DME-PRF混合燃料化学动力学简化机理

使用二甲醚燃料微引燃汽油混合燃烧过程可以改善汽油高稀释燃烧的可控性,并进一步改进其热效率.为了从机理上研究微引燃混合燃烧过程,构建了一个可以兼顾不同DME-PRF掺混比例的化学反应动力学简化模型.通过层级扩展的方式,从CO/H2内核基团的反应开始,在此基础上逐步加入C1~C3过渡反应机理模块,以及C4~C7/C8的PRF子机理和DME子机理模块.最终得到一个包含79种组分267个基元反应的多组分替代燃料简化机理.激波管实验验证结果表明,该机理可以较准确地预测不同温度、压力、当量比下单一燃料和混合燃料的着火延迟;发动机实验证明,该机理对于着火相位和放热率有着不错的预测效果.     

基于HCCI发动机着火特性的柴油三组分表征燃料详细化学动力学模型

构建了一个由正庚烷、甲苯和环己烷组成,并加入正庚烷与甲苯的交叉反应,三组分柴油表征燃料的详细化学动力学机理模型,包含1 171种物质、4 580个基元反应.基于着火时刻对于均质充量压燃(HCCI)燃烧的重要性,以着火点为主要衡量标准,采用单区燃烧模型,以不同比例的三组分表征燃料详细化学反应动力学机理模拟HCCI燃烧的燃烧始点,根据HCCI发动机试验数据,确定了三组分机理的最佳组分质量比为8∶1∶1(正庚烷∶甲苯∶环己烷).还对单组分(正庚烷)、最佳比例的双组分(正庚烷、甲苯)和最佳比例的三组分机理进行了比较验证,对3种机理模拟得到的着火滞燃期和放热率的结果进行对比,详细分析了环己烷对表征燃料滞燃期的调整作用,以及交叉反应的加入对表征燃料的影响.结果表明:新的柴油三组分详细机理可以更为准确地描述柴油HCCI着火时刻.     

生物柴油同分异构替代燃料丁酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯预混燃烧对比研究

在CO2/O2/Ar气氛下对生物柴油两种同分异构替代燃料丁酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯的预混燃烧（当量比为0.8）进行了对比研究,重点分析了生物柴油替代燃料的同分异构化对燃烧主要产物、稳定中间产物以及自由基的影响,同时揭示CO2对两种同分异构替代燃料燃烧的化学作用,给出了潜在典型污染物的生成趋势和规律。结果表明,CO2的加入对两种燃料中重要的烟黑前驱物C2H2和C3H3具有抑制作用。CO2的稀释和热作用对C2H2生成的抑制作用在丙酸乙酯火焰中更加显著,而对C3H3的抑制作用在丁酸甲酯火焰中更加明显,并且CO2的化学作用可进一步加强对两种火焰中C2H2和C3H3生成的抑制。同时,CO2的存在可有效降低两种燃料非常规污染物醛酮类产物的浓度,其中CH2O和CH3CHO的浓度在丙酸乙酯火焰中的减小更为显著。两种火焰中抑制CH2O生成的主要作用是CO2的稀释和热作用,而CO2的化学作用则是抑制CH3CHO生成的主导作用。由产物消耗速率分析得知,对丁酸甲酯消耗影响最大的化学反应是脱氢反应MB+H=H2+MB2J,而对丙酸乙酯消耗影响最大的则是分解反应EP=C2H5COOH+C2H4。     

乙烯-正庚烷混合燃料在碳烟生成中的协同效应

在对冲扩散火焰中对乙烯-正庚烷混合燃料的燃烧进行了模拟研究.耦合的反应机理包含正庚烷的裂解、C0-C4核心小分子反应、初始苯环生成、拓展到六苯并苯(A7)的PAH化学和包含36步成核反应的碳烟表面机理.在预混火焰中对正庚烷的燃烧进行了模拟,得到的关键组分的浓度变化与文献中的试验数据吻合较好.在对冲扩散火焰中对乙烯-正庚烷掺混燃料的燃烧进行模拟,结果显示:随着正庚烷掺混比的增加,碳烟体积分数(SVF)、苯及PAH的峰值均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当掺混比为5%,时,SVF的峰值达到最大.对苯的生成进行详细分析,发现丙基和甲基在这种协同效应中起着关键作用.此外,随着掺混比的增加,苯与PAH的反应生成区逐渐往氧化剂侧移动,越过滞止平面后苯的生成率和消耗率均大大降低.     

CO2和N2稀释对CO混合燃料扩散火焰NO生成排放特性的影响

以CO为主燃料的混合燃料为研究对象,以层流对冲扩散火焰为基础,应用CHENKlN软件的OPPDIF模型,采用包含53种组分、325个基元反应的甲烷燃烧详细反应机理(GRI-Mech 3.0),研究以CO为主燃料混合燃料燃烧特性和NO抑制措施.结果表明:CO2和N2无论是稀释空气侧还是燃料侧都可以显著降低NO的生成,稀释...     

