塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地及周边地区PM10时空变化特征及影响因素分析

利用Thermo RP 1400a对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中及周边的哈密与和田进行了长达6 a多的沙尘气溶胶PM10连续观测,结合气象资料,分析了该区域沙尘气溶胶PM10的基本特征及影响因素。其结果是:①在哈密、塔中与和田,浮尘、扬沙日数呈上升趋势,沙尘暴日数变化不明显,沙尘天气出现的频率和强度是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶PM10浓度的主要因素。②PM10质量浓度具有明显的区域分布特征,塔克拉玛干沙漠东缘的哈密最低,其次为沙漠南缘的和田,最高的为沙漠腹地的塔中。③每年3—9月是哈密PM10质量浓度的高值时段;塔中与和田PM10质量浓度高值时段分布在3—8月,平均浓度分别在500~1 000 μg·m-3之间变化。④哈密、塔中与和田PM10季节平均浓度变化特征,春季>夏季>秋季>冬季;PM10平均浓度最高的塔中,春季在1 000 μg·m-3左右变化,夏季在400~900 μg·m-3之间,秋冬两季浓度较低基本上在200~400 μg·m-3之间变化。⑤哈密、塔中与和田沙尘暴季节PM10浓度远高于非沙尘暴季节,沙尘暴季节浓度基本上为非沙尘暴季节浓度的两倍以上;塔中2004年和2008年沙尘暴季节平均浓度分别是非沙尘暴季节的6.2倍和3.6倍。⑥沙尘天气过程中PM10质量浓度变化具有以下规律,晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。⑦风速大小直接影响大气中PM10浓度,风速越大浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中PM10浓度的变化。     

额济纳旗典型地表沙尘释放潜力及沙尘天气频发成因

额济纳旗位于极端干旱的内陆河下游,绿洲退化严重,沙尘天气频发,已成为内蒙古西部主要沙尘源区。为揭示该区域沙尘频繁成因,对区域4种典型地表(富沙砾戈壁、富沙戈壁、绿洲退化地、绿洲)沉积物组分、风蚀强度、沙尘释放强度、多年平均月沙尘日数及大风日数等进行了综合分析。结果表明:以风沙活动为主要特征的绿洲退化地,粉沙黏土组分含量高,PM10沙尘释放强度大(0.2796 kg·d^-1·m^-2),为研究区强沙尘释放地表;富沙及富沙砾戈壁地表,风蚀强度大,但粉沙黏土组分含量低,PM10沙尘释放强度较大(0.1267kg·d^-1·m^-2,0.0672 kg·d^-1·m^-2);尽管绿洲地表粉沙黏土组分含量高,但由于植被、水分等因素的制约,其PM10沙尘释放强度最小(0.0240 kg·d^-1·m^-2)。额济纳旗绿洲被大面积强沙尘释放源(绿洲退化地和戈壁)包围,局地沙尘内循环过程中粉尘颗粒的富积,为当地高频沙尘天气提供了丰富的尘源,这是额济纳旗沙尘天气频发的主要原因。     

新疆春夏季大气降尘分析

  在新疆沙尘暴主要发生区布设了22个大气降尘观测点,对2007年春夏季大气降尘总量进行监测。分析表明:南疆大气降尘总量远高于北疆,塔里木盆地的高值中心位于盆地偏南部;将大气降尘与气象要素进行相关分析,表明大气降尘与降水量呈负相关关系,大气降尘与沙尘天气发生日数存在正相关关系。     

塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征及影响因素分析

利用哈密、塔中与和田沙尘暴观测站2005—2008年大气降尘观测资料,结合铁干里克、民丰等18个大气降尘监测点2007年4月以来的大气降尘、沙尘天气等观测资料,分析了塔里木盆地大气降尘变化特征,同时分析了影响大气降尘浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①2005—2008年3站中哈密大气降尘量最少,其次为和田,塔中的大气降尘量最多; 2006年是4 a中降尘量最多年份,其次为2005年,2008年相对较少。②春夏季是大气降尘集中季节,秋季略大于冬季。塔里木盆地中部最高,南部及西南部的站点降尘明显高于盆地的东部和西部。③在沙尘暴季节,无论是5月还是6月,2007年大气降尘量基本上都高于2008年。④2007年5月和6月,除盆地东面的哈密、铁干里克以及西缘的阿拉尔3站外,其他18个站沙尘天气较多。沙尘天气是塔里木盆地大气降尘量高的主要因素,沙尘天气越多,大气降尘量越高。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程大气颗粒物浓度及影响因素分析

利用Grimm1.108、Thermo RP 1400a、TSP以及CAWS-600等仪器,对2008年4月17日至23日发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的1次强沙尘暴过程的颗粒物质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料分析得出:①Grimm1.108颗粒物分析仪监测结果表明,日平均浓度出现两个峰值区,主峰值出现在20日,次峰值出现在18日,而小时平均浓度高值区主要集中4月19日至20日,21日中午存在1个峰值区,其他时段浓度相对较低。②强沙尘暴发生时的分钟观测数据表明,随着风速的逐渐增强,沙尘暴强度逐渐增强,不同粒径颗粒物浓度达到最大值,>0.23 μm颗粒物总浓度为39 496.5 μg·m-3,>20.0 μm颗粒物总浓度为5 390.7 μg·m-3,随后浓度逐渐下降。③PM10和TSP的浓度变化同样反映沙尘天气的过程和强度,沙尘暴前期大气中颗粒物浓度远低于强沙尘暴期间,随沙尘天气减弱,颗粒物浓度明显下降。④沙尘天气过程中大气颗粒物浓度变化具有以下规律：晴天<浮尘天气<浮尘、扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气。风速大小直接影响大气中颗粒物浓度,风速越大颗粒物浓度越高。气温、相对湿度和气压是影响沙尘暴强度的重要因素,也间接影响大气中颗粒物浓度的变化。     

沙尘天气等对西安市空气污染影响的研究

通过对西安市1981—2000年TSP、SO2和NOx年平均浓度资料,1998—2000年周报和日报环境监测资料以及相应的地面、高空常规气象观测资料的统计分析,研究了该市空气污染的时间变化特点以及沙尘天气等几种气象条件对其浓度变化的影响。结果表明:(1)颗粒污染物(TSP和PM10)是西安市的首要污染物,其次是SO2。1981—2000年期间,TSP年平均浓度降低了75%,SO2年平均浓度降低了77%,NOx年平均浓度总体上变化不大;这三种污染物月平均浓度的年变化都呈单周期型,冬季1月份最高,夏季最低(TSP是7月份最低,SO2和NOx是8月份最低)。(2)2001年春季3～4月份沙尘天气的频繁发生,使西安市空气污染日出现全年的第二个多发期(23d·月-1),这有别于正常年份仅在冬季1月份出现一个浓度峰值的特点;强沙尘暴天气过程会使西安市PM10浓度在非常短的时间内提高3倍左右,造成严重的颗粒物污染。(3)西安市冬半年出现轻度污染以上级别的几率明显大于夏半年。影响西安市的地面天气系统可归纳为12类,当受不同天气系统控制时,其污染状况会有较大差异。(4)西安市一年四季都有逆温存在,100m平均逆温强度为0.90℃;全年以低层逆温出现日数最多,但冬季贴地逆温出现日数最多,厚度最厚,强度最大,是造成西安市冬季空气污染严重的最重要气象因素之一。(5)西安     

京津风沙源区沙尘天气与风力、降水的时空相关性

京津风沙源区12个气象站点2000—2007年间沙尘天气及相关气象资料分析表明,该区沙尘天气时空变化很大程度取决于大风和降水的时空配合关系,其中大风和降水综合作用与沙尘天气的空间相关性（R2=0.960）、月际变化相关性（R2=0.995）尤为显著,年际变化相关性则由于京津风沙源治理工程对区内植被盖度的持续改善作用而受到影响,但相关系数仍较高（R2=0.864）。大风日数、降水量与沙尘天气日数之间显著的时空相关性表明,利用多因素统计方法获得的时空相关关系式对预测区内沙尘天气日数具有参考意义。     

