中共中央、国务院印发《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》

<正>关键词:粤港澳大湾区发展规划2月18日,中共中央、国务院印发《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》(以下简称《规划纲要》),明确以香港、澳门、广州、深圳四大中心城市作为区域发展的核心引擎,继续发挥比较优势做优做强,增强对周边区域发展的辐射带动作用。《规划纲要》提出,粤港澳大湾区的战略定位是:充满活力的世界级     

粤港澳大湾区某地天然放射性环境调查与评价

天然放射性辐射是衡量优质人居环境的一项重要指标,在城市建设中开展放射性环境调查必不可少.2020年5月-10月,以(250～500)m×(50～100)m的网度布设测量点,在粤港澳大湾区某地开展1:25000环境地表γ辐射剂量率测量.结果表明,区内整体辐射环境未发生明显变化,且处于正常水平.区内环境地表γ辐射水平可分为城镇人口密集区、基岩出露区和原野区3类,其中人口密集区的环境地表γ辐射水平略高于天然本底值2.48％～13.73％;基岩出露区环境地表γ辐射水平普遍高于天然本底值3.92％～65.29％;原野区环境地表γ辐射水平普遍低于天然本底值17.65％～40.20％,共发现10处异常高数值区(点),均与区内裸露的花岗岩及断裂构造带密切相关.居民所受环境地表γ辐射所致公众人均年有效剂量平均值为0.693 mSv·a-1,与全国辐射环境质量水平相当.圈定异常区4处,区内常驻人员需做好防护措施,或减少停留时间.     

粤港澳大湾区某地天然放射性环境调查与评价

天然放射性辐射是衡量优质人居环境的一项重要指标,在城市建设中开展放射性环境调查必不可少.2020年5月-10月,以(250～500)m×(50～100)m的网度布设测量点,在粤港澳大湾区某地开展1:25000环境地表γ辐射剂量率测量.结果表明,区内整体辐射环境未发生明显变化,且处于正常水平.区内环境地表γ辐射水平可分为城镇人口密集区、基岩出露区和原野区3类,其中人口密集区的环境地表γ辐射水平略高于天然本底值2.48％～13.73％;基岩出露区环境地表γ辐射水平普遍高于天然本底值3.92％～65.29％;原野区环境地表γ辐射水平普遍低于天然本底值17.65％～40.20％,共发现10处异常高数值区(点),均与区内裸露的花岗岩及断裂构造带密切相关.居民所受环境地表γ辐射所致公众人均年有效剂量平均值为0.693 mSv·a-1,与全国辐射环境质量水平相当.圈定异常区4处,区内常驻人员需做好防护措施,或减少停留时间.     

粤港澳大湾区水资源现状及其与社会经济协同演化趋势——与国际湾区对比研究

粤港澳大湾区（以下简称大湾区）水资源现状及其演化规律关系到该区社会经济的高质量发展。本文对大湾区"9市+2区"近10年的社会经济与水资源现状及其协同演化规律进行分析研究。结果显示：目前大湾区供水主要依赖地表水，水资源的分布与区域经济发展不协调，作为区域发展核心引擎的香港、澳门、深圳（极度缺水）以及广州（重度缺水）人均水资源量过低。广州、佛山、中山、东莞（>80%）以及深圳（>40%）水资源开发利用程度高，水资源供需压力大。通过归因分析得到大湾区的水资源利用现状与社会经济的协同规律：产业结构影响用水结构以及水资源开发利用程度，控制用水效率。区域内产业结构与发展趋势，及其与世界湾区的对比分析验证了产业结构理论中的"配第-克拉克定理"。随着大湾区经济持续的发展与产业结构优化，大湾区用水效率将提高，人均用水量会逐步降低。同时城市公共用水、生活用水需求量将持续上升，需确保大湾区供水设施，供水量及供水安全满足未来社会经济发展需求。     

