基于面元表示的点模型布尔运算的研究

为实现离散点模型的布尔运算,提出一种采用表面面元表示的点模型布尔运算算法.通过构造KD树实现了邻域的快速搜索,在此基础上,进行面元的内外相交测试提高了内外判别的准确性.布尔运算的结果采用面元方法进行快速绘制.实验表明,该算法运算简单快速,有效地进行点模型的布尔运算.     

一般点模型的交互式布尔运算

提出了一个适用于一般点模型的交互式布尔运算算法,此算法由4个步骤组成．首先将点模型表示为自适应的三色八叉树,然后利用自适应八叉树结构加速内外测试．对于局部采样密度不一致的相交区域或曲率太大容易导致较大求交误差的地方,实行了自适应细分加密采样;重采样相交的部分以获得更精确的求交结果．与已有的点模型布尔运算方法相比,该算法适用于一般的实测点云数据,包括少量噪声的点模型、非均匀采样以及不同分辨率点模型之间的交互式布尔运算。     

基于隔离子采样的鲁棒图模型点匹配算法*

为解决概率图模型匹配算法对模板点集中的外点敏感的问题,对隔离子进行了采样,并推导出采样次数和模板点集中的外点比例关系,以保证隔离子中的点能最大概率地为内点,使得推理算法中每个点的信息能得到传递。另外,算法中的互匹配解决了传统图模型匹配算法中多对一问题。实验证明,算法相对于原先的JT算法具有很高的鲁棒性和正确率。     

多面体布尔运算中位置关系的判别

多面体布尔运算中需要判别的位置关系有相交关系和内，外，重合关系。由于浮点运算的误差，在某些情况下，得到的这些位置关系可能发生矛盾，从而导致布尔运算的失败。本文先用边面判断法求得各种相交关系，然后用逻辑推理去除它们之间的矛盾，重合关系由协调过的相交关系推导得出，非重合的内外关系用无允差判断直接得到。测试证明本算法可显著提高布尔运算可靠性。     

硬件加速的渐进式多边形模型布尔运算

多边形模型的布尔运算中包含复杂的求交计算以及多边形重建过程,精度控制和处理效率是其中的关键.为了降低布尔运算复杂度,提出一种适合硬件加速的基于渐进式布尔运算的多层次细节网格模型生成方法.该方法采用分层深度图像来近似表示多边形实体的封闭边界,将多边形的求交计算简化为坐标轴平行的采样点的实体内外部判断;为了免去各层次细节模型的重复采样过程,渐进式地将边界采样点归并到低分辨率下的立方体中;运用特征保持的多边形重建算法将相同立方体内的边界采样点转换成多边形顶点,根据邻接关系生成网格模型.上述算法使用支持图形硬件加速的CUDA编程并行实现.实验结果表明了算法的可行性.     

基于MC思想的布尔操作研究*

为了提高布尔运算的执行效率及系统的鲁棒性,提出一种基于细胞元模型的布尔运算算法。该算法利用MC思想为每个特征实体的三角片建立cube,用最值空间和交互的充分性原理来快速检测发生相交的三角片,并根据每个cube顶点的颜色来判断三角片的内外关系、所属关系以及三角片的剖分方式,最后生成新的特征实体。该算法不仅提高了布尔运算的速度和性能,还避免了以往算法中出现孔洞的缺陷。实验表明,该算法具有更强的适应性和实用性。     

真实感雨线绘制

雨线的真实感绘制极具挑战性.雨滴在下落过程中会发生快速的震荡,由于光线在其中的反射和折射而具有复杂的光学效果,在人眼和摄像机观察时会产生运动模糊形成雨线.提出一种基于Monte Carlo光线跟踪的方法用于绘制真实感雨线.通过预先对雨滴震荡周期内每个离散时间点的雨滴三角形网格建立加速结构,并利用雨滴运动包围盒与采样光线的相交计算,大大加速了光线与雨滴的相交测试;使用自适应采样技术避免了对图像中每个像素点都使用大的采样数,提高了采样效率,加速了图像的绘制.将本文方法集成于离线绘制器(PBRT)中,生成了具有真实感的雨线图像和雨景动画.实验结果表明,本文方法能真实地模拟雨滴的震荡和光线在雨滴中的多次反射和折射,并能在包含任意类型光源的场景中有效地绘制真实感雨线.     

点云模型自适应增加采样点算法

提出一种新的点集模型自适应增加啊采样算法.算法利用最小二乘法求出点云模型上每个点的局部光滑曲面片,并由所求得的曲面多项式计算点集曲面上每个点的曲率.通过对每个点及其邻点进行Voronoi剖分,求取每个点所控制的有效采样区域,然后根据曲率在有效区域内建立采样栅格,求取有效区域内的栅格点在曲面上的投影点即为新增采样点.该方法得到的增加采样模型可以较好地保持原点云模型曲面的几何性质,同时还可以通过选择不同的栅格得到适用于不同处理要求的点云模型.     

大规模网格模型间的快速视觉布尔运算

为了解决产品设计阶段中大规模网格模型间的布尔运算无法实现立等可得的速度瓶颈,提出了一种新算法。该算法利用离散化采样获得射线段点云模型,将三角面片间的3D布尔运算转换为射线段间的1D布尔运算,对相交处的交点进行高精度的求解和插值处理,使得布尔运算速度大为提高,从而大大提升复杂拓扑结构的产品设计效率。通过该算法所获得射线段点云模型可获得等同于基于三角网格的渲染效果,该方法可进行工程应用。     

点模型的面元简化方法

为有效地简化稠密采样点模型,提出了一种基于面元（surfel）重建的点模型简化方法。该算法首先对每个采样点面元的初始半径进行估算,并同时根据曲率的变化确定每个面元的简化权值;然后采用surfel合并的方法来聚合、减少surfel图元的数量,按照计算的surfel权值,确定surfel合并的顺序,合并并重建成一个新的surfel,合并过程中判断误差是否满足要求,满足则合并成功。如此迭代,直到surfel合并引起的误差达到阈值或surfel权值达到某个给定值。实验结果表明该算法能有效减少稠密采样点模型的点数,且在相同误差控制下简化率高于一般的基于纯采样点的简化算法;同时,简化模型能很好地保持原始模型的几何形状,防止简化后表面空洞现象的产生。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).