Realization of high sensitivity displacement field from moiré interferometer with rough phase shifting mechanism and pattern matching technique

In this study, phase shifting method is used to modify moiré system into micro moiré interferometer which can measure displacement field with highly improved sensitivity. Apart from existing micro moiré technique, a low cost and less precise translation stage with rough resolution (10 μm resolution) is adapted for the phase shifter. Least square algorithm is applied to estimate the arbitrary phase shifted amount and to minimize the errors induced by lowering the cost. Moreover, specimen grating is phase shifted instead of reference grating which enables simple construction from given moiré system. To compensate for rigid body in-plane translation of specimen that may occur during phase shifting, pattern matching algorithm is put into practice to ensure pixel correspondence for each phase shifted images. To verify the newly constructed micro moiré technique, local displacement fields of Fine pitch Ball Grid Array package and Wafer Level Chip Size Package with elevated sensitivity up to 26 nm per fringe was acquired.     

Phase shifting nano-moiré method with scanning tunneling microscope

In this paper, a new nano-moiré method using scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is proposed. This method is capable of measuring nanoscopic deformation of matter. The formation mechanism of the STM moiré fringe and the phase shifting technique used in STM moiré fringes are explained in details. Typical experiments are conducted with the crystal lattices of freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, are used as specimen grating, to generate STM moiré fringe patterns. Phase shifting is realized in four steps from 0 to 2π by controlling the PZT in the STM system to shift the specimen in the vertical direction. This method provides a new way for disposal of moiré fringes pattern in the nano-moiré measurement.     

Analysis of moiré fringes for measuring the focal length of lenses

We describe a technique based on fast Fourier transform and least-squares fit for automated analysis of moiré fringe patterns for accurately measuring the focal length of lenses. An interference fringe pattern is produced by a reflective diffraction grating interferometer and illuminates the test lens. Moiré fringes are generated by digitally superimposing the magnified fringe pattern imaged by the lens on the interference fringe pattern without the test lens. We analyze two common ways to generate the digital moiré effect: multiplication and subtraction with successive rectification of the two digitally stored intensity distributions, and we show that in the latter case by means of the described technique it is possible to determine the moiré spatial frequency by a simple and fully automated procedure.     

Automatic fringe analysis for moiré topography

Two digital systems are developed for the automatic measurement of 3-D shapes using moiré techniques—an automatic 3-D shape measuring system using the scanning moiré method and an interactive fringe analysing system for moiré fringe photographs. In the automatic 3-D shape measuring system, a deformed grating is scanned and sampled with an electronic image scanning device so that moiré fringes are generated in a computer. This technique of electronic fringe generation eliminates ambiguity with regard to the sign of the moiré fringes. The interactive fringe analyser provides a flexible and versatile tool for moiré fringe analysis. Medical applications of these analysing systems are discussed.     

Phase shifting SEM moiré method

A new phase shifting scanning electron microscope (SEM) moiré method is proposed in this paper. The phase shifting technique is realized in four steps from 0 to 2π by shifting electron beam in the y-axis direction controlled by the SEM system. It is successfully applied to determine the residual strain of a deformed holographic grating with a frequency of 1200 lines/mm in an electronic package. As a further application, it is used to measure the virtual strain of a MEMS structure with a 5000-line/mm grating and to determine the phase distribution of a SEM moiré formed with a 6000-line/mm grating fabricated by electron beam lithography. The experiments show the feasibility of this method. It provides a new way for disposal of fringes pattern in sub-micro moiré method.     

Interpretation of fringes produced by time average reflection moiré on a circular disk

Inverse problem of reconstruction of dynamic displacements from the fringe pattern generated by time average reflection moiré is investigated in this paper. A technique for numerical simulation of time average smoothed reflection moiré fringes is proposed. The smoothing procedure is incorporated into the finite element formulation of the problem. Reconstruction of the field of deflections is illustrated for a centrally clamped disk. Such techniques can be effectively exploited in hybrid numerical–experimental procedures for different objects and grating geometries.     

