非瓣膜病心房颤动患者电转复前后左心耳功能的经食管超声 …

目的 阐明左心耳功能对非瓣膜病心房颤动（ＮＶＡＦ）患者电转复成功率的预测价值,且对电转复后左心耳收缩功能恢复过程进行观察。方法 应用经食管超声心动图对６０例ＮＶＡＦ患者电转复前及转复后２４小时、３天和１周左心耳血流频谱模式、峰值血流速度（ＬＡＡ－ＰＥＶ）及左房自发显影的检测。结果（１）电转复前左心耳ＬＡＡ－ＰＥＶ≥２０ｃｍ／ｓ者,转复成功率为７５％;反之,ＬＡＡ－ＰＥＶ〈２０ｃｍ／ｓ,成功率为３０     

经食管超声心动图检测左心耳功能评估非风湿性房颤的栓塞危险性

目的 :探讨经食管超声心动图 （TEE）测定左心耳 （L AA ）功能用于评估非风湿性心房颤动 （房颤 ）患者栓塞危险性的价值。方法 :46例非风湿性房颤患者同时接受常规经胸超声心动图 （TTE）及 TEE检查。根据 TEE测定的L AA血流排空速率将患者分为低流速组 （<2 5 cm/ s,n=18）和高流速组 （≥ 2 5 cm/ s,n=2 8） ,对两组间心房血栓和左房自发性超声对比现象 （L ASEC）检出率及其它预示栓塞危险性的临床 ,TTE指标进行对比分析。结果 :低流速组心房血栓及 L ASEC检出率显著高于高流速组 （P<0 .0 1）。L AA面积扩大与其排空速率降低密切相关 （r=- 0 .5 44 ,P<0 .0 1）。继往栓塞事件、左室功能不全和左房扩大均以低流速组明显 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,而年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史在两组间未存在显著差异 （P>0 .0 5 ）。结论 :TEE测定左心耳功能有助于区分非风湿性房颤患者中的栓塞高危人群。     

经食管超声心动图联合增强在诊断老年非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓形成中的价值

目的 研究经食管超声心动图(TEE)联合增强检出老年非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者左心耳血栓形成中的价值.方法 选取2017年12月～2020年10月内蒙古医科大学附属医院行经TEE检查的老年非瓣膜性房颤患者145例,根据TEE联合增强检查结果分为血栓形成组52例和非血栓组93例.先后行经胸超声心动图(TTE)及TEE检...     

经食管三维超声心动图临床应用的新进展

经食管三维超声心动图（three-dimensional transesophageal echocar diography,3D—TEE）于上世纪90年代初期问世并应用于实验室及临床检查。由于探头位置的改变,它能由后向前,近距离扫查心脏深部结构,有效排除肺气干扰、肥胖、胸廓畸形和肋间隙狭窄的影响,明显改善超声图像的清晰度及分辨率。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图应用的对比分析

目的 :为获取高质量的心脏及大血管超声心动图像。方法 :对比分析北京协和医院 5年来 363例在经胸超声心动图 ( TTE)检查的基础上行经食管超声心动图 ( TEE)的检查结果。结果 :363例检查指征分为心腔内血栓、主动脉夹层、感染性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜病变及主动脉粥样硬化等。 TTE仅有 2 2 .3%的病例获得诊断 ,而有 TEE76%的病例可获得明确诊断 ,增加信息量5 3.7%。结论 :TEE检查结果对改进或决定临床处理对策产生了不同程度的影响。     

多平面经食管超声心动图在鉴别左心耳内血栓与梳状肌的作用

目的;了解多平面经食管超声心动图（TEE）在鉴别左心耳内血栓与梳状肌的作用。方法：采用多平面TEE观察54例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者左心耳结构。结果：54例患者中,30例在0～90°扫描切面左心耳尖部或侧壁出现直径0．30～0．78cm大小回声,类似血栓形成,但当扫描切面转至110～135°时,左心耳底部可见2～4个平行排列、清晰的点状或条索状回声,为梳状肌,其中12例为手术证实;24例在0～90°C以及110～135°时左心耳和（或）左心房体部可见直径1．0～3．4cm大小边缘清楚、致密的回声光团,为血栓形成,其中18例为手术证实。结论：多平面TEE能清晰观察左心耳内发达的梳状肌,并能与血栓作出可靠的鉴别诊断。     

