Spatiotemporal evolution of thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes in cemented paste backfill under interfacial loadingOA

Cemented paste backfill(CPB) and rock interface interaction causes the formation of an interfacial loading and affects the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical processes in bulk CPB and thus its in-situ behavior. In this study, a new meter-sized column model is developed to systematically investigate the multiphysics processes in CPB under interfacial loading. The obtained results discover that for the mechanical process, the interfacial loading leads to a reduced settlement and a weaken...     

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB) is threatened by dynamic disturbance, but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose. Therefore, a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis. CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios, solid mass concentrations, and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test. The results showed that increasing the cement content, tailings content, and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus. Under an impact load, a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading. And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate. The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading. The local damage was enhanced, and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB. This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.     

Performance of cemented coal gangue backfill

Possibility of cemented gangue backfill was studied with gangue of Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong, and fly ash of nearby thermal power plant, in order to treat enormous coal gangue on a large scale and to recovery safety coal pillars. The results indicate that coal gangue is not an ideal aggregate for pipeline gravity flow backfill, but such disadvantages of gangue as bad fluidity and serious pipe wear can be overcome by addition of fly ash. It is approved that quality indexes such as strength and dewatering ratio and piping feature of slurry can satisfy requirement of cemented backfill if mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gangue is 1：4：15 and mass fraction of solid materials reaches 72%-75%. Harden mechanism suggests that the cemented gangue fill has a higher middle and long term comprehensive strength.     

Strength evolution and deformation behaviour of cemented paste backfill at early ages: Effect of curing stress,filling strategy and drainage

In this study, a pressure cell apparatus is developed to investigate the early age evolution of the strength and deformation behaviour of cemented paste backfill(CPB) when subjected to various loading conditions under different curing scenarios. The different curing scenarios that are simulated include:(1)drained and undrained conditions,(2) different filling rates,(3) different filling sequences, and(4) different curing stresses. The findings show that drainage, curing stress, curing time and filling rate influence the mechanical and deformation behaviours of CPB materials. The coupled effects of consolidation, drainage and suction contribute to the strength development of drained CPB subjected to curing stress. On the other hand, particle rearrangement caused by the applied pressure and suction development due to self-desiccation plays a significant role in the strength gain of undrained CPB cured under stress.Furthermore, curing stress induces slightly faster rate of cement hydration, which can contribute to strength acquisition.     

胶结充填体强度预测及水泥消耗量反演计算

为降低充填成本和使料浆制备系统可靠运转,基于特大型采空区充填工程对于二步骤矿柱开采的重要性,采用配比优化试验及统计分析所得的充填体长期强度预测模型,结合现场充填体地质钻探取样的检测强度,利用预测模型的变形公式,反算出采空区充填水泥实际用量,对设计与实际水泥用量的定量关系进行了分析,掌握了二者之间的偏差.结果表明:前期充填中水泥用量存在较大富余,52-8#和52-10#采场水泥用量分别偏大约60.28%,49.24%.随着充填站操作人员技术水平与熟练程度的提高,并通过对站内计量仪表和物料输送设备校验后,水泥用量的下调空间较大.     

尾砂胶结充填体与岩体耦合作用机理研究

充填法开采被广泛应用于隐患资源2次开采中,研究充填体与岩体耦合作用机理,对充分利用矿产资源、保护地表建筑物、延长矿山服务年限等方面具有十分积极的作用.以程潮铁矿西区选厂下遗留矿柱2次开采为研究背景,通过对尾砂胶结充填体的无侧限单轴抗压正交力学试验,得到了不同灰砂比、不同浓度、不同龄期参数与充填体单轴抗压强度的曲线关系和多参数线性回归方程式,同时分析了影响充填体抗压强度的主次因素.最终依据充填体与岩体能量匹配原则,通过数值模拟并充分考虑回采中爆破震动对采场稳定性的影响,得出最优充填方案.     