Moiré topography: alternative technique in health care

The instrumentation and application of moiré topography in the diagnosis of corporal asymmetries associated to different illnesses of the osseous-muscular system in early ages is presented in this paper. A sample comprising 203 adolescents ranging between 12 and 15 years were studied. Some moiré topography analysis of human legs and the sole of the foot are also given as examples of moiré applications. The results show the advantages of using this technique in the health care and treatment of different illnesses in adolescents. Some of these advantages are provided by the easy diagnosis and the low cost of the moiré technique.     

Moiré topography using developed recording methods

Where moiré topography is used to record the shape of objects of approximately cylindrical form or that of a series of such objects, a scanning method with a slit camera can be employed. One such method takes photographs by combining conventional shadow type and projection type moiré topography with a slit camera. Laser methods of line projection combined with a scanning method developed from the projection type of moiré topography are also utilised. The main features of the latter method are that it is not affected by any diffraction effect caused by the grid and that highly accurate recording can be achieved with excellent image quality using the properties of the laser beam. Another distinct advantage is that it is capable of recording the shape of a self-luminous object without contacting by selection of laser wavelenghts and matching optical filters. The laser scanning method can therefore be considered to have considerable potential for future applications.     

Moiré fringes as two-dimensional autocorrelation of transmission function of linear gratings and its application for modulation transfer function measurement

In this work, we show that the transmission moiré pattern is two-dimensional autocorrelation of transmission function (2D-ACTF) of two superimposed linear gratings that make a small angle with each other. In this approach, the properties of moiré fringes vs. the relative displacement of the gratings are formulated. By measuring 2D-ACTF of two similar gratings, we evaluate the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the gratings’ generating system. This work is the generalized form of our previous works. The implied MTF measurement method is easier and faster than our previous methods.     

Investigation of dynamic displacements of lithographic press rubber roller by time average geometric moiré

Geometric moiré fringe formation method is a classical well-established experimental technique with numerous practical applications. This paper proposes the application of time-average geometric moiré analysis for the determination of dynamic displacements of the lithographic press rubber roller. This optical measurement technique is a natural extension of double-exposure geometric moiré for the identification of dynamic displacements of vibrating elastic structures. Experimental investigations prove the validity and effective practical applicability of the method.     

Flow visualization by an improved double exposure method in holography

Some optical differential interferometric techniques were investigated in order to measure the density distribution in the air jet flow of a small scale flow cell while excluding the effects of the optical distortion of its glass windows. A technique using moiré fringe formation by rotating the reference wave in one exposure of the double exposure method was found to be most suitable for this purpose. High contrast and multiplication of moiré fringes can be obtained by a moiré fringe sharpening and multiplication method.     

Localisation of fringes in moiré topography

The moiré pattern produced by two separate gratings is characterised by a fringe localisation phenomenon. A theory based on the geometric shadow of light can account for the spatial location of moiré fringes in topographical applications. The fringe location depends on the optical arrangement of the system and also on the surface slope of the specimen. Experimental results are introduced into practical usage.     

A moiré system for producing numerical data of the profile of a turbine blade using a computer and video store

A new technique has been devised for coding and analysing moiré contours. It uses a video frame store in place of the more usual photographic reference grid, and a small microcomputer to automate fringe detection. The system is based on using a television camera to view a sample, the complete technique being developed primarily as an industrial tool for quality control, or as feedback sensor in flexible manufacturing.     

A study on the digital moiré technique with circular and radial gratings

A digital moiré technique with circular and radial gratings is proposed to measure in-plane displacement and strain distributions of soft materials in a polar coordinate system. By introducing the coordinate-transform technique, the concentric circles and radial lines in the Cartesian coordinate system are converted to cross gratings in a polar coordinate system. Then, the digital moiré fringes are generated using logical and filter operations on the one-bit binary images. Finally, the in-plane displacement distributions are obtained by means of the four step phase-shifting procedure. Also, the measurement principles and the basic procedures of the new digital moiré technique are explained in detail. An application for rubber sheet with a single-edge crack is studied, and the experimental results show that the presented method is feasible.     

