土壤偏振反射特性研究

应用二向反射光度计实测了部分典型土壤在干燥与一定含水量状态下的偏振反射数据,并从探测方位角、光线入射天顶角、探测天顶角、偏振角、波段等几个方面对上述两种状态各类土壤的偏振反射特征进行了初步研究,对土壤遥感新方式做出了尝试。     

植被高光谱特征分析及其病害信息提取研究

高光谱(hyperspectral)遥感是20世纪末地球观测系统中最重要的技术突破之一。根据植被高光谱数据的植被冠层光谱反射特征和诊断性光谱吸收特征,利用光谱连续统去除法,探讨光谱一阶微分反射比(FDR)和从连续统去除的光谱吸收特征中获得的波段深度(BD)、连续统去除后微分反射比(CRDR)、波段深度比(BDR)和归一化波段深度指数(NBDI)等光谱特征参量。结合多时相的条锈病小麦PHI航空高光谱影像,分析条锈病对小麦光谱的影响及其光谱特征,并运用光谱特征参量和波谱角制图(SAM)技术监测和识别小麦条锈病。     

水分胁迫条件下棉花生理变化及其高光谱响应分析

利用ASD地物光谱仪,测定水分胁迫条件下棉花不同生育时期内叶片的光谱反射率,应用微分技术处理棉花的反射光谱,并结合棉花叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素(a b)含量(Chlt)、叶片全氮(TN)含量等生物参数进行分析,研究棉花水分胁迫情况下的高光谱特征,结果表明,一阶微分光谱720nm波段的数值与LAI的正相关(R=0．7656);750nm处一阶微分值与叶绿素含量呈显著正相关关系(R=0．7774);微分光谱690nm～740nm数值积分面积与TN含量呈正相关(R=0．7669),采用比值反射率对反射光谱1300nm～1500nm波段范围内最小值与棉花叶片的含水量作相关分析,达到极显著水平(R^2=0．8298),验证了一阶微分光谱数据与棉花的生理参数有很好的相关性,可见光和近红外波段光谱反射率能够反映出棉花生长发育的动态特征;证明了棉花的花铃期是高光谱遥感对棉花长势和生理参数定量诊断的最佳时期。本研究通过建立一系列线性光谱模型对棉花生理参数进行估测,为基于高光谱数据的棉花生长模型和棉花长势的遥感监测提供了理论依据。     

抛光花岗岩的二向反射比与偏振度的波谱关系

传统遥感定义双向反射率分布函数(BRDF)的概念,用以表达目标物空间反射的多角度分布特征,但其测量多偏重于单波长的微波及激光。偏振伴随多角度探测而生,蕴涵了目标物的自身特性。该文就城市常见地物——抛光的花岗岩,分别测量了其在350～2 500nm范围内的二向反射比和偏振度的波谱,分析并比较了两者波谱随探测角度的变化规律,并从定义上分析了两者的波谱关系,发现其随探测天顶角及方位角的变化规律一致,而且二向反射比和偏振度的波谱在一定程度上呈反比关系。     

利用可见光/近红外反射光谱估算土壤总氮含量的实验研究

利用土壤的室内反射率光谱，探讨土壤氮元素的高光谱机理。利用土壤光谱各吸收带的特征参数与总氮含量进行逐步回归运算，确定与氮元素关系比较密切的几个吸收带。计算出这几个特征吸收带内土壤反射率的变化形式：一阶导数(FDR)、倒数(1/R)、倒数之对数(log(1/R))、波段深度(Depth)，并与总氮含量进行逐步回归分析，得到比较理想的结果：建模样本的Ra^2(修正的判定系数)分别为0．789、0．753、0．736、0．699，验证样本的Ra^2分别为0．759、0．468、0．794、0．725。可见土壤的反射率光谱与氮元素含量之间存在比较明显的相关性，可见光／近红外反射光谱具有快速估算土壤中氮元素含量的潜力。     