心房颤动复律前后左房结构和功能变化的超声心动图研究

目的应用超声心动图观察心房颤动(简称房颤)患者复律前后左房结构和功能的变化。方法选择房颤患者20例,按心脏复律的方式分为直流电复律组7例,药物复律组13例,分别于复律前、复律后第1天、第3天、第7天、第1个月时应用超声心动图测定左房内径和容积,记录二尖瓣血流频谱A峰流速(VA)、A峰速度时间积分(A-VTI)、心房充盈分数(AFF)和左房射血力(LAEF)。分析左房内径、容积变化与左房收缩功能的关系。应用心房肌超声组织定征技术在左房后壁心肌和心包处测量背向散射积分值(IBS)及背向散射积分周期变异幅度(CVIB)评价心肌组织的声学特征。结果房颤时所有患者均存在左房扩大,而恢复窦性心律后直流电复律组和药物复律组的左房上下径均显著降低(P<0.05或0.01)。恢复窦性心律后第1天、第3天直流电复律与药物复律组比较,左房最大和最小容积显著增大(P<0.05或0.01),VA、A-VTI、AFF和LAEF明显降低。房颤时左房心肌标化IBS较健康对照组增大,而CVIB则降低(P均<0.01),直流电复律组恢复窦性心律后第1天、第3天左房心肌标化IBS及CVIB与房颤时比较无差异(P>0.05),而药物复律组左房IBS%与房颤时和直流电复律组比较显著降低,CVIB则显著增大。恢复窦性心律后第7天、第1个月时,两组左房IBS%与房颤时比较均显著降低,CVIB显著增大(P均<0.01),两组无差异。结论两种复律方式成功复律后随时间推移均可改善房颤患者的左房结构重构和功能。     

经食管超声心动图检测心房颤动患者左心耳血栓形成的价值研究

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）检测心房颤动（AF）患者左心耳（LAA）血栓形成的价值。方法 选取2019年7月至2022年6月在义乌市中心医院行TEE检查的120例AF患者为研究对象,根据TEE检查结果显示有血栓（血栓组）48例,无血栓（无血栓组）72例。比较两组患者LAA各项参数[LAA开口内径（LAA-D）、LAA长度（LAA-L）、LAA排空速度（LAA-EV）、LAA充盈速度（LAA-FV）]和LAA形态及分叶情况。结果 与无血栓组比较,血栓组患者LAA-D明显增加,LAA-EV、LAA-FV均明显减小,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;两组患者LAA-L、LAA形态及分叶情况比较比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。LAA-D、LAA-EV、LAA-FV预测LAA血栓形成的AUC分别为0.638、0.744、0.652,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;其截断值、灵敏度、特异度分别为18.82 mm、0.917、0.781,45.66 cm/s、0.708、0.613以及26.08 cm/s、0.825、0.715。结论 TEE检测可以评...     

经食管心脏超声心动描记引导心房颤动病人电复律

传统观点认为心房颤动持续两天以上进行电复律需用华法令抗凝治疗 3周方可进行 ,以预防栓塞并发症的发生。但出血性事件发生率明显增加 ,经食管心脏超声心动描记可精确发现心房血栓 ,若无血栓 ,经用华法令短期抗凝后行电复律是安全可行的。对此方法尚有争议。作者报道多中心随机试验 ,比较两种抗凝方法后行心房颤动电复律的疗效及并发症。方法　心房颤动 2天以上病人 1 2 2 2例 ,随机分为两组 :①组为传统治疗组 :首先给予华法令抗凝 3周。然后行电复律 ,复律后继续用华法令治疗 4周。②组为经食管心脏超声心动描记指导治疗组 ,先用华法令或…     

经食管超声心动图指导左心耳封堵术

经皮左心耳封堵术是一种正逐步发展的用于预防非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓事件的治疗方法。二维及三维 经食管超声心动图是左心耳围手术期应用的主要影像学手段,评估左心耳解剖特点以便选择合适类型及大小的封 堵器,术中指导封堵设备植入。另外,还用于术后随访评价封堵效果。     

Strain and strain rate imaging in evaluating left atrial appendage function by transesophageal echocardiography

BACKGROUND: This study was planned to assess whether strain rate (Sr) and strain (S) echocardiography is a useful method for functional assessment of the left atrial appendage (LAA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-seven consecutive patients underwent a clinically indicated study. LAA late empty velocity (LAAEV) was calculated as a gold standard for left atrial appendage function. Real-time 2-dimensional color Doppler myocardial imaging data were recorded from the LAA at a high frame rate. Analysis was performed for LAA longitudinal strain rate and strain from midsegment of lateral wall of LAA. LAA strain determines regional lengthening expressed as a positive value or shortening expressed as a negative value. Peak systolic values were calculated from the extracted curve. RESULTS: Spearman correlation test results showed a statistically significant positive correlation was between the S, Sr variables and LAAEV (LAAEV vs S; r = 0.886, P < 0.001; LAAEV vs Sr: r = 0.897, P < 0.001, respectively). Strain and strain rate values were also significantly lower in patients with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast when compared with those without (strain; 2.42 +/- 0.98 vs 13.1 +/- 5.9, P < 0.001 and strain rate: 0.97 +/- 0.54 vs 3.34 +/- 1.15, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, LAA strain and strain rate values were significantly lower in the patients with LAA thrombus (strain; 2.15 +/- 0.96 vs 8.35 +/- 6.9, P < 0.001, strain rate; 0.79 +/- 0.46 vs 2.30 +/- 1.48, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: S and Sr imaging can be considered a robust technique for the assessment of the LAA systolic deformation.     

