苹果树腐烂病菌含cupin结构域蛋白Vmcupin1的鉴定及功能分析

由苹果黑腐皮壳(Valsa mali)侵染引起的苹果树腐烂病是严重威胁我国苹果产业健康发展的重大枝干病害。揭示病菌致病机理有助于制定病害防控新策略。含cupin结构域蛋白是一个大的蛋白家族，广泛参与植物发育和逆境胁迫响应等多种生命活动。有关植物病原真菌中该类蛋白的研究报道很少，其参与菌丝生长和侵染致病的生物学功能尚不明确。基于V.mali与苹果树皮互作的转录组分析，发现一个在病菌侵染过程中显著上调表达的基因。蛋白序列特征分析发现，该蛋白含有1个典型的cupin结构域，且与其他物种含cupin结构域蛋白高度同源，将之命名为Vmcupin1。实时荧光定量分析发现Vmcupin1在病菌侵染过程中显著上调表达。创制了Vmcupin1缺失突变体和回补菌株，发现该基因缺失后，病菌生长速率在一定程度上降低，其致病力和适应H₂O₂和NaCl胁迫的能力显著降低，表明Vmcupin1在病菌营养生长、侵染致病，以及逆境胁迫中发挥重要功能。研究结果丰富了真菌含cupin结构域蛋白功能的认知，有助于全面解析腐烂病菌致病机理。     

广东番茄曲叶病毒G3分离物基因组DNA-A的分子特征

 从采集于广东花都的番茄曲叶病病株上分离到病毒分离物ToLCGDV-[G3],序列分析结果表明,其DNA-A为单链环状,全长2744 nt,共有6个ORFs,其中病毒链上编码AV1(CP)、AV2,互补链上编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4。BLAST结果显示,与ToLCGDV-[G3]基因组有同源关系的均属双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属。进一步比较结果表明,ToLCGDV-[G3]与有同源性的菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的DNA-A全序列同源率最高为87.9%。其中IR的同源率为59.0%~85.3%,而AV1、AV2、AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4这6个ORFs同源率分别为73.6%~95.2%、64.0%~95.4%、71.7%~87.7%、69.6%~93.9%、67.7%~95.1%和64.1%~94.2%,它们各自编码的氨基酸序列同源率分别为76.3%~99.2%、52.6%~95.7%、69.7%~88.1%、51.9%~88.9%、63.4%~92.5%和33.0%~90.7%。系统进化关系分析结果显示,ToLCGDV-[G3]与ToLCGDV-[G2]亲缘关系最近,二者组成一个独立的分支,与其它40种菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒的亲缘关系均较远。因此,ToLCGDV-[G3]可能是一个先前未报道的双生病毒科菜豆金色花叶病毒属新种。     

双生病毒的同义密码子用法及其进化分析

 对双生病毒编码基因的变异进行了密码子用法分析,推测双生病毒基因的表达水平普遍不高,而外壳蛋白基因的表达水平相对较高,它们在密码子第3位上偏好使用A或T。双生病毒的密码子用法主要受到突变偏好和翻译选择等因素的影响。双生病毒的密码子使用具有基因特异性和一定程度的寄主特异性。基于相对同义密码子使用频率的聚类分析可以很好反映侵染单子叶植物和双子叶植物双生病毒之间的差异,也在一定程度上反映出双生病毒之间的亲缘关系。     

斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体侵染昆虫的生物标志物

昆虫病原线虫是一类专性侵染和寄生昆虫的病原线虫,是非常重要的生防资源。斯氏线虫属Steinernema和致病杆菌属Xenorhabdus通过形成共生体在侵染昆虫过程中共同完成生活史,其中致病杆菌释放效应物质引发昆虫败血症是其重要机制。该文对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体的侵染策略和在侵染过程中产生的免疫调节因子、释放的毒素蛋白和活性代谢物进行概述,其中,苯乙酰胺作为免疫抑制因子促进自身定殖,脂多糖作为内毒素引起寄主血细胞裂解,Tc毒素蛋白作为外毒素导致寄主中肠上皮细胞溶解,活性代谢产物如xenematides、fabclavine和PAX肽等具有抑菌、诱导细胞凋亡等活性。而斯氏线虫本身也能够产生表皮/分泌蛋白来抑制寄主免疫,与共生菌协同致死寄主。因此,通过对斯氏线虫-致病杆菌共生体产生的致病物质进行汇总分析,为研究昆虫病原线虫致病机制提供理论参考,同时也为新型绿色杀虫剂的开发和应用提供证据支持。     

利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与苹果褪绿叶斑病毒运动蛋白互作的西方烟蛋白

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV)是蔷薇科果树上的一种重要病毒,其致病机制尚不清楚。以具有基因沉默抑制子功能的运动蛋白(movement protein, MP)为诱饵,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与其互作的西方烟37B(Nicotiana occidentalis 37B)蛋白。构建了库容量为9.6×10⁶ CFU、平均插入片段>1 kb的西方烟cDNA文库,从中筛选到15种蛋白,涉及植物光合作用、ATP合成代谢、过氧化物代谢、氨基酸代谢、抗逆等过程,可为解析ACLSV的致病机制提供依据和方向。     

烟芽夜蛾囊泡病毒3h株3h-122基因于棉铃虫幼虫体内的转录表达分析

本文构建了烟芽夜蛾囊泡病毒3h株(HvAV-3h)第122个基因(3h-122)的原核表达载体并制备多克隆抗体?利用蛋白免疫印迹?RT-PCR?免疫组织化学染色等技术检测3h-122的转录表达时相以及组织特异性?结果表明, 3h-122编码大小16.1 kD的结构蛋白(3H-122)?HvAV-3h感染棉铃虫幼虫后3 h开始检测到3h-122的转录并稳定持续至第168 h?3H-122在棉铃虫感毒后24 h至168 h可持续检测到其表达?此外, 3H-122主要在脂肪体组织中表达?本研究为阐明囊泡病毒结构蛋白的功能及其在囊泡病毒致病机制中的作用奠定了基础?     

辣椒疫霉CRN编码基因的克隆、转录特征及在与寄主互作中的作用

 CRN (crinkling and necrosis-inducing protein)蛋白是一类卵菌特有的效应分子,然而目前对其功能和分子机制知之甚少。为分析CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici)与植物互作中的作用,本研究利用前期转录组测序结果,对辣椒疫霉基因组数据库进行序列比对分析,获得了7个CRN编码基因的全长序列;采用RT-PCR方法分析其在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段(菌丝、游动孢子囊、游动孢子、萌发的休止孢)和侵染寄主阶段(本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)灌根1.5、3、6、12、24、36和72 h后)的转录水平,发现3个基因在辣椒疫霉生长发育阶段和侵染阶段上调表达;将这3个基因克隆测序,发现其编码蛋白均含有保守的LFLAK和HVLVVVP基序;在本氏烟上的基因瞬时表达结果表明,Pc559084和Pc570403能够抑制由致病疫霉elicitin蛋白INF1或老鼠促凋亡蛋白BAX诱发的植物程序性细胞死亡,并且Pc559084能够促进辣椒疫霉侵染植物。这些研究结果为理解CRN效应分子在辣椒疫霉致病过程中的作用提供了重要的实验数据。     

