能源柳研究应用现状及发展趋势

柳树是世界上物种最多的属之一。因具有分布广、适应性强、生长快、生物量大等特点,成为最具规模化开发应用潜力的速生生物质能源林、用材林、碳汇林树种。瑞典在该领域处于世界领先水平,培育出了一系列优良品系被世界各国广泛引种栽培,取得了瞩目的成就。本文从资源分布、良种培育、规模化种植及能源化利用等方面对能源柳在国内外的研究应用现状及发展趋势进行了综述,同时对能源柳在中国的应用前景及其发展提出了建议。     

杂交柳水湿地区适生性初探

经对杂交柳水湿地区适生性研究表明,杂交柳有比杨树更强的耐水湿能力。初步认为洞庭湖地区适宜推广杂交柳的水湿地有：水淹时间每年240d（一次连续3个月以内）、林分或接近没项不超过120d（一次连续43d）的湖洲滩地;季节性水淹河洲及岸边洼地;内垸低湿地。季节性水淹对杂交柳的生长是有利的,淹水100～240d（一次连续3个月以内）的湖洲滩地最适宜杂交柳造林。常年积水的洼地不适宜杂交柳造林。     

柳树在环境污染生物修复中的应用

柳树适应性强、根系发达、生物量大、生长速度快、萌芽更新能力强,耐水湿,可以吸取各种污染物,是环境遭受污染后的重要生物修复树种。深入地论述了柳树对重金属污染、有机物污染和水体富营养化的生物修复作用,以及对土壤污染、水体污染、大气污染的生物修复作用。     

Projected benefit-cost analysis of agri-silvicultural system: vegetable crops intercropping with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix alba</Emphasis> (Willow)

An experiment upon an agri-silvicultural system involving Willow (Salix alba) tree, Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) and Knol khol (Brassica oleracea var. caularapa) was laid in randomized block designed at farmers’ willow field at Shalimar near Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar India during 2005 and 2006. The main plot was divided into sub-spots with 8 m × 2 m in size each in which four two-year-old willow (Salix alba) trees were at a spacing of 2 m × 2 m in a sub-spot. The intercrops were maintained at recommended spacing and supplied with recommended doses of fertilizers. The benefit-cost ratio in willow plantation intercropped with vegetable crops of Kale and Knol Khol was analyzed and compared with the benefit-cost ratio of sole willow tree forestry. The results showed that every rupee invested in plantation of agri-silvicultural system generates benefit-cost ratio of 2.78 and 2.79 in case of Willow intercropping with Kale and Willow with Knol khol, respectively, while as for sole crop of willows benefit-cost ratio was calculated to be 2.66. These results provided circumstantial evidence in favour of adopting agroforestry involving willow instead of Sole tree forestry.     

5种北美栎树在我国长三角地区的引种生长表现

从美国东南部引进属于红栎组的纳塔栎、舒玛栎、水栎、柳叶栎和属于白栎组的弗栎,在我国长江三角洲平原地区多个地点和不同土壤类型条件下进行造林研究.采用1～2年生裸根苗经长途运输后进行栽种,纳塔栎、舒玛栎和水栎成活率达94％以上,柳叶栎为76％～81％,弗栎仅42％～50％.不同树种之间,幼年阶段的根系发育、枝梢生长习性、秋冬叶色变化和虫害状况存在明显差异.在3～6个地点水稻土上建立的前4种栎树人工林,8～10a后在保留密度900～1 500株·hm-2条件下,其年均径生长量和年均高生长量达到0.96～1.76 cm和0.8～1.33 m.在山坡红黄壤地上栽种的纳塔栎、舒玛栎和柳叶栎,其年均径生长量和年均高生长量分别为0.64～1.01cm和0.57～0.78 m.采用2～4年生带土弗栎苗在6个地点滨海盐土上造林的成活率达87％以上,在保留密度1 110～3 900株·hm-2条件下,其7～9 a林木年均径生长量和年均高生长量分别为0.78～1.13 cm和0.59～0.75 m.当树龄达6～9 a时,5种栎树均开始结实.研究表明,5种北美栎树在长江三角洲地区有较强的适应性,水栎、纳塔栎、舒玛栎、柳叶栎可以应用于平原地区生态景观林和城镇园林绿化建设,而弗栎在沿海防护林建设中具有推广前景.     