柴油多元表征燃料多环芳烃生成模型的开发

构建了适用于正癸烷、甲苯和甲基环己烷等3种单一燃料及其混合燃料的多环芳烃(PAHs)骨架模型,包括103个组分和248个反应.用新模型分别模拟了正癸烷、甲基环己烷、正癸烷/甲苯混合燃料以及柴油表征燃料在基础反应器中的氧化过程,结果表明:该模型能重现重要组分浓度的试验值.将此模型与笔者开发的碳烟模型相耦合并纳入KIVA-3V程序,对一台以2号柴油为燃料的发动机的燃烧过程和碳烟排放进行了模拟,结果表明:新的模型都能较准确地计算缸内压力、放热率、碳烟排放量和PAHs的生成过程.     

表面催化重整反应对热棒点燃预混气影响的理论分析

对CH4、水蒸汽和空气的预混气在涂有催化剂的热棒表面的着火进行了计算分析,并与实验结果作对比。实验和计算结果都表明,该催化剂使重整反应能够在较低温度下(200-500C)发生,产生少量H2。由于H2的高反应率和高扩散性对预混气性质育显著影响,大大降低了着火温度。对于改善烃类燃料的掺水燃烧有重要意义。传统的催化燃烧是用贵金属催化剂直接催化氧与燃料间的氧化反应,降低着火温度。与其不同,采用廉价含稀土的镍催化材料,催化燃料与水蒸汽的重整反应,使之在固体表面生成H2,利用H2来改善燃烧,是一种“间接”的催化燃烧。     

柴油机部分预混合燃烧与排放特性的模拟与试验

在一台6缸重型增压柴油机上,通过单次喷射策略结合EGR技术实现部分预混合燃烧(PPC)方式.基于Level-set的湍流火焰传播模型结合简化的化学反应机理对这种燃烧模式的燃烧与排放生成过程进行计算分析.依据试验和模拟结果分析PPC模式对燃烧放热、NOx、UHC和PM排放的影响.结果表明:早喷和晚喷PPC模式都具有两阶段的放热,在燃烧期内预混燃烧比例显著高于常规燃烧模式,但晚喷模式下还存在部分扩散燃烧;采用PPC燃烧方式可减少NOx和PM排放,但晚喷PPC模式下HC排放会增加;PPC模式下核心组分的变化过程和常规喷油模式有很大的不同,在PPC模式下酮化过氧氢在第一阶段着火过程中起到关键作用,第一阶段着火过程中积累的大量H2O2使得第二阶段着火过程中放热率峰值很高;在喷束下游生成OH的位置会生成大量NOx,而碳烟是在燃烧室壁面附近的富燃料区域形成,晚喷PPC模式下的HC排放过高主要是由于贫燃料区域不能迅速进行第二阶段着火引起的.     

基于详细模型汽油替代燃料碳烟生成特性分析

基于矩方法算法和预混火焰程序,实现一维预混火焰中汽油替代燃料燃烧生成碳烟的详细数值模拟.其中气相详细模型为包含多环芳烃(PAHs)生成机理的多组分汽油替代燃料反应动力学模型,详细碳烟颗粒相模型包含成核、凝并、PAHs表面沉积、表面生长和表面氧化过程.结果表明:燃烧过程中苯(C6H6)分子摩尔分数是影响PAHs生成的直接原因,决定了汽油替代燃料生成PAHs摩尔分数的大小;芘(C16H10)分子摩尔分数直接影响碳烟的生成过程,决定汽油替代燃料碳烟排放水平;可依据汽油替代燃料的组成评价燃烧生成PAHs和碳烟的水平,汽油替代燃料中甲苯/二异丁烯总含量越高,其生成PAHs和碳烟量越大,反之亦然.     

微型内燃机工况下C1–C4烷烃着火延迟数值模拟

燃料着火延迟时间对采用蓄热自着火方式的微型内燃机非常重要。利用Chemkin-Pro软件,分别对甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和正丁烷空气混合气在微型内燃机运行工况下进行着火延迟时间模拟计算,探究初始温度（500 K ~ 1 000 K）、压力（1~ 10atm）和当量比（0.6 ~ 1.2）对着火延迟时间的影响。同时分析了微型内燃机扫气不尽的尾气残留组分（N2、CO2和H2O）对正丁烷着火延迟时间的影响。结果表明：在四种燃料中,正丁烷的低温着火延迟特性最佳,是一种适合于采用蓄热自着火方式的微型内燃机燃料;初始温度、压力的提高和当量比的增大有利于燃料着火延迟时间的缩短;尾气残留使得燃料着火延迟时间变长,着火延迟特性变差,尾气各组分的热效应和基元反应对燃料着火延迟有着不同的影响机制。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.