预防医学源远流长

<正>我国古代预防医学历史悠久,源远流长。其内容广泛、博大精深,是祖国医学宝库中的极具特色的重要内容。《黄帝内经》"圣人不治已病治未病"的预防医学思想,至今仍有效地指导着现代预医养生的实践,为中华民族的繁荣昌盛、为人类的健康事业做出了极其重要的贡献。一、"治未病"的理论内涵《黄帝内经素问·四气调神大论》提出:"圣人不治已病,治未病,不治已乱,治     

治未病思想防治类风湿关节炎

1 "治未病"的预防思想 "治未病"是中医预防思想的体现.<素问·四气调神论>篇指出"是故圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也.夫病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬犹渴而穿井,斗而铸锥,不亦晚乎!" <内经>"治未病"思想包括未病先防和已病防变两个方面,指出不但要治病,更要防病;治病要注意阻挡病变扩散和蔓延,防止疾病加重和恶化.     

中医"治未病"思想在糖尿病防治中的运用

中医历来重视疾病的预防和已病的防变,早在《内经》中就提出了“治未病”的预防思想,《素问·四气调神大论》中提出：“圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也。夫病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬如渴而穿井,斗而铸锥,不亦晚乎？”。     

浅谈治未病的重要性

＂不治已病治未病＂是我国古代医学名著《黄帝内经》中提出来的,它的意思是不要等有了病才去治疗,而是在未病时就预防疾病。它充分说明了医学的2个重要任务,即治疗和预防,而且预防更为重要。     

从《金匮要略》"治未病"谈预防

"治未病"一词早见出于内、难二经.《素问·四气调神论》曰:"是故人圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓已".     

“治未病”在肺系疾病诊治中的应用

治未病是中医学术思想的重要组成部分,始见于《素问.四气调神大论》中:是故圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,上医医未病之病。治未病理念是中医学治则学说的基本法则、核心价值的首要体现,是指采取预防或治疗手     

先秦文化对中医“治未病”理论构建的影响

"治未病"是中医学的特色和优势."未病"一词首见于<黄帝内经>,如<素问·四气调神大论>说:"是故圣人不治已病治未病,不治己乱治未乱,此之谓也.     

浅谈"治未病"理论与糖尿病防治

"治未病"理论是祖国医学的一颗璀璨明珠,早在二千年以前<内经>就对"治未病"理论进行了较为详尽的阐述.如<素问·四气调神大论>所谓:"圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,此之谓也.     

中医“治未病”理念预防亚健康

“治未病”思想发源于我国的《黄帝内经》,它倡导珍惜生命,注重养生,防范于未然。医学的最高境界是“圣人不治已病治未病”（《素问·四气调神大论》）,“上工治未病”（《灵枢·逆顺》）,倡导人们“消未起之患,治未病之疾”。亚健康是“治未病”的重点,亚健康引领着健康医学发展的方向,蕴涵着预防医学的科学内涵。     

《金匮要略》“治未病”思想探析

中医“治未病”的预防思想,早在《内经》中就提出来了。《素问·四气调神大论》说：“圣人不治已病治未病,不治已乱治未乱,……夫病已成而后药之,乱已成而后治之,譬犹渴而穿井,斗而铸锥,不亦晚乎？”到了汉代,张仲景在《金匮要略》中结合自己和前人的临床实践,进...     

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus

The central nervous system （CNS） plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.     

Effects of the aqueous extract of Schizandra chinensis fruit on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats

Background We previously demonstrated that the aqueous extract of the Schizandra chinensis fruit （AESC） ameliorated Cd-induced depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain through antioxidant activity.In the present study,we investigated the effect of AESC on anxiety-like behavior and the levels of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol （a metabolite of norepinephrine） in different brain regions during ethanol withdrawal in rats.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 3 g/kg of ethanol （20％,w/v） or saline by daily intraperitoneal injection for 28 days followed by three days of withdrawal.During withdrawal,rats were given AESC （100 mg.kg 1.d-1 or 300 mg.kg 1·d1,P.O.） once a day for three days.Thirty minutes after the final dose of AESC,the anxiogenic response was evaluated using an elevated plus maze,and the plasma corticosterone levels were examined by radioimmunoassay.Meanwhile,the concentrations of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and hippocampus were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography.Results Rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal exhibited substantial anxiety-like behavior,which was characterized by both the decrease in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the increased level of corticosterone secretion,which were greatly attenuated by doses of AESC in a dose-dependent manner.The high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that ethanol withdrawal significantly increased norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus,while not significantly altering them in the hippocampus.Similar to the results from the elevated plus maze test,the AESC significantly inhibited the elevation of norepinephrine and its metabolite in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions These results suggest that AESC attenuates anxiety-like behavior induced by ethanol withdrawal through modulation of the hypothalamic norepinephrine system in the brain.     

