Numerical evaluation of soft inter‐slab joint in concrete‐faced rockfill dam with dual mortar finite element method

Recently constructed concrete‐faced rockfill dams (CFRDs) often use soft inter‐slab joints to prevent axial compression‐induced extrusion damage in the concrete face. Due to the complexity of the multibody contact and the lack of information on the actual behavior of soft joints, it is highly challenging to numerically assess the effect of soft joints in CFRDs. In this paper, we present a numerical approach for the three‐dimensional modeling of CFRDs with hard and soft joints. A dual mortar finite element method with Lagrange multiplier is developed to treat the multibody contact in hard joints with impenetrability condition. The soft joint slab‐filler‐slab contact system is modeled using an equivalent contact interface approach, where the soft contact constraints are imposed using a perturbed Lagrange formulation. Through a series of laboratory tests, the mechanical behavior of soft joint is investigated. An extrusion model for the soft joint is presented and implemented in the dual mortar finite element method. The proposed numerical method is applied to the three‐dimensional analysis of Tianshengqiao‐1 CFRD. Despite the complex multibody contact and strong material and geometry nonlinearities in the CFRD, the proposed method is stable and capable of capturing salient characteristics of the CFRD. Numerical results show that in Tianshengqiao‐1, the employment of soft joints can effectively reduce the axial compression stress, thus greatly alleviating the risk of extrusion damage in the concrete face.     

流变变形对高面板堆石坝面板脱空的影响分析

面板堆石坝尤其是高面板堆石坝的运行实践表明,堆石的流变现象比较显著。采用基于直接约束算法的接触力学分析方法模拟了混凝土面板和堆石体之间的接触关系。考虑堆石体的流变特性,并结合天生桥一级面板堆石坝的现场观测结 果,对高面板堆石坝中的面板脱空问题进行了有限元计算分析,研究了坝体流变变形对面板脱空和垫层亏坡问题的影响。     

挤压边墙对混凝土面板影响的三维有限元分析

挤压式边墙技术是近年混凝土面板堆石坝发展最具有代表性的新技术之一。本课题以使用挤压式边墙的面板堆石坝为主要研究对象,具体结合一个工程实例进行分析。运用ANSYS参数化设计语言（APDL）实现了用点面接触单元模拟面板与边墙的接触;创新性地采用非线性连接单元模拟面板垂直缝和周边缝。在此基础上,计算了有挤压式边墙和无边墙两种情况下坝体及面板分别在竣工期和蓄水期的应力、变形;最终确定两者面板应力应变之间的差异,明确挤压边墙对面板的影响。     

堆石料湿化对混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形特性影响研究

心墙堆石坝的湿化变形已经为人们认识和重视,面板堆石坝由于上游有混凝土面板挡水,其湿化变形很少引起重视,但由湿化变形比较明显的堆石料填筑的坝体,在降雨过程中往往产生较大湿化变形,影响混凝土面板的工作性状。本文研究提出了大气降水引起堆石体达到一定饱和度情况下湿化变形的计算方法。进行了滩坑水电站混凝土面板堆石坝堆石料湿化变形试验,采用弹塑性平面有限单元法,分析研究了堆石料浸水湿化对坝体应力变形以及混凝土面板应力变形性状的影响。     

Numerical modeling of soil–structure interface of a concrete-faced rockfill dam

Concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRD) are widely used in large-scale hydraulic projects. The face slab, the key seepage-proof structure of great concern, has a strong interaction with the neighboring gravel cushion layer due to a significant difference in their stiffness. An elasto-plasticity damage interface element, a numerical format of the EPDI model, is described for numerical analysis of a CFRD that can trace the separation and re-contact between the face slab and the cushion layer at the interface. As verified by simulating slide block and direct shear interface tests, this element was confirmed to capture effectively the primary monotonic and cyclic behaviors of the interface. This element can easily be extended to the finite element method (FEM) programs that involve the Goodman interface element. The analysis of a typical CFRD showed that the interface model describes a significant effect on the stress response of the face slab under different conditions, including dam construction, water storage, and earthquake. Treatments of the cushion layer, such as an asphalt layer, changed the behavior of the interface between it and the face slab, which resulted in a significant effect on the stress response of the face slab. The top of the face slab exhibited a significant separation from the cushion layer during construction, induced mainly by construction of the neighboring dam body.     

