteria. RESULTS: Among 327 patients, preoperative MRA was performed in 278 (85%), DSA in 44 (13.5%) and CT angiography in 5 (1.5%). Most of DSA studies were performed as emergency for preparation of endovascular therapy or for reasons other than carotid stenosis. Eleven additional DSA (3.3%) complemented US/MRA, mostly because diverging diagnosis of subocclusion of ICA. No direct morbidity or intraoperative difficulty was related to preoperative MRA. Combined mortality/major morbidity rate was 0.9% (3 patients) and minor morbidity rate 5.5% (18 patients). CONCLUSIONS: This observational study describes a well-established practice of carotid surgery and supports the exclusive use of non invasive diagnostic imaging for indicating and deciding the operation.     

脑深静脉血栓形成两例临床和病理报告

目的：分析脑深静脉血栓形成（DCVT）的临床和病理物点。方法：分析2例患者的临床床及尸检资料,结果：本病临床常表现呼精神障碍。CT、CT血管造影（CTA）、MRI和磁共振血管造影（MRA）等使早期临床诊断成为可能。早期诊断抗凝、溶栓治疗使本病预后趋于良好。DCVT往往累及整个深静脉表现各异,首发症状多为头痛、意识和精神障碍,CT检查显示双侧基底节或丘脑梗死;CTA或MRI（MRA）检查能够辅助临床诊断,早期抗凝和溶栓治疗使预后趋于良好。     

Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography of carotid bifurcation stenosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the quantification of atherosclerotic stenosis of carotid artery bifurcation in comparison with digital substraction angiography (DSA) and Doppler sonography (DS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries with proven stenosis by DSA, had spiral CTA, MRA using two- and three-dimensional time-of-flight gradient echo techniques, and DS using Doppler flow signal recording (total 47 carotid artery bifurcations). The degree of stenosis was measured according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria: total occlusion (100%), severe (70-99%), moderate (30-69%) and mild (0-29%). The degree of stenosis measured by CTA, MRA and DS was compared to DSA, used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of MRA measures were equivalent to DSA, and 3% were underestimated; 96% of CTA measures were equivalent to DSA, and 4% were underestimated; 77% of DS measures were equivalent to DSA, 21% were overestimated and 2% were underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: CTA and MRA are equally accurate methods in quantifying the degree of carotid bifurcation stenosis.     

Two cases of idiopathic carotid-cavernous fistula with headache and ophthalmoplegia]

We report two cases of idiopathic carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) with primary symptoms of headache and diplopia. A 47-year-old woman presented with throbbing headache in her right frontal region followed by right trochlear nerve palsy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal but magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) revealed abnormal signals around the right cavernous sinus. CCF was diagnosed by conventional angiography. The symptoms improved naturally but after about 1 year she suddenly exhibited conjunctival congestion. A 41-year-old man complained of fluctuating headache with sudden left abducens nerve palsy. MRI and MRA were normal but CTA showed abnormal signals around the left cavernous sinus. A final diagnosis of CCF was made by conventional angiography and he was transferred to another hospital for stereotactic radiosurgery. Diagnosis of CCF tends to be delayed in cases presenting with only headache and external ophthalmoplegia. However, CCF with cortical vein drainage can lead to cerebral hemorrhage and early correct diagnosis is needed. Our cases showed a dilated superior ophthalmic vein in enhanced CT and an abnormal signal around the cavernous sinus in CTA. Therefore, CTA may be useful as a relatively non-invasive method that can provide diagnostic clues for CCF.     

