妊娠期吸烟对母婴健康的影响

吸烟严重地危害母婴健康，妊娠期吸烟对母婴健康带来很大的影响。妊娠期吸烟能增加母体病理妊娠的发平凡经，可使流产、宫外孕、胎盘早剥、胎盘前置等疾病发生的危险性增加；也会危害到婴儿的健康，使出生小于胎龄儿、低出生体重儿、发生婴儿猝死综合征的危险度增加，甚至导致儿童心理、行为障碍等无期的不良反应。而妊娠期戒烟或减少吸烟，都能不同程度地降低其所带来的危险性。     

大气污染对人体健康的影响

大气污染给人类带来诸多危害,尤其是对呼吸系统影响更为严重。我们于1987年3月对佳木斯市东部工业区进行了调查。对污染区和对照区健康儿童生长发育情况、血压和脉搏、细胞免疫功能、肺功能、眼和上呼吸道患病及异常改变,以及居民病伤死亡原因等项目进行了     

大气污染的儿童健康效应

随着国民经济快速发展，大气污染已成为一个突出的健康危害因素。常见的大气污染物包括臭氧、颗粒物（PM）、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、酸雾、多环芳烃（PAH）、元素碳等。由于儿童对大气污染物的易感性，愈来愈多的研究揭示了大气污染对儿童健康的危害作用。研究探索大气污染的生物学效应并采取积极预防措施对于保护儿童身心健康至为重要。     

西安市2010-2013年大气污染对育龄妇女妊娠结局的影响

目的 了解西安市不同大气污染程度地区不良妊娠结局的发生现况。方法 选取西安市主城区和城乡结合区作为研究地点,采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,以问卷调查方式收集2010-2013年怀孕且怀孕结局明确的育龄妇女妊娠相关信息。结果 西安市主城区SO₂年平均浓度（38～54 μg/m³）高于城乡结合区（29～43 μg/m³）,NO₂年平均浓度（29～87 μg/m³）高于城乡结合区（22～42 μg/m³）;主城区的出生缺陷发生率（2.1%）高于城乡结合区（1.0%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。运用logistic回归模型控制混杂因素后,主城区出生缺陷发生的危险性仍高于城乡结合区,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。其他不良妊娠结局的发生在主城区和城乡结合区之间的差异无统计学意义。结论 大气污染与不良妊娠结局有关。     

大气污染及对人体健康的影响

大气污染是由来已久的环境问题 ,国内外大量流行病学研究证明大气污染与许多健康效应直接或间接相关 ,可以对人体呼吸系统、心血管系统、免疫功能产生一定的危害 ,造成肺功能下降、心肺疾病门诊量的增加和死亡率的升高。本文综述了近年来国内外有关大气污染对人体健康影响的流行病学研究 ,并提出今后开展此类研究的建议     

北京市大气污染对居民健康影响的研究

1989年对北京市不同程度污染区的居民3 000名进行了采暖期、非采暖期的健康检查。收集了相应地区1980~1988年的大气监测数据,并与健康检查同步进行采暖期、非采暖期的大气质量监测,填写了7000份呼吸道疾病流行病学标准询问表。利用SIEMENS 7.750C计算机对获取的近百万数据进行了分析,证实北京市大气污染对居民健康已造成不良影响。     

健康教育干预对妊娠高血压综合征患者母婴结局的影响观察

目的探讨健康教育干预对妊娠高血压综合征患者母婴结局的影响。方法 300例妊娠高血压综合征患者随机分为两组,各150例。对照组给予常规药物治疗及护理,观察组在此基础上给予健康教育干预,比较两组的干预效果。结果干预后,观察组的妊娠高血压综合征相关知识掌握优良率显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。观察组的产妇围产期并发症发生率、新生儿围生期并发症发生率均显著低于对照组,新生儿阿氏评分显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。两组的围生儿死亡率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论健康教育干预可有效提高妊娠高血压综合征患者的相关知识掌握情况,降低产妇及新生儿并发症发生率,改善母婴结局。     

大气污染对人体健康影响敏感指标的研究进展

大气污染对人体健康影响敏感指标的研究进展张涛综述刘远福审校大气环境是人类生存最主要的环境条件之一。本世纪以来，由于忽视环境大气保护，大气污染已成为当前最热门的环境问题之一。历史上闻名的八大公害事件中有五项是由大气污染所致，如１９５２年英国伦敦的烟雾事...     

