电沉积制备Pt-Ru合金电极

采用电沉积法制备Pt-Ru合金电极.研究了电解液中Pt和Ru的浓度对电极表面组成形貌和电催化活性的影响.实验表明,优化电解液中Ru的浓度,可使电极表面形成分布均匀的纳米级Pt-Ru合金,并表现出良好的电催化性能.采用环境扫描电子显微镜表征电极的表面形貌;采用能谱仪测定Pt-Ru电极的表面组成;采用循环伏安法测量Pt-Ru电极的电化学性能.     

电纺法制备Pd基修饰ITO电极及其电化学传感NO2-

应用静电纺丝法制备纳米纤维修饰电极,之后分别在空气和N2环境下煅烧制备Pd纳米粒子微阵列修饰的ITO电极,应用SEM对电极表面形貌进行了表征。应用循环伏安法对修饰电极的电化学行为进行研究,并与直径是25μm的Pt微电极进行了比对,结果证明,它们都具有微米电极的电化学行为,但修饰电极的信号值远高于单根Pt微电极,具有较高的信噪比和极低的检出限。     

ITO electrode modified by Pd-based electrospun nanoflbers for electrochemical sensing NO-2

应用静电纺丝法制备纳米纤维修饰电极,之后分别在空气和N2环境下煅烧制备Pd纳米粒子微阵列修饰的ITO电极.应用SEM对电极表面形貌进行了表征.应用循环伏安法对修饰电极的电化学行为进行研究,并与直径是25μm的Pt微电极进行了比对,结果证明,它们都具有微米电极的电化学行为,但修饰电极的信号值远高于单根Pt微电极,具有较高的信噪比和极低的检出限.     

染料敏化太阳能电池低铂对电极的制备和性能

采用热分解法制备Pt/ITO电极用于染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC）。研究了热分解法相关工艺参数,包括烧结条件、不同的黏合剂以及黏合剂用量等。采用扫描电镜（SEM）分析了所制备的Pt/ITO对电极的表面形貌,通过循环伏安法（CV）对其电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,采用适量羧甲基纤维素钠作为黏合剂,经5次烧结铂载量达到0235 mg/cm2时,Pt/ITO电极即对I^-/I^-₃（I₂）电对的氧化还原过程表现出良好的电催化活性。单体DSSC测试研究表明,所制备的低铂对电极的光电转换效率已接近铂片对电极的水平。     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pt-Fe合金催化剂的合成及性能研究

采用四步电沉积法(FSD)制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用的Pt-Fe/PCE合金催化电极。利用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征。采用循环伏安(CV)和线性扫描伏安法(LSV)对其电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明,采用四步电沉积法制得的质子交换膜燃料电池Pt-Fe合金催化剂的颗粒粒径细小、分散性好,大大降低了催化剂的生产成本;在Pt层上镀Fe后,形成Pt-Fe合金,其催化活性也大大提高。     

石墨毡原位生长TiN纳米棒及其作为钒电池电极的电化学性能研究

利用水热合成和高温退火方法,将氮化钛纳米棒原位生长在石墨毡表面,成功构建了兼具高催化活性和高导电性的碳纤维复合电极材料。用扫描电子显微镜对复合电极的表面形貌和结构进行了表征。利用接触角测试仪对电极表面的浸润性进行了考察。采用三电极体系并通过小幅电位阶跃法和循环伏安法对电极的电化学表面积和电化学性能进行了分析。最后,通过充放电测试对相应电池性能进行了考察。结果表明,以该复合材料为电极的电池在电流密度为200 mA/cm~2下,能量效率达到了80.23%,比常规电池提升了约7.2%,且电池表现出更优的倍率性能和能量密度。     

氧化锆氧传感器铂电极的制备与表征

采用陶瓷注射成型技术制备了氧化锆(ZrO2)固体电解质基体,在烧成的ZrO2基体上涂制铂(Pt)电极浆料,将电极在不同温度下烧结.用扫描电镜表征所制备的Pt电极和进行时效实验电极表面的微观形貌,结果表明:电极烧结温度和时效时间对电极微观形貌影响很大.用电化学阻抗谱研究了Pt电极的电化学性能,结果显示:所制备的Pt电极显示出优良的电化学催化性能.     