采用挤压边墙技术的高面板坝裂缝成因分析

为加快施工进度,国内很多高面板堆石坝都采用了挤压边墙技术,用上游坡面的挤压边墙代替传统的垫层。挤压边墙的施工特点决定了其与上覆面板之间的结构关系将与传统的面板-垫层有很大差别。虽然目前面板坝的施工技术和施工水平较以前有较大的提高,但少数工程仍然出现了比较严重的面板裂缝,而采用挤压边墙技术的面板坝施工期出现的裂缝分布规律与采用面板-垫层施工方法有明显的不同。面板裂缝的产生与面板施工期的应力变形状态密切相关,目前面板堆石坝计算中采用的整体模型方法对面板的概化较多,得到的面板应力精度较差。根据挤压边墙实际的施工特点,提出采用子模型法分析面板的应力变形,对某面板坝工程裂缝成因的分析结果表明,温降和上游坡面局部高程不平整引起的面板与挤压边墙之间的局部约束过大是导致面板裂缝的主要原因。     

挤压墙工法对面板堆石坝应力变形影响规律研究

利用三维有限元数值模拟方法,分析了采用挤压墙的面板堆石坝的应力变形规律。与不采用挤压墙和采用半挤压墙型式的方案进行比较,研究了挤压墙的存在及其型式对于面板堆石坝应力变形响应的影响。计算结果表明,挤压墙的存在及其型式对于坝体的应力变形以及面板挠度变形影响较小;对面板的应力分布情况有一定影响,但不会对面板安全性产生明显影响;挤压墙的存在有利于减小周边缝的沉陷变位。     

考虑堆石体流变效应的高面板坝最优施工程序研究

考虑高面板坝堆石体的流变变形效应对堆石体的最优施工碾压进度方案进行了研究。结果表明,堆石体的本身流变变形特性对不同施工碾压进度方案下的面板垫层变形影响较大。堆石坝不同材料分区的特点从客观上决定了高堆石坝必然存在一个较优的施工填筑上升方案。堆石体均匀上升的填筑进度方案的面板垫层法向最大位移较小,且沿面板坡向的分布比较均匀,对面板与垫层间的协调变形有利。从最优填筑方案的角度来看,建议高堆石坝采用均匀上升的碾压施工程序。     

陡峻河谷高面板坝坝体与坝基接触效应

以新疆大石峡250 m级特高面板砂砾石坝为依托工程,采用大型接触面直剪试验确定了筑坝料与基岩的摩擦接触参数,建立了考虑坝体与坝基相互接触作用的面板坝三维数值模型,研究了摩擦接触效应对坝体、混凝土面板应力变形以及止水接缝三向变位的影响。结果表明：双曲线模型符合筑坝料与基岩之间剪应力与位移的非线性关系;若不考虑坝体与基岩的接触效应,坝体边界处变形梯度和主应力值计算值均偏小,导致判断该区域坝体开裂区范围偏小而拱效应被高估;蓄水期面板挠度和顺坡向应力受接触效应影响相对较小,而轴向位移和轴向应力受接触效应影响较大;周边缝变位受接触效应影响非常强烈,在高水头压力作用下,坝体局部可能出现相对基岩的滑移导致周边止水变形和坝肩竖缝张开量大幅增加。陡峻河谷筑坝若不考虑接触效应,计算结果是偏危险的。计算结果和Anchicaya 坝实测渗漏位置结果均表明,周边缝变位控制是陡峻河谷面板坝建设的关键。     

水布垭超高面板堆石坝变形控制方法研究

通过对已建水布垭超高面板堆石坝的设计经验总结,从数值分析、工程类比、坝体分区,堆石体材料压实标准、施工填筑程序、面板浇筑时机、面板浇筑时其顶部与临时坝顶的高差等方面探讨变形控制方法,归纳、总结了水布垭超高面板堆石坝变形控制的基本思路,以减小施工期坝体的不均匀沉降,改善面板在施工期、运行期的应力变形状态。     

高混凝土面板堆石坝流变的三维有限元数值模拟

采用一种新的能模拟高围压条件的堆石料幂函数流变本构模型,对水布垭面板堆石坝进行了考虑堆石料流变特性的应力-应变仿真分析。结果表明,考虑堆石料流变特性后的坝体变形有明显的增加,坝体应力有所松弛。堆石体的流变特性使得面板的挠度有所增加,面板顺坡向和坝轴向拉应力极值有所增大。对于分期浇筑面板、分期蓄水的高混凝土面板堆石坝,选用合适的流变本构模型正确地模拟堆石体的流变特性,其结果可以为大坝填筑进度及面板分期浇筑时间的确定提供参考,对于正确地预测大坝的应力变形也具有重要意义。     

