品牌来源国和产品制造国对消费者购买行为的影响

在区分品牌来源国和产品制造国的基础上,探索了它们对消费者产品质量评价和购买意愿的影响。发现产品制造国对品质评价具有显著影响,而品牌来源国则对购买意向产生显著作用。将品牌来源国形象高的产品转移到发展中国家生产有可能降低产品的品质感知,但不一定影响消费者购买意愿。品牌来源国在影响消费者的方式上明显有别于产品制造国,在未来关于原产国的研究中,应将品牌来源国置于更为重要的地位。     

公司品牌与产品品牌对购买意向影响的实证研究

以在校学生为研究对象,通过实验研究方法,实证了公司品牌及产品品牌对购买意向均具有显著的正向影响关系,并且,公司品牌比产品品牌对购买意向的正向影响更为显著.进一步实验表明,在产品品牌强度相同的条件下,被试对具有较强公司品牌的购买意向更为显著.研究结果说明,在中国市场,顾客的购买决策主要依赖"从公司到产品"的思维模式.研究结论弥补了现有品牌理论对购买意向实证研究的缺乏,为企业选择公司品牌与产品品牌的创建顺序提供了理论支持.     

国货意识、品牌特性与消费者本土品牌偏好——一个跨行业产品的实证检验

本文以在校大学生为样本,调查他们的国货意识和针对7种产品的品牌特性、品牌态度、购买情况,通过统计分析,检验了国货意识和品牌特性对于消费者本土品牌偏好的影响,以及国货意识和消费者本土品牌偏好对于购买本土品牌的影响。我们有如下结论:在其他情况相同时,本土品牌的相对知名度、相对质量和相对性价比越高,消费者越偏爱本土品牌;消费者越偏爱本土品牌,消费者就越倾向于购买本土品牌;但国货意识的强弱对于消费者购买本土品牌的直接影响和间接影响则均不明显。本文最后对研究结果进行了讨论,并指出了其理论贡献、实际应用、存在的局限性和今后继续研究的方向。     

消费者品牌感知研究——对品牌意图能动框架的延伸

本研究基于品牌意图能动框架提出了品牌感知的能力、道德、亲切三维度模型,通过询问消费者对品牌感知三个维度的理解,让消费者列举相应品牌的方式挖掘这三个维度之于消费者的含义。本研究先后对10个品牌的消费者感知进行了调查,验证了品牌感知三维度框架的有效性,以及三个维度对积极品牌支持行为和消极品牌伤害行为的影响。研究结果表明品牌感知三维度框架能够较好地预测品牌支持行为和品牌伤害行为,对于具有不同特点产品的品牌这三个维度对品牌行为的影响强度存在差异,消费者对中国品牌(vs.外国品牌)的品牌行为较易受到道德因素的影响,而对奢侈品牌和有敌意国家品牌的品牌行为较易受到亲切维度的影响,亲切维度对品牌行为的影响有时会超过能力维度对品牌行为的影响,一定程度上否定了以往认为消费者对品牌的能力感知是驱动消费者购买意向和品牌忠诚主要因素的结论。品牌感知三维度框架为企业的品牌管理和品牌建设提供了新的视角。     

供应商品牌溢出价值、品牌关系质量与采购商重复购买意向:基于采购商视角

采购商的重复购买对于供应商获取持续的利润来源至关重要.在影响采购商重复购买意向的众多因素中,对于供应商品牌的关注度明显不足.本文从采购商角度,基于关系营销理念,提出了理论模型及研究假设,通过搜集国内企业的相关数据,对供应商品牌的溢出价值影响品牌关系质量进而影响采购商重复购买意向的相关假设进行了实证研究.结果表明,供应商品牌带给采购商的财务价值、顾客价值和管理价值都能正向影响企业间的品牌信任和品牌承诺,从而有助于提升采购商的重购意向.但管理价值不仅正向影响采购商的品牌信任和品牌承诺,而且可以增强其对于品牌的满意程度,而财务价值和顾客价值对于品牌满意却无显著影响.     