硅溶胶/热空气复合活化对钒电池电极材料性能的影响

利用硅溶胶/热空气复合活化法改性石墨毡,并对其表面形貌、微观结构以及电化学性能进行了分析研究。结果表明:硅溶胶/热空气复合活化使石墨毡电极的亲液性增强、比表面积增大、氧官能团数量提升,由此组装的钒电池电化学性能显著提高;活化后石墨毡表面的C—O氧官能团是钒电池氧化还原反应的有效活性位点,当硅溶胶添加量为50%(质量分数)时,石墨毡表面的C—O氧官能团数量达到4.18%;当电流密度为40 m A/cm~2时,以硅溶胶添加量50%的石墨毡为电极组装钒电池,其库仑效率达到95.58%,能量效率达到86.07%,电压效率达到92.35%,比未活化石墨毡为电极组装的钒电池分别高出10.93%、9.16%、3.22%。     

PEMFC用Pt纳米线阴极催化剂的制备及在电堆中的应用

采用无模板法制备了用于质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的碳载铂纳米线（Pt NWs/C）阴极催化剂,使用透射电镜（TEM）和X射线衍射图谱技术（XRD）对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征。研究结果表明,制备的铂催化剂具有纳米线的结构,平均截面直径为（4.0±0.2）nm,线长为15～25 nm。利用循环伏安（CV）法和线性伏安扫描法（LSV）表征催化剂的电化学活性和氧还原反应（ORR）特性,结果表明制备的Pt NWs/C催化剂电化学特性良好。利用Pt NWs/C和Pt/C作为阴极催化剂制备膜电极（MEA）,并进行测试,最大功率密度分别为705.6 mW·cm^-2和674.4 mW·cm^-2。然后以Pt NWs/C和Pt/C为阴极催化剂组装了18片和20片的电堆,并进行性能测试,电堆的最大功率密度分别为409.2 mW·cm^-2和702.7 mW·cm^-2,单电池电压差异系数（C_v）分别为16.1%和4.36%,这表明Pt NWs/C作为阴极催化剂在放大后的膜电极组件（MEA）里表现出较好的催化活性,但与商业催化剂相比其性能与均一性还有待提高。该研究可为Pt NWs/C催化剂放大制备提供依据,同时可为后续的基于Pt NWs/C的电堆的耐久性测试和车载应用奠定基础。     

锂离子电池Si薄膜负极材料的制备及性能

采用直流磁控溅射法成功制备了钾离子电池用Si薄膜负极材料.通过SEM、恒电流充放电对薄膜材料的形貌及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,样品表面颗粒呈球状,表面较粗糙.电化学性能测试表明,Si电极存在较大的初期不可逆容量损失,其首次库仑效率为53%,首次嵌钾容量为1300 mAh/g,10次循环后,嵌锂容量维持在530 mAh/g,容量保持率为41%.     

A novel high-performance counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells

A novel Pt counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) was prepared by thermal decomposition of H₂PtCl₆ on NiP-plated glass substrate. The charge-transfer kinetic properties of the platinized NiP-plated glass electrode (Pt/NiP electrode) for triiodide reduction were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Pt/NiP electrode has the advantage over the platinized FTO conducting glass electrode (Pt/FTO electrode) in increasing the light reflectance and reducing the sheet resistance leading to improve the light harvest efficiency and the fill factor of the dye-sensitized solar cells effectively. The photon-to-current efficiency and the overall conversion efficiency of DSC using Pt/NiP counter electrode is increased by 20% and 33%, respectively, compared to that of using Pt/FTO counter electrode. Examination of the anodic dissolution and the long-term test on the variation of charge-transfer resistance indicates the good stability of the Pt/NiP electrode in the electrolyte containing iodide/triiodide.     