混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形长期性状有限元模拟

为了获得混凝土面板堆石坝长期力学行为（尤其流变变形对混凝土面板堆石坝工作性状的影响）定量分析成果,运用ABAQUS有限元对国内某抽水蓄能电站混凝土面板堆石坝进行了数值模拟。采用考虑非线性强度的改进双屈服面流变模型描述堆石料长期力学性能,其中瞬时塑性变形采用改进双屈服面模型确定,而黏塑性流变变形采用指数衰减函数定义。有限元分析获得坝体、单元和面板在填筑期、蓄水期与运行期的应力与变形一般规律。结果表明：运行阶段堆石流变变形对混凝土面板堆石坝应力、变形性状产生显著影响。研究结论有益于进一步了解和合理预测混凝土面板的长期性能。     

Numerical simulation of the seismic response of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during the Wenchuan earthquake based on a generalized plasticity model

The strong ground motion of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China caused considerable damage to the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD). The maximum crest settlement was approximately 1.0 m, and compressive failure and joint dislocations were observed in the face slabs. This damage has made it necessary to understand the damage pattern and safety of high CFRDs subjected to strong earthquake shaking, and the response of the Zipingpu CFRD during the Wenchuan earthquake can be used as a benchmark for this purpose. In this study, a 3D dynamic procedure was employed to simulate the dynamic responses of the Zipingpu CFRD. The rockfill materials were described using a generalized plasticity model, while the interfaces between the face slabs and cushions were modeled using zero-thickness interface elements that follow a perfect elasto-plastic stress–strain model in the tangential direction using Coulomb’s friction law. Dam deformation, face-slab stress, and face joint dislocations were simulated, and the results were compared with the field measurements. Using the generalized plastic model, the residual deformation of the dam during the earthquake could be directly obtained without being complemented by separate, semi-empirical procedures. The rockfill materials shrank to the center of the valley due to the strong shaking, causing crushing damage in the zone of the slabs. The dislocation of construction joints was also duplicated by the numerical procedure. The results of this study indicate that a 3D finite element procedure based on a generalized plasticity model can be used to evaluate the dynamic responses of CFRDs during strong earthquakes.     

考虑拱效应的高面板堆石坝流变收敛机制研究

采用一种能模拟高围压条件的堆石料幂函数流变本构模型,探讨狭窄河谷条件下堆石体流变变形的发展规律及相应的控制流变变形的工程措施。数值仿真结果表明,在狭窄河谷中的堆石体存在着拱效应。由于拱效应的影响,如果不考虑堆石体流变导致拱效应减弱而增加的附加变形,数值仿真计算得到的大坝变形将小于其真实的变形。受拱效应影响,堆石体初期变形的速率受到抑制,但随着坝体的升高、蓄水后水压力的加大以及堆石体随时间发展等流变变形因素的影响,堆石体中的拱效应逐渐减弱。要减小面板浇筑后由于其下卧的堆石体流变产生的附加变形,可以尽量利用面板过水及堆石体挡水,以加快堆石体流变变形的完成。采取措施,避免大的陡坡突变以及面板浇筑时间滞后其下卧堆石体断面几个月。     

面板堆石坝面板竖缝特性对面板应力变形影响分析

采用三维有限元方法,研究了面板竖缝特性对面板堆石坝中面板应力变形的影响。基于类似子结构法概念,建立了精细模拟面板及其分缝特性的三维有限元分析方法。针对马来西亚巴贡面板堆石坝,计算了多种面板竖缝宽度和填料的方 案,得到坝体和面板的应力变形。计算结果表明,面板竖缝几何尺寸和填料特性对面板的挠度、顺坡向应力、水平向压应力和周边缝张合变形影响不大,而对面板的水平向拉应力和竖缝压缩量影响很大;面板竖缝填料变软和宽度增大均会导致面板的水平向压应力减小,而竖缝压缩量明显增大;采用软木作为填充材料较之填充硬木,可以大约降低一半的压应力;面板竖缝宽度及其填料特性对同期填筑的面板、特别是邻近的面板水平向压应力影响较大。     

A dual mortar contact method for porous media and its application to clay-core rockfill dams

The clay-core rockfill dam is a multibody contact system in which the hydromechanical response of the clay core plays a crucial role. This complex problem is highly challenging to model numerically. We present a numerical approach that considers the multibody contact, consolidation, and strong geometric and material nonlinearities for the modeling of clay-core rockfill dams. Within the framework of the dual mortar finite element method, the presented approach considers the contact bodies as independent porous media continuums. The nonlinear contact conditions are derived based on the effective contact traction on contact interfaces and pore pressure continuity. The weak forms are obtained by introducing Lagrange multipliers as additional unknowns, which are then condensed through an extended general transformation. The presented method is first validated with a patch test considering the contact between two porous media. Then, a three-dimensional analysis of the Rumei clay-core rockfill dam is performed. The main numerical analysis concerns are the two observation galleries planned for construction inside the clay core. The galleries consist of dozens of tunnel-like concrete blocks, giving rise to complex concrete-concrete and concrete-clay contacts. The discontinuous separation and sliding between concrete blocks are investigated. For the concrete-concrete contact, both hard and soft joint approaches are evaluated and compared. The pore pressure results of the concrete structures are also analyzed.     

贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝三维非线性分析

利用堆石坝对地形条件适应性强的优势,将混凝土面板堆石坝设计建于条形山脊上,依天然坡面分别贴岩坡填筑堆石料,使原山体成为坝体一部分而形成的混凝土面板堆石坝,称之为贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝。利用目前应用较为广泛的邓肯E-B模型,基于ABAQUS提供的2次开发用户子程序,对某贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝施工填筑期和水库蓄水运行期的应力与变形进行模拟分析。计算结果表明,受地形和岩坡开挖形态的影响,贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝的坝体变形规律与常规混凝土面板堆石坝有较大的不同,坝体沉降、水平位移以及面板的变形都较小;阶梯状的建基面凸角处有明显的应力集中,相应部位的应力水平较高。计算成果可为优化设计提供合理的建议和有效的措施。     

Monitoring and numerical analysis of behaviour of Miaojiaba concrete-face rockfill dam built on river gravel foundation in China

This study evaluated the behaviour of a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) built on river gravel foundation on the basis of in-situ measurement records and numerical analysis. The monitoring records were obtained from a detailed deformation-monitoring system. A 3D finite element analysis was performed to assess long-term dam behaviour. The behaviour of the CFRD built on river gravel foundation was analysed comprehensively. A discussion of behaviour, especially with relevance to the behaviour of dams built on stiff-foundation, was included. The effect of the river gravel foundation was analysed, and the exact mechanisms were discussed. The relative contribution of various factors on the long-term behaviour of the CFRD was also studied. In-situ measurements were compared with numerical results to discuss the capability of the numerical model to predict the dam behaviour.     

面板堆石坝垂直缝破坏下三维渗流场有限元模拟

采用改进节点虚流量法求解无压稳定渗流场,并引入无厚度的裂缝模型对破坏的垂直缝渗流行为进行模拟,得到面板堆石坝裂缝渗流问题的有限元分析方法,并编制Fortran程序。以某混凝土面板堆石坝为例,计算了面板单一垂直缝破坏和多条垂直缝破坏条件下的三维渗流场,得到不同条件下渗流场的水头分布、浸润线以及渗漏量,系统分析了面板堆石坝在垂直缝破坏条件下的稳定渗流场规律和特点。结果表明,该方法能对渗流逸出点和浸润线进行准确定位,还能很好地模拟面板垂直缝破坏对坝区渗流场的影响,可以为面板堆石坝的接缝设计提供参考。     

库水位骤降后面板缺陷坝体渗漏量和坝坡稳定性分析

为研究库水位变动情况下面板不同缺陷的面板堆石坝渗透稳定特性,利用著名岩土分析软件Geo-studio的Seep/w与Slope/w模块,以浙江省临海市西部括苍镇境内某面板堆石坝为例,对不同土工膜缺陷及库水位变动工况的组合进行了渗流特性及稳定性的数值模拟分析,得到了浸润线,渗漏量及稳定性系数的变化曲线,计算结果表明:(1)面板一旦发生缺陷,静库水位下坝体的浸润线有一个明显的抬升,缺陷尺寸越大,浸润线高程越高,但是差异不大。库水位高程越高,静库水位下坝体内部的浸润线高程也就越高;(2)库水位水平越高,缺陷尺寸越大,坝体渗漏量也就越大;(3)库水位骤降下面板坝内部浸润线呈现先疏后密的规律,库水位下降速率越大,上游坝体浸润线疏的部分则越疏。在库水位骤降经过面板坝缺陷高程时,有一个浸润线突降的过程;(4)从整体上看,上游坝坡的稳定性系数要大于下游坝坡的稳定性系数;静库水位下,库水位水平越高,上游坝坡稳定性系数越大,而下游坝坡稳定性系数则越小,缺陷位置越高,稳定性系数越低;库水位骤降情况下上游坝坡稳定性系数随库水位下降呈现先下降后上升的趋势,下游坝坡则呈现一直上升的规律,一旦面板发生缺陷,稳定性系数较完整面板来说有一个较大幅度的下降,面板缺陷尺寸越大,稳定性系数整体上越小。