西宁地区柳树细菌性枯萎病的研究

近年来西宁市行道树柳树出现大量死亡 ,均由柳欧文氏杆菌 Erwinia salicia危害所致。该病在西宁市 4～ 10月持续发病 ,不断引起树木死亡。在防治方法上 ,应加强养护管理 ,提高树木的抗病能力 ,及时清理病枝、病株 ,以控制病害蔓延     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Book reviewed in this article: Audus , L. J.: Herbicides . Physiology, Biochemistry, Ecology. 2nd Ed. Preece , T. F.: Watermark disease of the Cricket Bat Willow . Beiderbeck , R.: Pflanzentumoren . Pflanzenschutz und Schadlingsbekampfung .     

柳树不同无性系苗期数量性状的主成分分析

通过对31个柳树无性系5种数量性状的主成分分析,将柳树无性系划分为3个区,第一和第二区为密枝型,第三区为疏枝型,第二区株型较宽,第一区株型中等,第三区株型较窄。从而为柳树无性系进行田间试验及造林提供了依据。     

Willow biomass production under conditions of low-input agriculture on marginal soils

In this study, the biomass yield and morphological traits of plants were reported from an experiment involving six genotypes of willow in northern Poland. Willow was planted using a pole cutting system, which we designated Eco-Salix, on sites that were unsuitable for food crops. The results presented here are from the first rotation of a four-year cutting cycle. In the field trial, the average willow biomass yield of oven-dry matter was 7.87 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Willow plants that were planted as pole cuttings after four growing seasons reached a height of 6.64 m and a stem diameter of 50.5 mm. Clone UWM 043 produced higher yields and more favourable morphological traits when compared to registered Polish cultivars. The willow biomass yield obtained on peaty muck soil was significantly higher than from willow that was grown on heavy textured silt soil. The biomass harvested from plots planted at a density of 5,200 plants ha⁻¹ was 14% lower than plots that had a density of 7,400 plants ha⁻¹.     

复垦造林对矿区保护的重要性及效益分析

通过对黄石大冶铁矿矿区复垦造林研究 ,筛选出适宜矿区复垦造林树种为刺槐、旱柳、侧柏与火棘。外加抽槽挖坑加填充物等辅助措施 ,它对增加绿地面积、减少环境污染、调节气候、减少灰尘、涵养水源、保持水土、保护耕地等方面具有重要作用与意义 ,综合效益明显     

从我国20种感病植物中扩增植原体16S rDNA片段及其RFLP分析

本研究收集了２０种感染植原体的植物材料,从患病材料和相应健康植物组织中提取总ＤＮＡ用作ＰＣＲ模板,选择两对通用引物进行巢式ＰＣＲ,扩增植原体的１６ＳｒＤＮＡ片段,回收扩增产物,通过限制性酶切片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析进行分类。２０种患病植物材料中的植原体有１３种属于翠菊化种,２种属于白对黄化种,３种属于花生丛枝种,２种属于三叶草丛生种。     

柳树癌肿病初步研究

柳树癌肿病是一种新的危险性枝干病害,典型症状是溃疡部凹陷,本质部裸露,溃疡斑边缘隆起肿大,使病部呈梭形,后期凹陷部长出桔红色于实体,子实体常呈同心环状排列。经分离鉴定,病原为瘤座孢属的真菌(Tubereularia sp.).在河北廊坊地区,4月底至5月初开始发病;病菌可从各种伤口侵染寄主,病害潜育期约26d.病害发生与林龄,立地条件、经营水平有关。     

Rust scorings in a plantation of Salix viminalis clones during ten consecutive years

Among pests and diseases occurring in coppiced willow plantations established to produce biofuel, Melampsora rust is the most widespread and severe. In the present study, the variation in rust attacks in a set of Salix viminalis clones was investigated. The aim was to look for trends possibly arising from changes in rust genotype composition, to get some idea about the risks of rust overcoming resistance bred into new willow varieties. Rust levels on 92 S. viminalis clones belonging to 18 different families were scored once each year during 1987–96 in a plantation in southern Sweden. Rust scorings in 1993 deviated most from the average scoring pattern of the clones. Furthermore there was a successive change, such that the longer the time interval between scorings the lower was the correlation between rust scores. Willow families were identified that deviated from the others over time. Various explanations for inconsistency in rust scores over time are discussed.     