瓜类褪绿黄化病毒外壳蛋白的亚细胞定位及致病作用浅析

瓜类褪绿黄化病毒(cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, CCYV)是近些年来出现的一种烟粉虱 Bemisia tabaci传播的植物病毒,在瓜类生产中造成了严重损失。为了解该病毒外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)在病毒侵染寄主过程中的亚细胞定位和致病作用,本研究以CCYV山东黄瓜分离物为研究对象,构建了荧光表达载体CP-YFP和异源表达载体pGR-CP。浸润荧光表达载体48 h后的本氏烟Nicotiana benthamiana叶片在激光共聚焦显微镜下可以观察到荧光信号在细胞质和细胞核内均有分布;浸润异源表达载体的本氏烟植株7 d后上部叶片开始显现花叶症状,13 d后顶部新叶出现严重皱缩和坏死斑点。以上结果表明CCYV CP蛋白参与了病毒对寄主的侵染过程,可能是症状形成的致病相关因子。本研究为进一步解析该病毒的致病机理提供了初步的理论支持。     

建兰花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因和3′UTR序列测定与分析

采用单链构象多态性分析从建兰花叶病毒(Cymbidium mosaic virus,CyMV)的8个分离物筛选得到5个存在遗传变异的分离物,并测定了外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因和3'非编码区(3'UTR)序列,经序列分析表明5个分离物与其他分离物间的CP核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性分别为87,1％～99.9％和91.1％～99.6％,属于亚组A成员.CP基因不同片段受到正选择压力的作用不一样,C端受到负选择压力的作用不易发生变异,而N端受到正选择压力的作用容易发生变异.通过RNAsharpes软件分析3 'UTR序列发现各分离物均形成带有Potexvirus属保守核苷酸序列“AC(C/T) TAA”的三叶草茎环结构,这种结构的功能可能与病毒RNA复制有关.     

2种单组份双生病毒与异源卫星DNA的互作

 烟草曲茎病毒(Tobacco curly shoot virus,TbCSV) Y35分离物(Y35)和中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus,TYLCCNV) Y10分离物(Y10)是从云南烟草上分离的2种单组份双生病毒,分别伴随卫星DNAβ(Y35β及Y10β)分子。将Y35和Y10分别伴随其同源或异源卫星(Y35β或Y10β)接种本氏烟和心叶烟,症状观察表明,无论Y10还是Y35伴随异源卫星DNAβ时引起的症状均与其伴随同源DNAβ引起的症状明显不同,且Y10β伴随Y35致病性最强。Southern印迹结果表明,Y10β及Y35β均可被异源辅助病毒稳定复制,但其复制水平明显低于伴随同源病毒时的水平,且植株中病毒和卫星的积累量并不完全与症状严重程度直接相关。     

trans-Dominant Inhibition of Geminiviral DNA Replication by Bean Golden Mosaic Geminivirus rep Gene Mutants

ABSTRACT Geminiviruses are a group of single-stranded DNA viruses that cause major losses on a number of important crops throughout the world. Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is a typical bipartite, whitefly-transmitted geminivirus that causes a severe disease on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Western Hemisphere. The lack of natural resistance to geminiviruses has led to attempts to engineer resistance, particularly through the use of pathogen-derived resistance strategies. The rep gene contains several conserved domains including nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)-binding and DNA-nicking domains and is the only geminiviral gene necessary for replication. Previous analysis by our group and others has demonstrated that the NTP-binding and DNA-nicking domains are necessary for geminiviral DNA replication. The ability of the rep gene and rep gene mutants to interfere with geminiviral DNA replication, when expressed in trans, was examined using a transient assay in a tobacco suspension cell culture system. Wild-type (wt) and mutant rep genes were cloned into plasmids under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter for in planta expression and coinoculated into tobacco cells with infectious clones of various geminiviruses. The wt rep gene from BGMV-GA was able to support replication of BGMV-GA DNA-B. Several different rep gene mutants, with function-abolishing mutations in the NTP-binding or DNA-nicking domains, were potent trans-dominant inhibitors of geminiviral DNA replication.     