Resistivity and thermal infrared precursors associated with cemented backfill mass

The stability of cemented backfill mass is important to keep miners and equipment safe in underground backfill miming.The stress-strain behavior, resistivity and thermal infrared(TIR) characteristics of backfill mass under uniaxial compression were investigated. The monitoring system consisted of a TIR observation system, a stress-strain monitoring system and a resistivity measurement system. Precursory information for impending failure of cemented backfill mass was collected, including TIR, strain and resistivity precursors. The sensitivity and difference of different monitoring information to the same failure event were compared.The results show that the time-space evolution process of the resistivity and TIR is basically the same as the whole process from compression deformation to failure of backfill mass, and the time variation of resistivity and TIR is obviously characterized by stage.The resistivity precursor turns out earlier than the TIR and the strain. The resistivity relation with loading compression is anti-symmetry, decreasing as the compression stress increases before the peak strength of backfill mass. However, when the backfill mass enters into the phase of failure, the resistivity starts to increase as the stress increases. The change of the resistivity growth direction can be regarded as the resistivity-caution-point for the failure of backfill mass under uniaxial compression. It is also indicated that the TIR information mainly represents the surface temperature evolution in the process of compression before the backfill enters into the plastic-yield state. It can be a valuable tool to obtain the precursors for failure of cemented backfill mass for backfill mines.     

胶结充填体应变率与声发射特征响应规律

应变率是影响胶结充填体力学特性和声发射特征的重要因素.为研究胶结充填体应变率与声发射特征响应规律,文中进行了单轴压缩条件下胶结充填体的声发射试验,研究了应变率、声发射在加载过程中的时序特征,探讨了应变率与声发射时序特征之间的相关性,以及两者变化趋势之间的内在联系,进一步揭示了荷载作用下胶结充填体的裂纹演化规律.结果表明:胶结充填体应变率、振铃计数率在变形全过程均表现出"升→降→稳→升"的变化趋势和阶段性特征,两者相关性较高;胶结充填体内部破裂是由骨料之间的摩擦以及胶结材料的断裂演化造成,应变率对声发射特征在一定程度上起到了支配作用;基于应变率在塑性屈服和失稳破坏阶段表现出明显的突变性,可为胶结充填体破裂预测提供有效的前兆信息;结合声发射振铃计数率、平静期以及扩容现象可更加全面的反映胶结充填体破裂情况.研究结果可为胶结充填体力学特性研究奠定理论基础.     

电解锰渣胶结膏体材料的充填性能

针对电解锰渣占用大量土地资源、易产生重金属污染等问题,使用电解锰渣基胶凝材料、原状电解锰渣、中粗砂等材料制备电解锰渣自胶结膏体充填材料用于矿山回填。测试充填材料水化浆体流动度、试件抗压强度和浸出毒性,以评价该材料的性能,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜进行表征。结果表明：该充填材料浆体流动度达到200 mm,流动性能满足充填技术要求;充填材料固化体固化28 d后,抗压强度可达到1.5 MPa以上,达到矿采场充填体强度要求;充填材料浸出毒性明显降低,主要污染重金属Mn、Co被充分固化稳定,浸出毒性满足地下水标准。固化体XRD及SEM分析发现,该充填材料水化生成的水化硅酸钙、钙矾石等晶体是固化体强度稳定、重金属得以固化的主要原因。研究表明,该方法能有效固化/稳定化电解锰渣,降低环境污染风险。     

Creep properties and resistivity-ultrasonic-AE responses of cemented gangue backfill column under high-stress area

To investigate the creep and instability properties of a cemented gangue backfill column under a highstress area, the uniaxial compression creep tests were conducted by single-step and multi-step loading of prismatic samples made of cemented gangue backfill material(CGBM) under the high stressstrength ratio. The creep damage was monitored using an electrical resistivity device, ultrasonic testing device, and acoustic emission(AE) instrument. The results showed that the CGBM sample has a creep hardening property. The creep failure strength(CFS) is slightly larger than the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), ranging in ratio from 108.9% to 116.5%. The instantaneous strain, creep strain, and creep rate increase with increasing stress-strength ratio in the single-step loading creep tests. The instantaneous strain and creep strain decrease first and then increase during the multi-step loading creep process. The axial creep strain of the CGBM column can be expressed by the viscoelastic-plastic creep model. Creep instability is caused by the accumulation of strain energy under multi-step loading and the continuous lateral expansion at the unconstrained middle position during the creep process. The creep stability of a CGBM column in a high-stress area can be monitored based on the variation of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV), and AE signals.     