Left atrial thrombi in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation: assessment of prevalence by transesophageal echocardiography

To determine the prevalence of left atrial thrombus in hospitalized patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation, 48 patients were consecutively studied with single-plane transesophageal echocardiography. There were 23 males (48%) and 25 females (52%). The mean age was 66±11 years (range 43–87). Thrombus was detected in 13 patients (27%) 11 were confined to the left atrial appendage, 1 to the atrial body and appendage, and 1 to the left upper pulmonary vein. Prevalence of atrial thrombus was not different among those patients with or without previous stroke [4/16 (25%) vs 9/32 (28%), p=NS] or between patients > 65 years and patients 65 years old (p=NS). Atrial thrombus was detected more frequently in patients with reduced left ventricular global systolic function than in those with normal function [7/14 (50%) vs 6/34 (17%), p<0.05]. In patients with spontaneous contrast echoes in the left atrium, thrombi were visualized more often than in those without spontaneous echoes [10/24 (41%) vs 3/24 (12%), p<0.05]. The finding of the atrial spontaneous contrast echoes was more frequent among patients with reduced left ventricular global systolic function [11/14 (78%) vs 13/34 (37%), p<0.02].We conclude that in hospitalized patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation the prevalence of left atrial thrombus is high. Reduced left ventricular global systolic function identifies a subset of patients at high risk for formation of thrombus in the left atrium.     

Assessment of left atrial appendage function by transesophageal echocardiography in patients two weeks after acute coronary syndromes

Background For many years in ischemic heart disease, ventricles rather than atria received attention so not much is known about left atrial function in left ventricular ischemia. Objective Our study aimed to evaluate left atrial appendage (LAA) function by means of biplane transesophageal echocardiography in patients ten days after acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods The study was performed on 16 adult patients (65.9±9.9 years old) in whom transesophageal echocardiography was done 10 days after ACS. The following left atrial appendage (LAA) planimetric parameters were analyzed: LAA transversal dimension, LAA longitudinal dimension,LAA maximal area, and LAA minimal area. LAA ejection fraction was calculated and analyzed. The following LAA Doppler parameters were analyzed: the peak LAA emptying and the peak LAA filling velocities. The control group consisted of 14 patients (43±14.6 years old) without cardiovascular diseases. Results Both LAA longitudinal dimension and LAA transversal dimension were significantly higher in patients with ACS than in control patients. The same was observed for LAA maximal area. Also LAA ejection fraction was higher in patients with ACS . LAA minimal area did not differ in the patients in either group. LAA peak emptying flow (LAAE) and LAA peak filling flow (LAAF) were significantly higher in patients of the study group than of the control group. Conclusion Our study shows that two weeks after acute coronary syndrome LAA as a reservoir as well as a pump works at a higher level than it does in the control group. (J Geriatr Cardiol 2005; 2(4):198-201)     

Assessment of left atrial appendage by live three-dimensional echocardiography: early experience and comparison with transesophageal echocardiography

BACKGROUND: Live Three-Dimensional Echocardiography (L3D, Sonos 7500, Philips) has the potential to visualize all cardiac structures including left atrial appendage (LAA). We tested the feasibility of evaluating LAA by L3D and compared the findings to transthoracic echocardiography (2D) and in a subset of patients with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS: L3D images were obtained in 204 consecutive patients referred for routine 2D or TEE. We performed wide-angled acquisitions from parasternal and apical views. TomTec system (4D Cardio-view, RT 1.2) was used to visualize LAA from multiple vantage points. RESULTS: LAA was adequately visualized by L3D in 139 of 204 (68.1%) patients. L3D visualization was dependent on image quality, suboptimal in 100 and diagnostic in 104 patients. Overall, LAA was visualized in 93 (45.5%) patients by 2D compared to 139 (68.1%) by L3D (P < 0.0001). In 100 patients with suboptimal image quality by L3D, LAA visualization was 16% by 2D and 35% by L3D, whereas in 104 patients with diagnostic images, LAA was visualized in 77 (74%) by 2D and in all 104 (100%) patients by L3D (P < 0.0001). In 37 patients referred for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), live three-dimensional echocardiography (L3D) visualized left atrial appendage (LAA) in 34 patients with diagnostic image quality. Eight patients with LAA thrombi on TEE had thrombi detected by L3D as well. All patients with LAA thrombus had enlarged LA by both 2D and TEE. CONCLUSIONS: L3D is a promising technique in evaluation of LAA with and without thrombi. In patients with good quality transthoracic images L3D may be used as a screening tool in assessment of LAA.     