烟草丛顶病毒RNA依赖RNA聚合酶(RdRp)介导的体外复制体系

通过重叠PCR扩增得到烟草丛顶病毒(Tobacco bushy top virus,TBTV)中国分离物RdRp的编码序列,构建以pMALC2X为基础载体的原核表达载体pMAL-TB-RdRp。0.5 mM IPTG诱导可特异性表达分子量约为120 kDa的MBP-RdRp融合蛋白。温度梯度实验显示,18℃下诱导表达的MBP-RdRp融合蛋白的可溶性比例较高,约17%;经亲和层析纯化的MBPRdRp可特异性识别TBTV正链和负链的3'末端序列,催化体外复制;对正负链的3'末端的体外复制效率存在差别,识别负链3'末端的体外复制效率明显高于正链3'末端。本研究创建的TBTV RdRp介导的体外复制体系为进一步研究TBTV基因组复制调控奠定了基础。     

水稻矮缩病毒基因组及毒粒三维结构的研究进展

水稻矮缩病毒(Rice dwarf virus,RDV)为双层壳、二十面体的双链RNA病毒,是水稻的重要病原物之一.文中比较了RDV中国福建分离物与日本分离物基因组各片段核苷酸序列的相似性,发现RDV两个不同分离物基因组相应片段的相似性均在92%以上,最高可达96%;分析了相应基因组片段编码的结构蛋白P1、P2、P3、P5、P7、P8及以前一直被认为是非结构蛋白的P9和非结构蛋白Pns4、Pns6、Pns10 、Pns11和Pns12在RDV复制、组装过程中的功能;回顾了RDV粒子三维结构的研究概况,对RDV粒子内、外层衣壳的晶体学结构作了较详细的描述;简要介绍了RDV复制与组装的机制,发现核心蛋白与dsRNA间相互作用成为一个单元是病毒RNA的分拣及包装到病毒粒子核心内的可能机制.同时,指出基于PDR的植物抗病毒基因工程在水稻矮缩病毒防治上的可能性.     

Formation and intracellular movement of cytoplasmic bodies of the tomato mosaic virus 126-kDa replication protein in association with the viral movement protein

During plant infection by tobamoviruses such as Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), viral replication complexes containing a viral 126-kDa replicase component (126K) are generated, temporarily in association with a viral movement protein (MP) that is indispensable for viral intercellular movement. The tobamovirus 126K protein has been shown to play an important role not only in replication but also in intercellular transport of viral RNAs. Transient expression of the 126K protein has recently been reported to result in formation of cytoplasmic bodies with shapes similar to those of the replication complexes. In this study, to investigate the roles of ToMV MP in the formation, localization, and dynamics of cytoplasmic bodies of the 126K protein, we carried out confocal microscopy studies of fluorescently tagged 126K and MP that were transiently and simultaneously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Without MP expression, 126K was evenly distributed in the cytoplasm, with occasional formation of small 126K bodies. These small 126K bodies moved in the cytoplasmic stream and along the endoplasmic reticulum network. In contrast, co-expression of MP markedly promoted the formation of larger MP-associated 126K bodies, which were generally static but moved occasionally in the cytoplasmic stream. In addition, we found that small, mobile 126K bodies were captured at the terminal part of MP-derived filamentous structures, leading to the formation of 126K-MP complexes and their translocation to another cellular site.     

电压依赖性阴离子通道VDAC3参与拟南芥先天免疫

 线粒体外膜蛋白电压依赖性阴离子通道(VDAC)是动物细胞凋亡调控系统中的关键组分,但其在植物中的功能还不明确。拟南芥VDAC家族有4个成员,它们都能被病原菌诱导,VDAC1在由病原菌所引起的超敏性细胞死亡中发挥作用已有报道,但VDAC家族其他成员是否参与植物免疫反应还未见报道。本研究以拟南芥相关T-DNA插入突变体为材料,研究了VDAC3基因在植物抗病反应中的功能。病原相关分子模式flg22诱导的活性氧产生和胼胝质沉积在VDAC3突变体中都显著增强,表明VDAC3参与了病原相关分子模式触发的免疫反应。此外,效应因子激发的超敏性细胞死亡在vdac3突变体中也更明显,显示VDAC3也参与了效应子触发的免疫反应。以上结果说明,VDAC3在多个层面参与植物的抗病反应。     