Coupled effect of cement hydration and temperature on hydraulic behavior of cemented tailings backfill

Cemented tailings backfill(CTB) is made by mixing cement, tailings and water together, thus cement hydration and water seepage flow are the two crucial factors affecting the quality of CTB. Cement hydration process can release significant amount of heat to raise the temperature of CTB and in turn increase the rate of cement hydration. Meanwhile, the progress of cement hydration consumes water and produces hydration products to change the pore structures within CTB, which further influences the hydraulic behavior of CTB. In order to understand the hydraulic behavior of CTB, a numerical model was developed by coupling the hydraulic,thermal and hydration equations. This model was then implemented into COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the evolutions of temperature and water seepage flow within CTB versus curing time. The predicted outcomes were compared with correspondent experimental results, proving the validity and availability of this model. By taking advantage of the validated model, effects of various initial CTB and curing temperatures, cement content, and CTB's geometric shapes on the hydraulic behavior of CTB were demonstrated numerically. The presented conclusions can contribute to preparing more environmentally friendly CTB structures.     

Stability analyses of vertically exposed cemented backfill:A revisit to Mitchell's physical model tests

Mitchell's solution is commonly used to determine the required strength of vertically exposed cemented backfill in mines. Developed for drained backfill, Mitchell model assumed a zero friction angle for the backfill. Physical model tests were performed. Good agreements were obtained between the required strengths predicted by the analytical solution and experimental results. However, it is well-known that zero friction angle can only be possible in terms of total stresses when geomaterials are submitted to unconsolidated and undrained conditions. A revisit to Mitchell's physical model tests reveals that both the laboratory tests performed for obtaining the shear strength parameters of the cemented backfill and the box stability tests were conducted under a condition close to undrained condition. This explains well the good agreement between Mitchell's solution and experimental results. Good agreements are equally obtained between Mitchell's experimental results and FLAC3 D numerical modeling of shortterm stability analyses of exposed cemented backfill.     

An improved method to assess the required strength of cemented backfill in underground stopes with an open face

Backfill is increasingly used in underground mines to reduce the surface impact from the wastes produced by the mining operations. But the main objectives of backfilling are to improve ground stability and reduce ore dilution. To this end, the backfill in a stope must possess a minimum strength to remain self-standing during mining of an adjacent stope. This required strength is often estimated using a solution proposed by Mitchell and co-workers, which was based on a limit equilibrium analysis of a wedge exposed by the open face. In this paper, three dimensional numerical simulations have been performed to assess the behavior of the wedge model. A new limit equilibrium solution is proposed, based on the backfill displacements obtained from the simulations. Comparisons are made between the proposed solution and experimental and numerical modeling results. Compared with the previous solution, a better agreement is obtained between the new solution and experimental results for the required cohesion and factor of safety. For large scale (field) conditions, the results also show that the required strength obtained from the proposed solution corresponds quite well to the simulated backfill response.     

Adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste

Circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） ash exhibits the desirable pozzolanic activity which makes it a potential supplementary cementitious material to replace cement for concrete production. However, the high unburnt carbon content and porous surface structure of CFBC ash may adsorb water reducer and thereby significantly reduce the efficiency of water-reducing agents. The adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and the conception of ＂invalid adsorption site＂ of CFBC ash was presented. The results show that the adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in coal ash-Portland cement paste can be described by Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation. The adsorption capacity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is higher than that of pulverized coal combustion （PCC） fly ash-Portland cement paste. Moreover, the adsorption amount of polycarboxylate superplasticizer increases with the ratio of ash-to-cement in the paste. At last, the fluidity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is lower than that of the PCC fly ash paste. This work suggests that when CFBC ash is used as concrete admixture, the poor flowability of the cementitious system due to the high adsorption of water and water-reducing agent should be taken into consideration.     