Relative susceptibility of Salix clones to chrysomelid beetles: evidence from the Stott willow collection at Ness

Willow species and hybrids growing in the Stott willow collection at Ness, UK, differed markedly in their susceptibility to leaf damage by insects, predominantly chrysomelid beetles, with the rank order of susceptibility remaining relatively constant over 2 years. Some species displayed a wide range of variation in susceptibility amongst clones; others very little. The range of susceptibilities of hybrids tended to mirror those of the parent species, with the hybrid usually sustaining leaf damage levels intermediate between those of the parents. Leaf damage in most species was higher on the lower leaf surface up to mid-season, beyond which leaf perforation damage became prevalent. Damage levels did not appear related to leaf toughness. Apparent levels of leaf damage were lower in October versus July/August samples across nearly all species. Heavy leaf damage in one year did not appear to induce the production of leaves that were more resistant to insect attack in the following year.     

Growing woody biomass for bioenergy in a tree-based intercropping system in southern Ontario, Canada

During the spring of 2006, three willow varieties (SV1, SX67 and 9882-41) were established on marginal land in an agroforestry tree-intercropping arrangement where plots of short rotation willows were planted between rows (spaced 15?m apart) of 21-year-old mixed tree species. As a control, the same varieties were established on an adjacent piece of land without established trees (conventional willow system). This study investigated the magnitude of carbon pools, fine root and leaf biomass inputs and clone yields in both the tree-based intercropping (agroforestry) and conventional monocropping systems. Willow biomass yield was significantly higher in the agroforestry field (4.86?odt?ha^?1?y^?1) compared to the conventional field (3.02?odt?ha^?1?y^?1). In both fields, varieties SV1 and SX67 produced higher yields than the variety 9882-41. Willow fine root biomass in the top 20?cm of soil was significantly higher in the intercropping system (3,062?kg?ha^?1) than in the conventional system (2,536?kg?ha^?1). Differences in fine root biomass between clones were similar to that observed for differences in biomass yield: SV1?>?SX67?>?9882-41. Leaf input was higher in the intercropping system (1,961?kg?ha^?1) than in the conventional system (1,673?kg?ha^?1). Clonal differences in leaf inputs followed the same trends as those for root biomass and yield: SV1?>?SX67?>?9882-41. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher in the agroforestry field (1.94?%) than in the conventional field (1.82?%). A significant difference in soil organic carbon was found between the three clones: soils under clone 9882-41 had the lowest soil organic carbon at 1.80?%.     

Experiences with tree fodders in temperate regions of Bhutan

Tree fodders are traditionally used in temperate and subtropical parts of Bhutan and provide approximately 20% of the fodder requirement of the country's livestock. Willow (Salix babylonica), Quercus semecarpifolia and Euonimus spp. were considered the most important species for temperate areas. Crude protein content of willow leaves decreased from 24.8.% in April to 11.3% in October. Bulls' voluntary intake was 77.7, 58.4, and 28.6 g DM/W^0.75 for willow, Popular robusta and Quercus semecarpifolia, respectively. Compared to temperate grasslands under the absence of phosphate inputs, tree fodders have a higher production potential and produce better quality fodder. Tree fodders may complement, but will not replace herbaceous fodder species in temperate areas. Assessment of yield potential in comparison to and in association with herbaceous temperate species is considered the most important research area.     

Der Rhombenspanner Boarmia rhomboidaria Schiff. (Lepid. Geometridae), ein gefährlicher Gelegenheitsschädling des Rebstockes

Zusammenfassung Der Rhombenspanner,Boarmia rhomboidaria Schiff. (Boarmia gemmaria Brahm,Peribatodes rhombeidaria Schiff.), der als Gelegenheitsschädling an Reben bereits vor der Jahrhundertwende aus Frankreich bekannt war, trat von 1962 bis 1967 in der Pfalz und 1976/77 in Franken an Reben schädlich auf. In Versuchen konnte beobachtet werden, daß die weiblichen Falter ihre Eier auch an Rebstöcken ablegten.Bekämpfungsversuche im Freiland ergaben eine gute Wirksamkeit von Acephat, Azinphos, Carbaryl und Methidation (Präparate: Orthen, Gusathion MS bzw. Rospin, KWP 61 und Ultracid 40). Bei diesen Wirkstoffen genügte eine Applikation im Wollestadium der Rebe. Bei Anwendung von Parathion (E 605 forte und Folidol-Öl) waren zwei Behandlungen erforderlich.Tests an gekäfigten Spannerraupen mit dem Metamorphosehemmer Dimilin erbrachten mit 0,1 % vollen Erfolg.