沙尘事件对兰州河谷大气环境PM10的影响

利用1999—2001年兰州河谷大气中空气污染物的监测数据,结合河西地区沙尘事件频次,分析了兰州河谷大气环境PM10含量的季节变化特征及其成因。结果表明,源于河西地区的沙尘暴对兰州市空气中PM10含量有重要影响,PM10浓度在冬春季较高,在夏季较低。1985—2001年16 a来河西走廊中东部沙尘事件年均约为37.6 d,兰州河谷年均沙尘事件约为24.4 d,两者表现出显著的相关性（R=0.67,P=0.003）。2001年兰州河谷1 h平均沙尘PM10浓度统计分析显示:PM10含量大于1.0 mg·m-3 的峰值,主要由河西地区沙尘暴过程引起,而PM10含量0.5~1.0 mg·m-3之间的峰值,主要由工业污染物SO2、NOx及颗粒物的排放引起。要长期有效地改善兰州市大气环境质量,不仅要科学地制定本地污染物的减排措施,还要考虑周围地区生态环境的建设。     

近几年沙尘天气对中国北方环保重点城市可吸入颗粒物污染的影响

 利用2000—2008年中国北方17个环保重点城市API指数资料和同期气象资料,评估沙尘天气对中国北方城市大气环境的整体影响,对比分析不同城市空气质量受春季沙尘影响的程度,并以一次强沙尘暴过程为例,探讨其影响中国北方城市空气质量的范围、程度和过程。结果表明,2000—2008年北方环保重点城市大气的首要污染物是可吸入颗粒物,污染状况严重。春季颗粒物高污染状况主要与沙尘天气有关。不同城市受沙尘影响的程度也不同,影响程度自西向东降低,其中对银川、兰州和西宁影响最大。沙尘天气容易造成严重颗粒物污染事件,颗粒物浓度变化可以清楚地反映沙尘的输送、移动及强度变化。即使在并未出现沙尘天气的地区,在上游沙尘输送作用下,颗粒物浓度也会受较大影响。     

近51a山西大风与沙尘日数的时空分布及变化趋势

利用地面气象观测数据,以瞬时风速≥17.0m.s-1或风力≥8级的大风日数和沙尘天气发生日数为指标,分析了山西大风、沙尘天气的时空分布特征,沙尘天气的变化特点及趋势,并从现代气候变化、大气环流特征及大风日数变化等方面,初步探讨了沙尘天气日数变化的气候原因。分析结果表明,山西的沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数具有同位相、一峰一谷的逐月变化特征,峰值均出现在4月,谷值均出现在8—9月。浮尘日数具有两峰两谷的逐月变化特征,主峰与主谷与大风出现的时间一致,次峰和次谷则分别出现在每年的12月和2月。大风日数的峰值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数峰值的8.39倍和2.31倍;大风日数的谷值分别是沙尘暴、扬沙日数谷值的83.3倍和18.98倍。沙尘暴、扬沙与大风日数均有北部多于南部的空间分布特征,浮尘则与大风相反具有南部多于北部的空间分布特征。山西的沙尘暴、扬沙总日数在20世纪90年代初期以后比50年代到70年代初期分别减少了84.9%和77.1%。多沙尘日数年大气环流的经向度较强,乌拉尔山高压脊偏强,东亚大槽位置偏西且加深,少沙尘日数年则相反。比较发现,沙尘暴、扬沙和大风日数的变化趋势有很好的一致性,线性相关系数分别达到0.80和0.82。这表明,山西沙尘暴和扬沙的变化趋势主要是随大风的变化而变化,高纬冷空气向南爆发的频数减少、势力偏弱、路径偏北导致山西风力条件的减弱是近51a沙尘暴、扬沙发生频数下降的主要原因。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

THE MOST PERFECT EXAMPLE OF AN ALIEN ECOLOGY EVER CONSTRUCTED

Much science-fiction literature is based upon the creation and exploration of alternative environments. Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story, “Parasite Planet,”introduces an unusual environment that may be wrong in the light of recent evidence on Venus but still stimulates the geographical imagination.     