复合混合材热力活化对水泥净浆强度的影响

煤系固体废弃物煤矸石、粉煤灰以及冶金废弃物矿渣等均含有可利用的SiO2,Fe2O3,CaO,Al2O3等氧化物,但由于其来源不同,组分中氧化物含量及活性差异较大,因此,可通过合理配合、热力活化处理后用作水泥的复合混合材.将煤矸石、粉煤灰及矿渣按一定比例、在不同温度活化烧结后,掺入水泥熟料,进行水泥的净浆性能测试.试验结果表明,掺入活化处理后的复合混合材能明显提高水泥净浆的早期和后期强度;XRD,SEM分析结果显示,煅烧前后的混合材晶体结构有明显的变化,烧结后,复合混合材的水泥水化3 d后水化产物已经较少,水泥石结构致密,说明掺活化复合混合材的水泥水化后强度发挥较快.     

物业管理竞价招标的直接显示机制设计

根据物业管理的招标方法和合同招标的3种可能模型,利用博弈论和机制设计理论,建立了单重激励合同动态博弈模型.分析结果表明要想使投标的物业公司显示真实信息,必须加强事后成本审计,只有这样才可能使业主和物业公司“双赢”.     

Experimental study on the mechanical properties and consolidation mechanism of microbial grouted backfill

Backfill mining technology is the practice of returning waste materials underground for both disposal and geotechnical stability, however, a challenge with current technologies is that they commonly require cement-based binders which have a relatively high environmental impact. Finding alternatives to cement-based binders can improve environmental performance and this paper proposes microbial grouted backfill (MGB) as a potential solution. In this paper, the effects of the cementation solution concentration (CSC), volume ratio of bacterial solution to cementation solution (VRBC), particle sizes of the aggregates, and the number of grouting batches on the mechanical properties of MGB are studied. The experimental results show that MGB strength increased, up to a peak value, as CSC was increased, before decreasing as CSC was increased further. The results also show that MGB strength increased, up to a peak value, as VRBC decreased, before decreasing as the VRBC was decreased further. The peak strength was achieved at a CSC of 2 mol/L and a VRBC of 1:9. The strength of the MGB also increased as the number of grouting batches increased. Graded MGB samples showed the highest UCS, 25.12 MPa, at particle sizes of 0.2 to 0.8 mm, while full (non-graded) MGB samples displayed mean UCS values ranging from 1.56 MPa when the maximum particle size was 0.2 mm, up to 13 MPa when the maximum particle size was 1.2 mm. MGB samples are consolidated by the calcium carbonate that is precipitated during microbial metabolism, and the strength of MGB increases linearly as calcium carbonate content increases. The calcium carbonate minerals produced in MGB materials are primarily calcite, with secondary amounts of vaterite.     

纳米硅粉水泥土固化机理研究

将具有优异性能的纳米硅粉作为外掺剂应用于水泥土改性研究.通过室内无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了纳米硅粉掺人比和龄期对水泥土强度的影响规律;结合水泥石强度试验和X射线衍射(XRD)试验,研究了纳米硅粉对水泥浆的改性效果和改性机理;通过扫描电镜(SEM)测试,分析了纳米硅粉水泥土的微结构特点及微结构形成过程;在纳米硅粉-土相互作用分析的基础上,提出了纳米硅粉水泥土的固化机理,该研究将为纳米硅粉在水泥土中的进一步应用奠定理论和试验基础.     

木素磺酸钙对水泥净浆的缓凝机理研究

研究了掺加木素磺酸钙(简称木钙)后水泥净浆液相中钙离子、硫酸根离子和氢氧根离子浓度随水化时间的变化,以及除糖后木素磺酸钙对水泥净浆凝结时间的影响．结果表明,掺加木钙后在水化初期水泥净浆中S042-浓度大幅度上升,OH-浓度变化不大．木钙掺量越大,水泥净浆中游离Ca2 浓度的峰值出现越迟,浆体的初凝时间越长．进一步研究发现木钙的掺加能促进熟料矿物的水解,当木钙掺量为0．5％(质量分数)时,水泥净浆中的总Ca2 浓度峰值比未掺加木钙时增加48％,被络合的Ca2 量峰值较水化开始时增加2倍．在水泥净浆强碱性溶液中木钙的络合能力增强导致Ca(OH)2不能达到过饱和,是造成水泥净浆缓凝的重要原因,木钙对水泥净浆的缓凝机理为“吸附-络合”机理．