Low temperature preparation of a high performance Pt/SWCNT counter electrode for flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

A platinum/single-wall carbon nanotube (Pt/SWCNT) film was sprayed onto a flexible indium-doped tin oxide coated polyethylene naphthalate (ITO/PEN) substrate to form a counter electrode for use in a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell using a vacuum thermal decomposition method at low temperature (120 °C). The obtained Pt/SWCNT electrode showed good chemical stability and light transmittance and had lower charge transfer resistance and higher electrocatalytic activity for the I₃⁻/I⁻ redox reaction compared to the flexible Pt electrode or a commercial Pt/Ti electrode. The light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of the flexible DSSC based on the Pt/SWCNT/ITO/PEN counter electrode and the TiO₂/Ti photoanode reached 5.96% under irradiation with a simulated solar light intensity of 100 mW cm⁻². The efficiency was increased by 25.74% compared to the flexible DSSC with an unmodified Pt counter electrode.     

Graphene wrapped copper–nickel nanospheres on highly conductive graphene film for use as counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells

A novel architecture of graphene wrapped copper–nickel (Cu–Ni) nanospheres (NSs)/graphene film was proposed to be TCO- and Pt-free counter electrode (CE) with high electrocatalytic activity for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The novel architecture CE is composed of highly conductive graphene film, Cu–Ni alloy NSs and the wrapping graphene on the surface of alloy NSs. The graphene film as an electrically conductive layer was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the insulating SiO₂ substrate, and graphene wrapped Cu–Ni alloy catalyst NSs on the graphene film were in situ formed by the reduction of Cu–Ni acetate and graphene growth using CVD. The graphene wrapped Cu–Ni NSs/graphene film CE shows much superior electrocatalytic activity, compared with graphene film, and the power conversion efficiency of 5.46% was achieved in DSSC devices, which is close to that of Pt/FTO electrode (6.19%). Therefore, the novel architecture of graphene wrapped Cu–Ni NSs/graphene film CE may be used as Pt- and TCO-free CEs for low-cost, high performance DSSCs.     

MWCNT/Fe-Co/PANI复合材料的制备及其电催化性能

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)为载体,通过化学悬浮聚合法制备碳纳米管/铁-钴/聚苯胺(MWCNT/Fe-Co/PANI)三重复合材料,并用作染料敏化太阳能电池对电极.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和X-射线衍射法(XRD)等对所制MWCNT/Fe -Co/PANI复合材料进行表征,结果表明:MWCNT/Fe-Co/PANI复合材料呈微观多乳网状结构,Fe-Co纳米合金颗粒负载于MWCNTs上,PANI对MWCNT/Fe-Co又进行了管外键联及包覆.通过三电极系统测试了MWCNT/Fe-Co/PANI复合电极在I-3/I-电解质中的循环伏安曲线,结果显示:复合电极具有很好的电催化效果.MWCNTs与PANI形成的规则结构可促进对电解质的吸附,而Fe-Co纳米合金则增强了电极的催化效应.     

Enhanced performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell with an electrodeposited-platinum counter electrode

A counter electrode was prepared for a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) through electrochemical deposition of mesoporous platinum on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass in the presence of a structure-directing nonionic surfactant, octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether (C₁₆EO₈). The DSSC fabricated with the electrochemically deposited Pt (ED-Pt) counter electrode rendered a higher solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 7.6%, compared with approximately 6.4% of the cells fabricated with the sputter-deposited or most commonly-employed thermal deposited Pt counter electrodes. This enhanced efficiency is attributed to the higher short-circuit photocurrent arising from the increases in the active surface area and light reflection as well as the decrease in the sheet resistance of the ED-Pt film, relative to those of the Pt films prepared by the other two deposition methods. The sputter-deposited Pt film yielded almost the same photovoltaic characteristics as the thermal deposited Pt film. The Pt films were characterized by FE-SEM, AFM, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, sheet resistance measurements, adhesion tests, and light reflection tests.     