Outcome,observer reliability,and patient preferences if CTA,MRA, or Doppler ultrasound were used,individually or together,instead of digital subtraction angiography before carotid endarterectomy

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of routinely available non-invasive tests (spiral computed tomographic angiography (CTA), time of flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and colour Doppler ultrasound (DUS)), individually and together, compared with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with symptomatic tight carotid stenosis; and to assess the effect of substituting non-invasive tests for DSA on outcome, interobserver variability, and patient preference. METHODS: Patients referred from a neurovascular clinic were subjected prospectively to DUS imaging. The operator was blind to symptoms. Patients with a tight carotid stenosis on the symptomatic side were admitted for DSA. CTA and MRA were performed during the admission. The CTA, MRA, and DSA films were each read independently by two of six experienced radiologists, blind to all other data. RESULTS: 67 patients were included (34 had all four imaging procedures). DUS, CTA, and MRA all agreed with DSA in the diagnosis of operable v non-operable disease in about 80% of patients. CTA tended to underestimate (sensitivity 0.65, specificity 1.0), MRA to overestimate (sensitivity 1.0, specificity 0.57), and DUS to agree most closely with (sensitivity 0.85, specificity 0.71) the degree of stenosis as shown by DSA. When using any two of the three non-invasive tests in combination, adding the third if the first two disagreed would result in very few misdiagnoses (about 6%). MRA had similar interobserver variability to CTA (both worse than DSA). Patients preferred CTA over MRA and DSA. CONCLUSIONS: DUS, CTA, and MRA all show similar accuracy in the diagnosis of symptomatic carotid stenosis. No technique on its own is accurate enough to replace DSA. Two non-invasive techniques in combination, and adding a third if the first two disagree, appears more accurate, but may still result in diagnostic errors.     

Isolated ocular motor nerve palsy in dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula

The incidence of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistula (DCCF) presenting as isolated ocular motor nerve palsies without congestive ocular features is unknown. We reviewed the DCCF patients in our hospital during the last 10 years to elucidate the clinical and neuroradiological features of DCCF with isolated ocular motor nerve palsy. Eleven amongst the 33 DCCF patients presented isolated ocular motor nerve palsy. All the 11 patients underwent brain CT/CT angiography (CTA) and/or MRI/MR angiography (MRA), before the digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The compromised nerves were the oculomotor nerve in eight (72.7%), abducens nerve in two (18.2%) and trochlear nerve in one (9.1%). Brain CT and/or CTA were conducted in four patients but all unremarkable. MRI and/or MRA were performed in nine patients and six of them showed compatible findings of DCCF. The diagnoses of DCCFs were confirmed by DSA and all were posterior-draining type. The outcome was good, with a total recovery rate of 54.5% within 12 months. Thirty-three percent (11 of 33) of our DCCF patients presented with isolated ocular motor nerve palsy, which is not uncommon. MRI and MRA are of value in the initial evaluation, but DSA is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.     

急诊手术治疗脑动静脉畸形出血26例分析

目的探讨脑动静畸形破裂出血的急诊术前检查、手术方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析26例经CT、CT血管造影(CTA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)、数字减影血管造影(DSA)及手术病理确诊的脑动静畸形破裂出血的手术效果及临床特征。并随访6个月的GOS评分。结果 26例均急诊行开颅血肿清除加畸形血管切除。动静脉畸形全部切除14例,部分动静脉畸形切除并供血动脉夹闭12例;恢复良好12例(46.15%),轻残7例(26.92%),重残4例(15.38%),植物生存状态1例(3.85%),死亡2例(7.69%)。结论脑动静脉畸形并出血病人,合理选择术前血管造影检查(CTA,MRA及DSA),急诊手术方法的正确选择和恰当处理是关键。     

脑动脉狭窄的CTA、MRA临床应用比较

目的评价及比较128排螺旋CT血管造影和3.0T磁共振血管成像(MRA)诊断脑动脉狭窄的可靠性。方法通过对脑动脉狭窄支架成形术患者的CTA、MRA检查结果与DSA结果进行回顾性对比分析。结果CTA诊断脑动脉狭窄较MRA诊断脑动脉狭窄的正确率高,误诊率、漏诊率低,但差异无统计学意义。结论 CTA及MRA诊断脑动脉狭窄可靠性均很高,可视情况选择应用。