Experimental tire mechanics by moiré

Tires and their component parts are made from various low modulus rubbers and cord/rubber laminates. In service they typically undergo large deformations of about 1–30%. The accurate measurement of these deformations by either pointwise (strain gage) or full-field (optical) techniques is rendered difficult in these circumstances. Ordinary strain gages reinforce these soft structures and inhibit their deformation, whereas most optical methods are too sensitive to measure large motions. These difficulties can be overcome by the judicious use of various moiré methods: moiré interferometry, geometric moiré and shadow moiré.Several applications of moiré methods to tire mechanics problems are presented. The emphasis is on the range of problems that has been successfully approached and on the results obtained. Examples are drawn from work on belt-edge strains, tread groove strains, sidewall strains, dynamic sidewall deformations and material properties determination. Proprietary details of technique are not included.     

Computer Aided Moiré Methods

Computer aided moiré methods (CAMM) use the versatility of the computer to manipulate gratings rapidly, the basis of all moiré methods. Application of CAMM to moiré teaching, in-plane moiré, shadow and projection moiré and reflection moiré are reviewed in this paper.     

Use of projection moiré for measuring the instantaneous out-of-plane deflections of composite plates subject to bird strike

For the new generation aircraft families, the use of fibre-reinforced plastics is considered for the leading edge of the wings. However, this leading edge is very prone to bird strike impact.This paper presents the use of the projection moiré technique to measure the instantaneous out-of-plane deflections of composite plates subject to bird strike. Very strict constraints with regard to (i) high-speed image acquisition, (ii) vibrations of the impact chamber, and (iii) projection and observation angles, complicated substantially the development of the set-up. Moreover, the high frame rates (12,000 fps) required a very intensive illumination.In the optimized configuration, a specially designed grating with gradually changing period is projected by means of special halide hydride lamps through one of the side windows of the impact chamber onto the composite plate riveted in a steel frame. The digital high-speed camera is mounted on the roof of the impact chamber and records through a mirror the object surface with the projected fringe pattern on it.Numerical routines based on local Fourier transform were developed to process the digital images to extract the phase and the out-of-plane displacements. The phase evaluation is possible due to the carrier frequency nature of the projected moiré pattern. This carrier frequency allows separation of the unwanted additive and multiplicative fringe pattern components in the frequency domain via the application of a proper mask. The numerical calculations were calibrated for the bird strike on an aluminum plate, where the plastic deformation could be checked after the test.     

Defects analysis of Al/Si artificial nanocluster with moiré fringes

In this paper, it is demonstrated the defects play a very important role in determining the quality of artificial nanoclusters grown. The surface strain (stress) distribution around defects in Al artificial nanocluster is analyzed by Moiré fringes pattern. The moiré fringes generated by scanning lines in monitor and nanocluster array can be used as a “magnifier” to study surface imperfections with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). As moiré fringes’ exist in many ordered nanostructures and adsorbate systems, the method is expected to have wide applications.     

Frequency marker based on moiré deflectometry

We propose a new method for frequency marking based on measuring the diffraction angle by moiré deflectometry. The method is demonstrated experimentally.     

Interferometric focal length measurement of power-distributed lenses

An interferometric method for measuring the focal length of power-distributed lenses is described. The test lens is illuminated by a regular pitch interferometric pattern produced by a reflective diffraction grating interferometer. In order to measure the focal length, a CCD camera digitizes the image of the pattern magnified by the lens, and fast Fourier transformed to reconstruct the phase modulo 2π along each row. The change in spatial frequency is determined by unwrapping the phase along each row of the digitized imaged pattern. The technique is used for measuring the focal length distribution inside the progression corridor of both positive and negative progressive lenses.