消费者在线品牌体验对购买意愿的影响——基于非标准化商品的研究

本文基于以往对网上消费行为的研究,结合网上购物的本质和消费行为的特点,将多维度的品牌体验引入到理论模型中,探索了消费者的品牌体验对网上购买意向的影响。通过实证分析,运用结构方程模型方法对研究模型进行了评估与修正,最后得出的研究结论,对企业开展网络营销活动有一定的指导意义。     

消费者重复购买意向及其影响因素的实证研究

探究了感知价值、顾客满意、转移成本和消费时间间隔4个因素对重复购买意向的影响。结果发现感知价值、顾客满意、转移成本对重复购买意向有正相关关系,而消费时间间隔对重复购买意向并无显著的影响关系。同时,感知价值与顾客满意之间存在正向的影响关系,转移成本与顾客满意之间并不存在显著的影响关系。     

在线交易中认知需要对整合价与分离价感知的影响

整合定价和分离定价是目前在线交易中普遍使用的定价策略。以224个大学本科生被试,将实验情景控制为回忆驱动和刺激驱动两种信息感知模式,通过两个2×2情景实验,探讨在不同的信息感知模式下,面对整合定价和分离定价两种不同的价格表述框架时,认知需要不同的消费者对产品的价值感知和购买意向的差异。研究结果表明,在回忆驱动下,高认知需要的消费者在整合定价时比分离定价时对产品有更高的价值感知和购买意向,而低认知需要的消费者在两种定价策略下没有显著差异;在刺激驱动下,高认知需要的消费者在分离定价时比整合定价时对产品有更高的价值感知和购买意向,低认知需要消费者则正好相反。该结论对营销管理具有现实意义,营销者可根据广告媒介和目标顾客的不同来选择整合定价和分离定价。     

商店形象对自有品牌信任及购买意愿影响的实证研究

零售商自有品牌是零售企业增强竞争优势的重要途径,是零售企业新的利润源泉。然而在我国,消费者对自有品牌的不了解阻碍了其对自有品牌的信任程度及购买意愿,零售商对商店形象等重要因素影响自有品牌信任及购买意愿的理解非常有限。国内对商店形象与自有品牌信任及购买意愿的关系没有进行深入探讨。这些直接制约了我国零售商自有品牌的发展。在系统梳理国内外相关研究文献和对零售行业专家和熟悉自有品牌的消费者进行深度访谈的基础上,构建了商店形象对自有品牌信任及购买意愿的影响模型,通过商场拦截和因特网访谈的形式发放问卷,运用多种方法进行实证检验。研究结果发现:商店功能形象对商店情感形象有显著的正向影响;商店形象可通过感知风险间接影响品牌信任,从而影响购买意愿;商店功能形象可直接影响品牌信任,从而影响购买意愿;感知质量差异可调节感知风险与品牌信任的关系;个人特殊信任倾向不能调节感知风险与品牌信任的关系。据此,结合我国零售商自有品牌发展的实际问题,本文提出了相应的对策性建议。     

网络水军言论如何左右你的购买意愿

为了考察网络水军言论对消费者购买意愿的影响机理,在借鉴网络口碑及在线评论相关研究基础上,本文将网络水军的言论属性分为言论数量、言论质量、文本相似度以及时间集中程度四个维度,并结合消费者对网络水军言论的感知有用性、感知专业性以及感知风险建立消费者购买意愿的影响模型.实证结果表明,网络水军言论的确会对消费者的购买意愿产生显著影响,并且正面的网络水军言论与负面的网络水军言论影响机理不同,即在不同情感倾向的言论环境中,消费者对网络水军言论的各个属性感知程度不同,进而影响了其购买意愿.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

Technology,Geography, and Trade

We develop a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium. It delivers simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, to comparative advantage (promoting trade), and to geographic barriers (resisting it). We estimate the parameters with data on bilateral trade in manufactures, prices, and geography from 19 OECD countries in 1990. We use the model to explore various issues such as the gains from trade, the role of trade in spreading the benefits of new technology, and the effects of tariff reduction.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.