Graphene aerogels as a highly efficient counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells

Graphene aerogels (GAs) prepared with an organic sol–gel process, possessing a high specific surface area of 814 m²/g and a high electric conductivity of 850 S/m, are applied as a counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The performance of the GA as the counter electrode material is found to be dependent on its film thickness, with thicker films offering more surface areas for the involved catalytic reduction reaction but at the same time increasing the charge and mass transport resistances. At an optimum GA film thickness of 4.9 μm, a power conversion efficiency of 96% of that achieved with a Pt counter electrode based DSSC is obtained. In addition, a thinner GA film of 1.7 μm, when loaded with Pt of 1 mol% through a photo-reduction process, achieves a power conversion efficiency of 98% of that obtained with a Pt counter electrode based DSSC. The excellent performances of the GA-based counter electrodes are manifested with electrochemical impedance analyses and cyclic voltammetry based catalytic activity analyses.     

A novel hierarchical Pt- and FTO-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell

A novel hierarchical Pt- and FTO-free counter electrode (CE) for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was prepared by spin coating the mixture of TiO₂ nanoparticles and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) solution onto the glass substrate. Compared with traditional Pt/FTO CE, the cost of the new CE is dramatically reduced by the application of bilayer TiO₂-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS film and the glass substrate. The sheet resistance of this composite film is 35 Ω sq⁻¹ and is low enough to be used as an electrode. The surface morphologies of TiO₂-PEDOT:PSS layer and modified PEDOT:PSS layer were characterized by scanning electron microscope, which shows that the former had larger surface areas than the latter. Electrochemical impedance spectra and Tafel polarization curves prove that the catalytic activity of TiO₂-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS/glass CE is higher than that of PEDOT:PSS/FTO CE and is similar to Pt/FTO CE''s. This new fabricated device with TiO₂-PEDOT:PSS/PEDOT:PSS/glass CE achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.67%, reaching 91.39% of DSSC with Pt/FTO CE (5.11%).     

A counter electrode of multi-wall carbon nanotubes decorated with tungsten sulfide used in dye-sensitized solar cells

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes decorated with tungsten sulfide (MWCNTs-WS₂) were synthesized by using a hydrothermal method, and used as a low-cost platinum-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterizations indicate that the counter electrode has a high catalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide to iodide and a low charge transfer resistance at the electrolyte–electrode interface. A DSSC based on this counter electrode achieves a high power conversion efficiency of 6.41% under a simulated solar illumination of 100 mW cm⁻² (AM 1.5). This efficiency is comparable to 6.56% for a DSSC with Pt counter electrode.     

A facile one-step synthesis and fabrication of hexagonal palladium-carbon nanocubes (H-Pd/C NCs) and their application as an efficient counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)

Hexagonal palladium-carbon nanocubes (H-Pd/C NCs) were prepared using a simple one-step chemical synthesis protocol and subsequently the prepared materials were used as the counter electrode (CE) in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to replace the platinum (Pt) electrode. The H-Pd/C NCs were characterized by a variety of suitable analytical techniques including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis to evaluate the crystalline, structural, morphological, compositional, chemical state and surface area. The BET nitrogen adsorption /desorption analysis shows that the as-prepared H-Pd/C NCs sample had a large surface area (568.8 m² g⁻¹) with average pore size of ∼3 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses indicate that the H-Pd/C NCs have low charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte/electrode interface and high electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of triiodide to iodide redox electrolyte and hence it is used as a CE in DSSC. The H-Pd/C NCs showed an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.1% which performance is comparable with the conventional Pt CE (4.0%) under the identical condition.