Advances and prospects in potato virology with special reference to virus resistance

Knowledge of the nucleotide sequences in the genomic nucleic acid of several potato viruses has enabled the open reading frames to be identified. These open reading frames are expressed by a variety of strategies, to produce proteins with functions in virus nucleic acid replication, virus particle production, cell-to-cell transport of virus and virus transmission by vectors. The activity of such proteins depends on their interactions with other viral or non-viral materials.Several other biological properties of plant viruses can also be related to individual viral gene products. For example, in plants co-infected with a specific pair of unrelated viruses, one virus can benefit from an ability to use the gene product of the second virus in replication, cell-to-cell transport or transmission by vectors. Similarly, different host resistance genes are targeted against viral replicase, movement protein or coat protein. Thus it is becoming possible to relate gene-for-gene (or more accurately, viral gene domain-host gene) interactions to events at the molecular level. Genetically engineered resistance to plant viruses likewise can be targeted against individual viral genes, and probably also against viral regulatory sequences. Such transgenic resistance seems likely to be as durable as conventional host resistance but durability should be improved by producing plants with combinations of resistances of different kinds, either conventional or genetically engineered, or both.     

Analysis of Iris yellow spot virus replication in vector and non‐vector thrips species

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV, genus Tospovirus) is a viral disease of bulb and seed onion crops and is transmitted by Thrips tabaci. Foliage damage of up to 75% has been reported in Kenya and Uganda. In this study, the rate of IYSV replication in the larva, pupa and adult stages of T. tabaci and other non‐vector thrips species and colour forms such as Frankliniella occidentalis, F. schultzei (dark) and F. schultzei (pale) was evaluated by monitoring relative levels of nucleocapsid (N) and non‐structural (NSs) proteins using N‐ and NSs‐specific antibodies. The effect of IYSV replication on mortality of thrips was also determined. N protein levels increased in all three stages of IYSV‐fed T. tabaci, indicating replication of IYSV. In IYSV‐fed non‐vector thrips, the increase of N protein levels in the larval stage was lower than IYSV‐fed T. tabaci but higher than their healthy counterparts. The N protein levels did not increase at pupal and adult stages. NSs protein was not detected in first instar of either vector or non‐vector thrips species. After a 4 h post‐acquisition period, a significant increase in NSs proteins was only observed in IYSV‐fed T. tabaci, clearly differentiating vectors and non‐vectors of IYSV. IYSV replication did not influence the survival of the vector thrips species, T. tabaci populations or the non‐vector thrips species. This study indicates the effectiveness of monitoring non‐structural proteins such as NSs, compared to nucleocapsid proteins, for differentiating vectors and non‐vectors of IYSV.     

Interaction Between Tomato spotted wilt virus N Protein Monomers Involves Nonelectrostatic Forces Governed by Multiple Distinct Regions in the Primary Structure

ABSTRACT The ambisense RNA genome of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isby interaction with numerous copies of the virus encoded nucleocapsid (N) protein to form a subvirion structure called a ribonucleo-protein (RNP). RNPs are central to the viral replication cycle because they, and not free viral RNA, serve as templates for viral gene expression and genome replication. N protein monomers bind to viral RNA molecules in a cooperative manner. We have examined regions of the N protein that are involved in the N-N interactions that likely contribute to the cooperative binding of N to viral RNA. We created random and alanine scanning mutants of N and then screened the mutants for defects in N-N interaction using reverse and forward yeast two-hybrid assays. Our experiments identified residues in three distinct regions of the primary structure of the protein, residues 42 to 56, 132 to 152, and in the C-terminal 26 amino acids, that contribute to N-N dimerization or multimerization.interactions between N monomers mediated by the residues we identified are of a nonelectrostatic nature.