河流输沙与中国海岸线变化

我国沿海地区构造升降使入海河流沉积物分布不均，９５％于构造下降地区入海，构造上升区接纳的河流泥沙不足５％，入海河流泥沙分布不均是我国海岸基本类型和海岸线变化差别的主要原因。在此基础上讨论了最大海侵的范围及时间，海岸线变化的趋势、速度和周期以及河流输沙对未来海岸线变化预测的影响。     

分布式水文模型子流域划分中界河、海岸线的处理研究

流域划分是分布式水文模型最重要的基础工作之一.有的区域以界河或者海洋为边界,界河、海岸线上河流出口点众多,如果按照传统流域划分方法,不仅出口点定位工作量大,而且容易遗漏部分小的河流出口点,导致模拟范围与研究区域偏离过大.针对这些问题,本文提出了一种子流域划分过程中界河、海岸线的处理方法.即,通过对DEM进行特殊处理,生成界河、海岸线的模拟河网,然后选择界河的末端和海岸线的任意一端作为出口点,从而大大减小了出口点选择的工作量,提高了模拟范围与研究区域吻合的程度.该算法被成功应用到松辽流域,该区域西北面、北面、东面、东南通过国际界河和跨境河流与蒙、俄、朝三国相邻,南面比邻黄、渤海.     

浙江省永嘉县区域滑坡灾害人口易损性评价和伤亡风险预测

区域滑坡灾害人口易损性及人口伤亡风险预测研究是区域滑坡灾害预警预报工作的一个重要环节,该研究对提高预警预报工作的针对性和有效性具有关键作用.在对浙江省永嘉县有关资料进行分析的基础上,从研究区人口年龄结构、居民对滑坡灾害风险的防范意识、政府对滑坡灾害的重视程度及滑坡灾害预警预报体系的完善程度4个方面评价了研究区人口易损性,并给出了计算人口易损性的公式,据此得到了永嘉县人口易损性分布图.根据永嘉县的实际情况,提出了耕地人口密度的概念.综合人口易损性分布图、人口密度分布图和滑坡灾害易发性预测图得到了研究区受威胁人口伤亡风险预测图,为当地政府职能部门实施滑坡灾害风险的控制和管理提供决策依据.     

基于多源遥感数据的辽东湾北部海岸线变化监测与分析

应用遥感技术,从海岸线长度和曲度两个方面分析辽东湾北部海岸线变化,研究区域海岸线变化规律和趋势.选用美国陆地卫星（Landsat）的MSS、TM、ETM+系列数据,法国SPOT/4-5系列数据和国产陆地卫星ZY-1 02C数据等多源遥感数据,通过人工目视解译和计算机信息自动提取结合的方法,监测了自1973~2012年辽东湾北部海岸线变化情况.研究表明,辽东湾北部海岸线长度和曲度均呈增加趋势,尤其是1997年以后,为快速增加时期,其中中段岸线增速最快,西段岸线次之,东段岸线居尾.人为因素是辽东湾北部海岸线变化主要驱动力.     

阿尔金山北缘喀腊大湾地区早古生代中酸性侵入岩岩石地球化学特征及构造意义

喀腊大湾地区位于阿尔金山脉东北缘,当地早古生代时期构造环境复杂并且伴随剧烈的花岗质岩浆活动.通过对区域内早古生代中酸性侵入岩5个岩体（大平沟岩体、阿北银铅矿岩体、阿北岩体、4337北花岗岩体、喀腊大湾南岩体）的岩石学、岩相学、地球化学特征研究,探讨早古生代区域重大构造事件和构造环境.南部的喀腊大湾南岩体表现低钾性质,其余4个岩体样本为中高钾钙碱性中酸性岩,并且有向高钾演变的趋势,铝饱和指数在1.0~1.1之间,数据统计和分析大部分样品具有I型花岗岩特征,少部分显示了I型向S型过渡的性质,代表了洋壳-陆壳活动性大陆边缘的环境.结合喀腊大湾周边地质背景,本地区应该是阿尔金古洋壳和塔里木地块南北向碰撞作用的火山岛弧区域.     