塔里木河中游典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征

研究盐渍化土壤的光谱特性是利用遥感技术实现在区域尺度上进行土壤盐渍化监测和评价的工作基础, 是建立地面数据和遥感数据关系的桥梁。本文以塔里木河中游典型绿洲--渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究对象, 采用光谱学技术以及多元统计相结合的方法, 研究干旱区典型绿洲盐渍化土壤的反射光谱特征。首先, 对光谱数据进行预处理(去噪、剔除水分吸收波段), 以便消除仪器本身噪声及外界条件的影响, 并且计算了部分盐渍地样本的光谱吸收特征参数, 说明相同程度的盐渍化土壤具有相似的吸收特征;其次, 研究盐渍化土壤的反射光谱与盐分因子(八大离子、电导率(EC)、含盐量(salt content)、pH、总溶解固体(TDS)等) 之间的关系, 并选择具有代表性的盐分因子与野外实测光谱数据建立定量回归模型, 通过多元线性回归分析得出含盐量、SO₄^2-、TDS、EC与原始光谱数据的相关性分别是0.746、0.908、0.798 和0.933, 达到了理想的效果。本研究对于干旱区典型绿洲盐渍土的光谱特征研究有着重要指示意义, 为发展和完善中国盐渍土理化特征的可见光-近红外反射光谱分析理论奠定科学积累, 并进一步为干旱区土壤盐渍化、沙漠化灾害等环境恶化问题的解决提供新的科学技术手段。     

黄壁庄水库水质参数遥感反演研究

以石家庄市黄壁庄水库为研究对象,利用ASD FieldSpec Pro野外光谱辐射计进行反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,应用高光谱技术阐释了水质参数(SS、COD、TN、TP)与光谱反射率的关系,为今后利用星载高光谱传感器对黄壁庄水库乃至我国北方内陆水体水质参数进行大面积反演提供理论基础。在分析水库水体反射光谱特征的基础上,运用微分光谱技术和统计相关方法直接分析、诊断各水质参数的敏感波段,并建立线性估算模型,确定研究区SS、COD、TN、TP的敏感波段分别为715 nm7、04 nm、595 nm8、73 nm。     

塔里木河流域中游渭干河-库车河绿洲盐渍土水盐信息光谱特征研究

土壤水分、盐分时空变异强,是影响土壤光谱特征的两个重要因素。土壤水分与盐分之间的关系以及土壤水分、盐分与土壤光谱特征间的关系直接关系到利用遥感光谱信息监测土壤盐渍化的精度。该文运用多元统计学及可见光-近红外反射光谱分析方法对2010年10月渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲盐渍土水分、盐分数据和盐渍土野外光谱数据进行分析,探讨该绿洲盐渍土表层(0～10cm)水盐信息与野外光谱特征间的关系。结果表明:1)土壤水分和土壤电导率可用Cubic曲线拟合,相关系数R=0.8503,土壤盐分和土壤电导率也可用Cubic曲线拟合,相关系数R=0.842,但土壤水分与盐分之间的显著性较弱,相关系数R=0.74。2)与原始野外光谱相比,包络线消除后光谱波段与土壤水分和土壤电导率之间的Pearson相关性都有不同程度的提高,利用包络线消除法后的波段分别建立盐渍土土壤水分、土壤电导率后向回归预测方程,为动态水盐条件下的盐渍土遥感监测提供了理论依据。     

棉花各生育期高光谱数据与叶片生物物理生物化学量的相关分析

利用高光谱非成像光谱 (辐射 )仪对北疆棉花 4个生育期 (蕾期、花期、铃期、吐絮期 )的叶片及冠层进行了5°FOV室内、野外 ,2 5°FOV野外高光谱遥感测定 ,试验表明北疆棉花具有绿色植物所特有的反射光谱曲线特征。本文分析了棉花在不同生育期特征光谱变化规律以及棉花叶面积指数 (LAI)与叶绿素 (CH .D)含量、叶片全氮 (TN)含量在整个生育期的变化规律和它们之间的关系 ,应用光谱一阶微分分析技术 ,清晰地描述棉花“红边”变化趋势的特征。通过监测作物生育期内的光谱变化 ,研究作物的反射光谱与叶面积指数 (LAI)、叶绿素密度 (CH .D)等农学参数之间的关系 ,使人们能够定性描述和定量分析作物的生长与遥感光谱数据之间的关系 ,促进高光谱分辨率遥感技术在作物的生长监测和产量估测中的应用。     

基于多波段分析的无阈值自动光谱角制图分类法

对光谱角制图分类法进行改进,主要方法是在原影像的6个波段基础上,加入了K-L变换的前3个波段、K-T变换的3个波段(亮度、绿度和湿度)以及NDVI(归一化植被指数)信息将图像波段数增加至13个,增强了地物之间的光谱区分度(即类间方差);得到光谱角度图像后,提出一种无需阈值的地类确定方法,减少了人工参与,提高了判别精度和处理效率。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

<正>~~     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.