Intracardiac versus transesophageal echocardiography for left atrial appendage occlusion with watchman

Background: Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is mostly performed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guidance. Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) may be an alternative imaging modality for LAAO that precludes the need for general anesthesia or sedation. Methods and Results: All consecutive single center, single operator LAAO candidates were analyzed. Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes were compared between patients in whom a Watchman was implanted with ICE vs. TEE guidance. In 76 consecutive patients the Watchman device was deployed under ICE in 32 patients (42%) and under TEE guidance in 44 patients (58%). Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups, except that patients in the TEE group were older (81 [75–85] years vs. 75 [68–80] years, P = 0.007). Total injected contrast media as well as fluoroscopy time were comparable between groups (90 ml [54–140] vs. 85 ml [80–110], P = 0.86 and 7.9 min [6.4–15.5] vs. 9.8 min [7.0–13.2], P = 0.51, for TEE vs. ICE, respectively). However, time from femoral venous puncture to transseptal puncture and to closure was longer in the ICE group (14 min [7.3–20] vs. 6 min [3.3–11], P = 0.007 and 48 min [40–60] vs. 34.5 min [27–44], P = 0.003, respectively). In the TEE group one patient suffered esophageal erosion with bleeding, which was managed conservatively and one non‐LAAO related in‐hospital mortality occurred in an 88‐year‐old patient. Device implantation success rate was 100% in both groups. No device embolization, no significant peri‐device leak, no tamponade, no stroke, and no access site bleeding occurred in any patient. Total hospital stay for stand‐alone LAAO was comparable between groups (2 days [2–2] vs. 2 days [2–3.3], P = 0.17, in ICE vs. TEE, respectively). Conclusions: ICE guidance for LAAO with the Watchman device is feasible and comparable to TEE and may become the preferred imaging modality for LAAO. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Implantation of left atrial appendage occlusion devices and complex appendage anatomy: the importance of transesophageal echocardiography

Percutaneous delivery of left atrial appendage (LAA) occluding devices represents a novel approach for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has a pivotal role throughout these procedures, facilitating device size selection and ensuring optimal deployment of the device. We report a case of an LAA occluding device implantation in which apparent proper positioning on fluoroscopy was determined by TEE to be malpositioning with a nonocclusive, perpendicular orientation to the plane of the LAA ostium. This problem appeared to be related to a complex, multilobed LAA anatomy and was readily resolved by repositioning of the device under TEE guidance.     

Comparison between transesophageal echocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography with harmonic tissue imaging for left atrial appendage assessment

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the method of choice for evaluating both anatomy and function of left atrial appendage (LAA). In contrast, conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) does not result in images of sufficient quality to explore LAA. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of TTE with harmonic frequency imaging (HFI) for assessing LAA normal anatomy and function. METHODS: The study group comprised 25 patients, (9 men, 16 women, mean age 51 years, range 20-82). The TTE as sessment of LAA both in fundamental frequency imaging (FFI) and HFI was performed using the apical two-chamber view, the longitudinal two-chamber view was used for TEE assessment of LAA. According to image quality, images were categorized into three classes: A: good quality, B: sufficient quality, C: poor quality. RESULTS: Transthoracic echocardiography conventional imaging allowed sufficient LAA visualization (class B) in only 5 of 25 patients (20%); the HFI resulted in adequate LAA visualization in 23 of 25 patients (92%). Images were of good quality (class A) in 18 of 23 patients and of sufficient quality (class B) in 5 of 23 patients. Transesophageal echocardiography achieved good quality images in 24 of 25 patients (96%). Average LAA maximum area determined by HFI and TEE was 3.46 +/-1.17 and 3.59 +/- 1.16 cm2, respectively; LAA minimum area was 1.81 +/- 0.98 and 1.77 +/- 0.97 cm2, respectively. Percent LAA area change was 51 +/- 16.5 and 50.9 +/- 16% with HFI and TEE, respectively. Statistical analysis showed no difference between the data obtained with the two methods. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that HFI TNE may be a useful tool for the exploration of LAA.     

Left atrial appendage septae not visualized with transesophageal echocardiography.

Left atrial appendage (LAA) filter implantation was attempted in an 89 year old male. The LAA size was estimated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Complete LAA obliteration was not achieved. LAA angiography suggested that the LAA was multilobed, likely separated by a thin septae not seen with TEE. MRI or CT may be more appropriate imaging modalities to define LAA anatomy.