Antiviral therapy for ＂difficult-to-treat＂ hepatitis C virus-infected patients

Objective To review the updated research on direct antiviral agents （DAAs）-including regimens for hepatitis C virus （HCV）,and focus on ＂difficult-to-treat＂ HCV-infected patients.Data sources The literature concerning DAAs and hepatitis C cited in this review was collected from PubMed and Google Scholar databases published in English up to July 2013.Study selection Data from published articles regarding HCV and DAAs in clinical trials and in clinical use were identified and reviewed.Results It was recognized that some ＂difficult-to-treat＂ patients would still exist,even though stronger treatments using such as DAAs,including telaprevir and boceprevir,which lead to higher sustained virological response rates,are available.Such patients include those with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis,elderly persons,children,HCV-human immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients,HCV-infected recipients,and so on.Conclusions Certain ＂difficult-to-treat＂ patients would still exist,even though stronger treatment is available.Although evidence from clinical trials is still lacking,interferon-sparing regimens could have stronger effects for eradicating HCV in such cases.     

Chinese herbal medicine Xinfeng Capsule in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis： study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, as a common systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. Effective treatment for RA is not yet available because current research does not have a clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of RA. Xinfeng Capsule, a patent Chinese herbal medicine, has been used in the treatment of RA in recent years. Despite its reported clinical efficacy, there are no large-sample, multicenter, randomized trials that support the use of Xinfeng Capsule for RA. Therefore, we designed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Xinfeng Capsule in the treatment of RA. METHODS AND DESIGN： This is a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial on the treatment of RA. The participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group at a ratio of 1：1. Participants in the experimental group will receive Xinfeng Capsule and a pharmaceutical placebo （imitation leflunomide）. The control group will receive leflunomide and an herbal placebo （imitation Xinfeng Capsule）. The American College of Rheumatology （ACR） Criteria for RA will be used to measure the efficacy of the Xinfeng Capsule. The primary outcome measure will be the percentage of study participants who achieve an ACR 20% response rate （ACR20）, which will be measured every 4 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include the ACR50 and ACR70 responses, the side effects of the medications, the Disease Activity Score 28, RA biomarkers, quality of life, and X-rays of the hands and wrists. The first four of the secondary outcomes will be measured every 4 weeks and the others will be measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. DISCUSSION： The result of this trial will help to evaluate whether Xinfeng Capsule is effective and safe in the treatment of RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identifier is N CT01774877.     

Construction of the Chinese Veteran Clinical Research （CVCR） Platform for the assessment of non-communicable diseases

Background Based on the excellent medical care and management system for Chinese veterans,as well as the detailed medical documentation available,we aim to construct a Chinese Veteran Clinical Research （CVCR） platform on noncommunicable diseases （NCDs） and carry out studies of the primary disabling NCDs.Methods The Geriatric Neurology Department of Chinese People＇s Liberation Army General Hospital and veterans＇ hospitals serve as the leading and participating units in the platform construction.The fundamental constituents of the platform are veteran communities.Stratified typical cluster sampling is adopted to recruit veteran communities.A cross-sectional study of mental,neurological,and substance use （MNS） disorders are performed in two stages using screening scale such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal cognitive assessment,followed by systematic neuropsychological assessments to make clinical diagnoses,evaluated disease awareness and care situation.Results A total of 9 676 among 277 veteran communities from 18 cities are recruited into this platform,yielding a response rate of 83.86％.8 812 subjects complete the MNS subproject screening and total response rate is 91.70％.The average participant age is （82.01±4.61） years,69.47％ of veterans are 80 years or older.Most participants are male （94.01％）,83.36％ of subjects have at least a junior high school degree.The overall health status of veterans is good and stable.The most common NCD are cardiovascular disorders （86.44％）,urinary and genital diseases （73.14％）,eye and ear problems （66.25％）,endocrine （56.56％） and neuro-psychiatric disturbances （50.78％）.Conclusion We first construct a veterans＇ comprehensive clinical research platform for the study of NCDs that is primarily composed of highly educated Chinese males of advanced age and utilize this platform to complete a cross-sectional national investigation of MNS disorders among veterans.The good and stable health condition of the veterans could facilitate the long-term follow-up studies of NCDs and provide prospective data to the prevention and management of NCDs.     

Association between intervertebral disc degeneration and disturbances of blood supply to the vertebrae

Low back pain is a common public health problem in western industrialized societies and the world as well.Studies indicate that the prevalence rate ranges to 35%, with around 10% of patients from 12% becoming chronically disabled. It also places an enormous economic burden on society. Although the exact cause of low back pain has yet to be defined, intervertebral disc degeneration is considered a major source of it. Since patients with degenerative discs are often asymptomatic, the mechanisms of it are still unclear.     

痘苗病毒天坛株的减毒与其作为疫苗载体研究进展

1痘苗病毒天坛株的历史天花是人类历史上最可怕的传染病之一。天花由天花病毒（variola virus）引起,人是该病毒的惟一宿主。人感染天花病毒后的死亡率达到30%~40%[1]。世界上公认的对天花最早的准确记录来自中国,晋代药学家葛洪于公元430年左右,在《肘后备急方》中对天花有清楚的描述[1]。     

Enhancement of the scientific management of earthquake disaster rescue: improving the state level of disaster medical care

A7.0-magnitude earthquake took place in Lushan county,Ya＇an in southwest China＇s Sichuan Province at 8：02 a.m.Beijing time,April 20,2013.The epicenter was located approximately 110 km away from Chengdu,at 30.3 degrees north latitude and 103.0 degrees east longitude.The earthquake caused 196 deaths and left 21 missing and 11 470 injured.