Maternal Stress and Effects of Prenatal Air Pollution on Offspring Mental Health Outcomes in Mice

Background: Low socioeconomic status is consistently associated with reduced physical and mental health, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Increased levels of urban air pollutants interacting with parental stress have been proposed to explain health disparities in respiratory disease, but the impact of such interactions on mental health is unknown.Objectives: We aimed to determine whether prenatal air pollution exposure and stress during pregnancy act synergistically on offspring to induce a neuroinflammatory response and subsequent neurocognitive disorders in adulthood.Methods: Mouse dams were intermittently exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration to diesel exhaust particles (DEP; 50 μg × 6 doses) or vehicle throughout gestation. This exposure was combined with standard housing or nest material restriction (NR; a novel model of maternal stress) during the last third of gestation.Results: Adult (postnatal day 60) offspring of dams that experienced both stressors (DEP and NR) displayed increased anxiety, but only male offspring of this group had impaired cognition. Furthermore, maternal DEP exposure increased proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β levels within the brains of adult males but not females, and maternal DEP and NR both decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 in male, but not female, brains. Similarly, only DEP/NR males showed increased expression of the innate immune recognition gene toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and its downstream effector, caspase-1.Conclusions: These results show that maternal stress during late gestation increases the susceptibility of offspring—particularly males—to the deleterious effects of prenatal air pollutant exposure, which may be due to a synergism of these factors acting on innate immune recognition genes and downstream neuroinflammatory cascades within the developing brain.Citation: Bolton JL, Huff NC, Smith SH, Mason SN, Foster WM, Auten RL, Bilbo SD. 2013. Maternal stress and effects of prenatal air pollution on offspring mental health outcomes in mice. Environ Health Perspect 121:1075–1082; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306560     

Trends in Air Pollution Health Effects

Renal lesions were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injections of cadmium chloride in amounts of 0.25 mg/kg of body weight five days a week. Exposure for 11 and 17 weeks resulted in mild alterations in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Exposure for 23 and 29 weeks gave more profound tubular changes and sometimes mild glomerular alterations. Large deposits of metal were seen, especially in the proximal segments of the tubular epithelial cells, a small part of these were iron deposits. Degenerative changes were slight and signs of tubular epithelial regeneration were evident in rabbits examined 30 weeks after a 24-week exposure period. The metal deposits were still of the same magnitude as in rabbits examined after 23 and 29 weeks. The results from histologic examinations correlate with the results from investigations of kidney function in these rabbits.     

Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Japan

The airway effects of a 4-hr exposure (via a Plexiglas hood) to 1.6 ppm nitric acid vapor were evaluated in seven normal and seven allergic sheep, i.e., animals that have a history of reacting with bronchospasm to inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum antigen. The nitric acid vapor was generated by ultrasonic nebulization of a 2% nitric acid solution. Airway effects were assessed by measuring the change in specific pulmonary flow resistance before and after a standard inhalation challenge with 2.5% carbachoi aerosol. Nitric acid exposure did not produce bronchoconstriction in either group. Pre-exposure increases in specific pulmonary flow resistance after carbachoi Inhalation were 68% (SD ± 13%) and 82% (SD ± 35%) for the normal and allergic sheep, respectively, Within 24 hr, the largest postexposure increases in specific pulmonary flow resistance for the normal and allergic sheep were 108% [SD ± 51% (P<.06)] and 175% [SD ± 87% (P<.02)], respectively. We conclude that a short-term exposure to nitric acid vapor at levels below the industrial threshold limit (2 ppm), produces airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized carbachoi in allergic sheep.     

室内空气污染与人体健康的关系

阐述了室内空气污染的定义、种类、来源及国内外相关研究现状。分析了燃烧产物、被动吸烟、总挥发性有机物(VOC)、甲醛、氡及其子体、室内微生物对人体健康的危害。探讨了白血病、致病建筑物综合征与室内空气污染的关系。指出由于我国建筑装修(饰)行业管理不到位,法律、法规不健全,建材质量在整体上落后,未能与经济的高速发展同步,且存在地方保护和有法不依、执法不严的现象,使得室内空气污染问题突出,对人体健康造成了很大的危害。提出了规范我国室内空气质量标准的建议。