创建大湾区创新中心 探索区域拓展新思路

正北京市建筑设计研究院有限公司(以下简称"北京建院")成立于1949年,是与共和国同龄的大型国有建筑设计咨询机构。北京建院深圳分院成立于1985年,历经30多年的发展,为北京建院创建粤港澳大湾区创新中心,参与大湾区建设奠定了坚实基础。2019年3月10日,北京建院粤港澳大湾区创新中心在深圳正式成立。大湾区创新中心的功能定位主要体现在以下三方面:     

三沙湾海岸线时空演变

海岸带是海陆之间的过渡区域,是人类活动和经济发展较为活跃的地区。海岸线时空演变研究对海岸带资源开发与保护有重要意义,但国内外对三沙湾海岸线时空演变研究较少。本文基于25 a的卫星遥感资料,解译出4个时相的三沙湾海岸线,定量分析海岸线变化趋势,并研究海岸线演变的主要因素。研究表明,25 a的三沙湾海岸线总体长度呈增长趋势：1988-1996年岸线总长度变化不大;2003年较1996年增加约6 947 m、增长约11.5%;2003-2013年岸线总长度增加较为明显,2013年较2003年增加约24 128 m、增长约39.6%,其增速约为1996-2003的3.4倍。砂质岸线长度基本稳定,基岩和泥质岸线长度有所减少,人工岸线在逐年增加,这主要是滩地围垦、港口建设和海岸人工改造等人为因素造成的。     

Monitoring of the shoreline change using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Al Hawasnah tidal inlet, Al Batinah coast, Sultanate of Oman

One of the most effective means of monitoring the cumulative effects of natural processes and human activities on the shoreline is to study the patterns of shoreline change over time. An attempt has been made to study the shoreline changes along Al Batinah, Sultanate of Oman, at the outlet of Wadi Al Hawasnah. The previous studies showed that Al Batinah coastline is generally stable except where coastal engineering structures like harbors, corniches, ports, and recharge dams are present. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are widely used in the coastal geomorphology because they provide the best sources to study the long-term shoreline changes. Rapid shoreline changes at the mouth of Wadi Al Hawasnah have been measured using proxy data derived mainly from satellite images from 2000 to 2005. The mouth of Wadi Al Hawasnah is now completely blocked after the construction of recharge dam at the upper stream of Wadi Al Hawasnah and Wadi Bani Umar in 1995. There has been no discharge to the sea after the construction of the dam. Furthermore, beach profiles of this area show erosion close to the south of the tidal inlet and accretion further south. The shorelines in the northwest of the tidal inlet remained stable.     

International viewpoint and news

The investigations were carried out in order to evaluate change of the beaches profile during the period 1993–2008 and to elucidate main trends of the coastal dynamics. Morphometric indicators (beach width, height and inclination) were measured every year during the period 1993–2008 in 70 measuring stations located along the coastline. It was determined that the dynamic shoreline of the mainland during 1993–2008 receded by 10.2 m and the dynamic shoreline of the Curonian Spit advanced into the sea by 8.3 m. The different morphometric beach indicators changed to varying extents over the period 1993–2008, but comparison of values for 1993 and 2008 showed that those changes were small. The average beach width increased by 1.2 m on the mainland coast and by 0.5 m on the Curonian Spit coast. The average beach height also increased negligibly: by 0.5 m on the mainland coast and by 0.1 m on the Curonian Spit coast. The average beach slope inclination increased by 0.012 (from 0.065 to 0.077) on the mainland coast and by 0.005 (from 0.073 to 0.078) on the Curonian Spit coast. The measurements show that, despite being the most dynamic elements in the coastal system, these beaches managed to retain their morphometric indicators almost unchanged during the period of observation.     

杭州湾南岸平原海蚀地貌的发现及意义

杭州湾南岸是我国近代海岸线变化最大的海岸带之一.前人曾利用史料、遥感、土地利用等手段对这一带岸线的变化进行过大量的研究.最近,笔者等在慈溪市滨海平原中距海岸线2～3 km的二座孤山—伏龙山和海王山发现了海蚀崖、海蚀沟、海蚀穴等海蚀地貌,从而提供了对历史海岸线位置有明确指示意义的地质地貌证据.分析认为此乃20世纪60年代...     