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The willow beauty Boarmia thrombiodaria Schiff., an occasional insect pest on grapes

The GeometricBoarmia rhomboidaria (Boarmia gemmaria, Peribatodes rhomboidaria) is known as an occasional insect-pest on grapes in France before of the turn of the last century. In Germany the Willow beauty at first is observed in 1901 in the Rhinegau. In the Palatinate the autor observed the dynamic of the population of these butterfly from 1961 to 1967. In 1976 and 1977 these species incidenced in vineyards of Franconia.By breeding-trials in an insectarium was observed that the Willow beauty lay his eggs also on grapes.For the control of these insect-pest in vineyards the insecticides Acephat, Azinphos MS, Carbaryl-Tedione and Methidathion have the best biological effect.Tests with the grow-regulator Dimilin showed a partial (0,05% concentration) resp. a total effect (0,1%) on the caterpillars.The best timing by application of these insecticides is the phenological stage by breaking up of the buds.

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Hormonal physiology of wood growth in willow (Salix viminalis L.): effects of spermine and abscisic acid

Summary Willow cuttings from two-year-old twigs were grown in nutrient solution alone, nutrient solution with 0.1 mM abscisic acid or with the spermine. Roots and leaves emerged within three weeks and the cambium was activated in the shoot. In most cases earlywood was generated, even when the seedlings were made in late summer. In contrast to plantlets grown in regular nutrient solution, those treated with hormones either inhibited (ABA) or advanced (spermine) the formation of roots, leaves and wood. In addition, SEM observations of wood were combined with autoradiographic studies and metabolite analysis.¹⁴C-labeled photoassimilates from the leaves were unloaded from the phloem of the shoots and transported via the rays into the cambial zone and the xylem. In spermine treated plants labeled assimilates were highly concentrated in all cells of the newly built xylem. However, cells from plants treated with abscisic acid appeared only weakly labeled. Quantitative analysis of the assimilates after two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography showed that wood from spermine-treated plants accumulated 19% more assimilates than the control, while xylem from ABA-treated plants imported 81% less labeled compounds from the phloem. Thus, the results strongly support the view that hormones play a key role in wood formation.     

Response of vegetation, shade and stream temperature to debris torrents in two western Oregon watersheds

This study examines watershed patterns of riparian vegetation, shade, and stream temperature eight years after extreme storm events triggered numerous debris torrents throughout the Pacific Northwest. We examined twelve impacted streams in two western Oregon watersheds: the Calapooia River in the western Cascades and the Williams River in the Coast Range. Red alder (Alnus rubra) and willow (Salix spp.) were the dominant species on debris torrented areas in both watersheds. Post-disturbance vegetation recovery was significant in both watersheds, impacting shade and stream temperatures. However, red alder density, basal area, and height were significantly greater along streams in the Williams River watershed than along streams in the Calapooia River watershed. Willow density, basal area and height were similar between the watersheds. Stream shading levels mirrored red alder growth, with greater average shading in the Williams River watershed. The greater shade translated into lower summer maximum stream temperatures and maximum diurnal stream temperature fluctuations in the Williams River as compared to the Calapooia River watershed. Minimum stream temperatures were not different between the two watersheds. The rapid re-growth of red alder along the Williams River watershed ultimately lead to a rapid decline in maximum summer stream temperatures for that watershed compared to the Calapooia River watershed. The location where the disturbance occurred had an important role in determining the rate and pathway of stream recovery.     

晋西北不同植被类型土壤水分空间分异

采用土钻法对晋西北朔州地区杨树林、柳树林、草地3种植被类型0~600 cm土层土壤水分动态进行研究。结果表明:土壤平均含水量表现为草地杨树林地柳树林地。草地土壤平均含水量比杨树林地高1.25%,比柳树林地高1.9%。随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量先减小后上下波动,然后趋于稳定。0~100cm土层范围内,土壤水分变异系数大小为草地柳树林地杨树林地;在200~300 cm、400~500 cm土层范围内,变异系数表现为柳树林地草地杨树林地;300~400 cm、500~600 cm土层范围内,变异系数大小为柳树林地杨树林地草地。越靠近表层,土壤干化现象越严重,柳树林地干化现象最明显,含水量变化最剧烈,杨树林地次之,草地最稳定。