Metals and models: Diagenic modelling in freshwater lacustrine sediments

This review aims to distill and synthesize the existing information on the use of models to describe and predict the distribution and movement of metals in lacustrine sediments. As such it examines the causes of metal diagenesis, the origin and form of the equations that govern these phenomena, and the predictability or measurability of the parameters that appear in the models. The paper concludes by highlighting some seminal results from modelling studies, including the determination of the factors controlling the formation of surficial Mn-Fe-enriched zone or layers, the substantial contribution possible from metal reduction to organic matter regeneration, the calculation of mixing-corrected metal input histories to lakes, and the prediction of growth rates and morphologies for both deep-sea and lacustrine ferromanganese nodules.     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States 1820–1920. Bernard Aspinwall. Studies in Russian Historical Geography. James H. Bater and R. A. French, eds. Water and Sanitation: Economic and Sociological Perspectives. Peter G. Bourne, ed. Green Politics. Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak. The Southern Cone: Realities of the Authoritarian State. César N. Caviedes. Women in Third World Development. Sue Ellen Charlton. Land Management: New Directions. David Chiddick and Alan Millington, eds. Geography and Ethnic Pluralism. Colin Clarke, David Ley, Ceri Peach, eds. Geomorphological Hazards in Los Angeles. R. U. Cooke. Regional Impacts of United States-Mexico Economic Relations. Alfonso Corona and Lay James Gibson. eds. Patterns of Jobs and Geographic Mobility. Torvald Gerger. Cities and Sickness: Health Care in Urban America. Ann Lennarson Greer and Scott Greer, eds. Neighborhoods: Their Place in Urban Life. Howard W. Hallman. Development and the Rural-Urban Divide. John Harriss and Mick Moore, eds. Patterns of Undocumented Migration: Mexico and the United States. Richard C. Jones, ed. Central Place Theory. Leslie J. King. The Geography of Western Europe: A Socio-economic Survey. Paul L. Knox. Regions and Resources: Strategies for Development. David T. Krisge, Daniel A. Seiver, Oliver S. Goldsmith and Michael J. Scott. Geography of Crowding and Human Response. A Study of Ahmedabad City. K. M. Kulkarni. Haciendo Pueblo. The Development of a Guadalajaran Suburb. Kathleen Logan. The Imperial Lion: Human Dimensions of Wildlife Management in Central Africa. Stewart A. Marks. Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550–1850. Michael C. Meyer. Imlil: A Moroccan Mountain Community in Change. James A. Miller. Tourism in Canada: Selected Issues and Options. Peter E. Murphy, ed. David Harvey's Geography. John L. Paterson. Raster Scanning, Processing and Plotting of Cartographic Documents. Donna J. Peuquet and A. Raymond Boyle. The USSR and the Muslim World: Issues in Domestic and Foreign Policy. Yaacov Ro'i, ed. Environmental Perception and Behavior: An Inventory and Prospect. Thomas F. Saarinen, David Seamon, and James L. Sell. Incised channels, Morphology, Dynamics, and Control. Stanley A. Schumm, Michael D. Harvey, and Chester C. Watson. The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development. Mitchell A. Seligson, ed. Twentieth-Century Richmond. Planning, Politics and Race. Christopher Silver. Land Conservation and Development: Examples of Land-Use Planning Projects and Programs. F. R. Steiner and H. N. van Lier, eds. Biogeography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. J. A. Taylor, ed. Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union. A. A. Velichko, ed. H. E. Wright, Jr. and C. W. Barnosky, eds.