Sediment transport analysis as a component of coastal management— a UK example

Detrimental effects of engineering works on the coast and a wish to conserve parts of the coastline have increased realization among coastal managers of the need to examine shoreline problems and proposals for protection in a wider spatial context than the site itself and over a longer time scale than the past few years. This paper outlines the approach taken in one region of the United Kingdom, the central south coast of England, to provide that wider perspective. Authorities responsible for coastal protection and sea defenses formed a coastal group, which, among other activities, commissioned research aimed at providing a greater understanding on which to base shoreline management decisions. A major project undertaken was a sediment transport study in which all existing information relating to coastal sediment processes in the region was collated and analyzed. All inputs, flows, and outputs of sediment were documented. Links between processes were examined for each part of the region. Finally, nine littoral cells of sediment circulation were identified and were suggested as forming a framework for shoreline management. The methods of compilation and analysis are outlined here and are exemplified for one area in the region. The approach is recommended as a cost-effective basis for strategic management of the coast in developed regions.     

Sea erosion at Ada Foah: assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation measures

Sea erosion is a serious threat to life and property in coastal towns. The coastline of Ada Foah has been facing sea erosion and occasional flooding for several decades. This research investigated the socio-economic and environmental impacts of these geomorphic processes using social survey methods of data collection and shoreline change analysis. The main research tools used include questionnaire survey, interviews and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) 4.2 software using extracted shorelines of 1926 ground survey sheet and 2008 Landsat ETM+ image to determine shoreline change between the periods. The research identified some environmental and socio-economic impacts of the sea erosion on the coastal community, and these include the destruction of coastal ecosystems and infrastructure such as offices of institutions, school blocks and roads. The ramifications of these problems include homelessness, unemployment and poverty, which compel victims to migrate. Results of shoreline change analysis indicate that, the Ada Foah shoreline has been receding since 1926 to date with a mean change in shoreline of 280.49?m and an average annual rate of 3.46?m/year. To protect the coastline from the battering sea, a sea defence project, comprising sand nourishment and the construction of groynes, is being undertaken.     

Linking the Abundance of Estuarine Fish and Crustaceans in Nearshore Waters to Shoreline Hardening and Land Cover

Human alteration of land cover (e.g., urban and agricultural land use) and shoreline hardening (e.g., bulkheading and rip rap revetment) are intensifying due to increasing human populations and sea level rise. Fishes and crustaceans that are ecologically and economically valuable to coastal systems may be affected by these changes, but direct links between these stressors and faunal populations have been elusive at large spatial scales. We examined nearshore abundance patterns of 15 common taxa across gradients of urban and agricultural land cover as well as wetland and hardened shoreline in tributary subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Coastal Bays. We used a comprehensive landscape-scale study design that included 587 sites in 39 subestuaries. Our analyses indicate shoreline hardening has predominantly negative effects on estuarine fauna in water directly adjacent to the hardened shoreline and at the larger system-scale as cumulative hardened shoreline increased in the subestuary. In contrast, abundances of 12 of 15 species increased with the proportion of shoreline comprised of wetlands. Abundances of several species were also significantly related to watershed cropland cover, submerged aquatic vegetation, and total nitrogen, suggesting land-use-mediated effects on prey and refuge habitat. Specifically, abundances of four bottom-oriented species were negatively related to cropland cover, which is correlated with elevated nitrogen and reduced submerged and wetland vegetation in the receiving subestuary. These empirical relationships raise important considerations for conservation and management strategies in coastal environments.     

近20年来长江三角洲海岸带典型区土地利用变化与生态环境效应研究

【研究目的】近20年来,长江三角洲海岸带地区土地类型结构发生显著转化,海岸带开发与保护的矛盾凸显。本文旨在开展长江三角洲海岸带典型区土地利用变化与生态环境效应研究,为海岸带地区的土地资源可持续利用、海岸带环境保护提供科学依据。【研究方法】利用美国Landsat卫星系列遥感影像和中国资源卫星系列遥感影像,采用自动监督分类并结合目视解译,获取了研究区1995—2015年共5期土地利用分类数据,分析土地利用变化特征和趋势,探讨长江三角洲海岸带典型区城镇发展、围填海时空变化及生态环境效应。【研究结果】长江三角洲海岸带典型区（南通、上海、嘉兴、宁波和舟山）1995年至2015年,土地利用变化明显,耕地大幅度减少,比例从1995年的68.8%降为2015年的55.7%;城镇建设用地迅速扩张,年平均增加192.8 km²。【结论】在快速城市化过程中,人口、单位面积能源消耗等快速增加,环境问题凸显,大量的耕地转为建设用地,围填海使滨海湿地面积快速减小和消失,导致CO₂和污染物释放与吸收严重失衡,海洋环境受流域和沿海城镇化建设的影响明显,长江口及邻近海域近20年来赤潮频发,研究区陆域和海洋环境压力增加。创新点：选取长江三角洲海岸带典型区,首次以1995—2015年5期序列遥感影像数据为基础,采用空间叠加分析方法,着重分析了建设用地和围填海区域的时空演化特征;以人类活动为主线,综合多种海洋环境指标,分析快速城市化进程中,建设用地和围填海导致的生态环境效应。     

Impact of sea level rise and coastal slope on shoreline change along the Indian coast

Densely populated coastal zones of India are highly exposed to natural environment. These are impacted by episodic natural events, continuous coastal process, gradually rising sea levels and coexisting human interventions. The present study is an attempt to assess the implication of the sea level rise and coastal slope in the coastal erosion for entire mainland of India. In this regard, two methods were employed to estimate the shoreline change rate (SCR): (1) satellite-derived SCR using the Landsat TM and ETM+ acquired during 1989–2001 and (2) SCR derived by Bruun Rule using the parameters coastal slope and sea level trend derived from satellite altimetry. Satellite-derived SCR has been compared with the shoreline change estimated based on Bruun Rule, revealing a better agreement with each other in terms of trend. Peaks of shoreline retreat calculated using Bruun model and satellite-observed SCR offset by 25–50 km. Offset in these peaks was observed due to net drift towards north in the east coast and south in the west coast of India, revealing the applicability of the Bruun Rule along the Indian coast. The present study demonstrates that coastal slope is an additional parameter responsible for the movement of shoreline along with sea level change. The results of satellite-derived SCR reveal the highest percentage of erosion along West Bengal coast with 70% followed by Kerala (65%), Gujarat (60%) and Odisha (50%). The coastlines of remaining states recorded less than 50% of coasts under erosion. Results of this study are proving critical inputs for the coastal management.     

Holocene evolution of an estuary on a tectonically rising coast: the Pakarae River locality, eastern North Island, New Zealand

Estuarine and beach deposits in the vicinity of the present coastline at Pakarae River record the infilling of an estuary and subsequent development of a sequence of seven marine terraces during Holocene time.

At the maximum of the last glaciation about 18,000 years ago the shoreline at the ancestral Pakarae River was approximately 20 km east of the present shoreline. By about 9000 years BP the sea had transgressed across most of that coastal plain to lie within a few hundred metres of the base of the present coastal hills. Seventeen radiocarbon ages from estuarine deposits record the overall rise in post-glacial sea level, but in the period c. 9500-7000 yrs BP there are reversals to the overall rising trend. Between 9500 and 8500 yrs BP there appears to have been a eustatic fall in sea level of at least 4 m. This observation is supported by data from several other localities around New Zealand. Maximum transgression occurred about 6500–7000 yrs BP when the sea reached the base of hillslopes and an extensive estuary existed behind a barrier bar.

Since that time the barrier bar disappeared, probably due to stranding in an uplift event, and the coastline advanced progressively outward toward its present position. Coastal progradation (sea level regression) and subsequent erosion have occurred in association with episodic large earthquakes at about 6700, 5400, 3910, 2450, 1570, 1000 and 600 yrs BP. The present distribution of terraces has been influenced by coastal erosion, which has removed all trace of some terraces from some areas, and river erosion has modified the marine terraces near the river.