平原型水库泥沙清淤试验研究

为研究平原型水库泥沙清淤试验的效果,同时进行平原型水库清淤试验排沙效率和经济性的定量分析,以西霞院水库清淤试验为例,针对输沙管道南岸过坝方案,分析了平原型水库泥沙清淤试验中不同工况下的泥沙运动形式、实测阻力及输移泥沙悬浮情况等,分析计算了各种工况下输沙耗水率及试验清淤成本。结果表明:平均含沙量越大,排沙耗水率越低,最低耗水率为3.53,清淤成本约为52.28元/m~3。     

黄河泥沙合理配置方案研究

黄河泥沙合理配置对于黄河综合治理和泥沙综合利用具有重要意义。通过改进黄河泥沙配置综合评价方法,按照新水沙系列和配置模式条件,采用黄河泥沙空间优化配置数学模型,计算黄河泥沙配置方案,对各种泥沙配置方案进行综合评价,提出了建议配置方案及合理的泥沙配置比例。结果表明,入黄水沙量对泥沙配置状况有明显影响,抬高小浪底水库汛限水位对泥沙配置状况影响不大,黄河上中游水库建设对泥沙配置状况明显改善,下游防护堤治理对泥沙配置状况有所改善。结合黄河上中游水土保持、水库建设和跨流域调水,维持四站入黄年平均水量约250亿m~3和沙量约3亿t,可以维护黄河河道均衡稳定。现状水库河道条件建议方案对黄河泥沙的合理配置比例为水库拦沙35%、引水引沙21%、滩区放淤3%、挖沙固堤4%、河道冲淤3%、输沙入海34%;合理空间分布为上游20%、中游30%、下游14%、河口36%。     

乌江银盘水电站库区泥沙淤积研究

利用一维不平衡输沙原理对乌江银盘水库正常蓄水位214 m,死水位211.5 m运用方案对银盘水电站进行了库区泥沙冲淤计算分析.计算成果表明:由于银盘水电站为径流电站,在水库运用初期,悬移质排沙比即可达到96%;库区泥沙淤积不严重;悬移质泥沙集中淤积于距坝25.65 km以内河段,推移质泥沙大部集中淤积在距坝25.65～42.54 km河段内.水库运行至20 a末时,遇5%频率洪水,相对空库水位最大水位抬高值为 0.42 m.     

虹吸式管道排沙技术在西霞院水库清淤中的试验研究

为研究虹吸式管道排沙技术在西霞院水库清淤中的应用及效果,基于水库库区现场的清淤试验,利用西霞院水库上下游水位差的虹吸作用,辅以破土射流冲吸式吸泥头扰沙,通过对输沙管道沿程含沙量和流量等特征值的跟踪监测,研究单泵及双泵串联条件下,200m3/s、220m3/s、230m3/s、240m3/s、250m3/s、300m3/s和330m3/s共7个流量级不同试验工况下测点含沙量的变化范围、趋势及粒径级配等,并对试验清淤效果进行定量分析。水库清淤的现场试验结果表明:随着虹吸式管道排沙试验的工况流量不断增大,所测的平均含沙量呈现出增大趋势,而最大含沙量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,整个试验过程最大含沙量达到342.61kg/m3,清淤2 000m3泥沙的生产成本为10.56万元。     

三门峡水库降水冲刷机理与规律研究

根据三门峡水库降水冲刷实测资料,分析河床形态调整及其过程、出库含沙量过程等与来水来沙条件、库区蓄水状态及其变化过程的响应关系,研究库区水沙运动规律,探讨力与水协同作用下降水冲刷机理与关键影响因素。研究表明:①三门峡水库滞洪排沙期6个冲刷时段冲刷集中在黄淤12—黄淤36河段,受水库调度和排沙能力的影响,最大输沙强度出现在流量2 000～3 000m3/s;②坝前水位从302 m下降到295 m时,库区冲刷效果最好,如果水位再降低,冲刷效果并不显著;③利用清华大学与陕西水科所公式计算输沙率,在选择系数值时,需具体分析水库的淤积物组成、冲刷发展的程度等影响因素。     

嘉陵江亭子口水库泥沙淤积研究

利用一维不平衡输沙原理对嘉陵江亭子口水库正常蓄水位458 m运用方案进行了库区泥沙冲淤计算分析.计算结果表明:水库泥沙淤积形态为三角洲淤积,水库运用20 a,库区三角洲淤积体的顶点在距坝80 km左右,水库运用50 a三角洲淤积顶点下延至距坝60 km左右;当枢纽运用至100 a末时,库区泥沙淤积量为21.81亿m 3,水库泥沙淤积大部分集中在常年回水区;当枢纽运用至20 a末时,遇不同频率洪水时,受库区泥沙淤积影响,昭化以下41.9 km河段及昭化以上10 km左右河段水位抬高1.05～2.53 m.     

维持黄河下游河道与滩区稳定的泥沙处置方案

变化环境下研究提出可以维持黄河下游河道与滩区稳定的泥沙处置方案对黄河下游乃至流域治理具有重要指导作用。通过实测资料分析、数学模型等手段,分析入黄泥沙的时空分布变化,认为三门峡水库建成后的3个水库运用阶段输沙入海是泥沙处置的主导方式,小浪底水库建成后变为以水库拦沙为主导,大型水库是影响泥沙空间分布及河道冲淤的重要因子;黄河年均来沙8亿、6亿、3亿t情景,黄河下游无法实现河道和滩区稳定,拟定了5个泥沙处置方案,通过分析评价得到最优方案,即古贤、桃花峪水库+滩区生态治理方案,建设古贤水库可以基本实现黄河下游50 a河床不淤高,滩区生态治理能够消除“二级悬河”,加上桃花峪水库可显著提高滩区防洪标准,综合评价该方案最优。     

多沙水库汛限水位实时动态控制方案研究

水库在汛期使用单一汛限水位有利于保障水库的防洪安全,却大大降低了调度的灵活性和发电效益。对于多沙水库,在进行汛限水位动态控制的研究时,也应对泥沙因素予以考虑。为制定合理的多沙水库汛限水位动态控制方案,先采用预泄能力约束法,基于一维非均匀流不平衡输沙模型,选定水库汛限水位分期动态控制的范围,而后依据汛限水位动态控制预蓄预泄的基本原理,拟定某多沙水库的汛限水位实时动态控制方案。结果表明:在保证防洪安全和冲沙调度的前提下,对水库实施汛期分期及汛限水位动态控制方案,能够有效地提高水库的兴利效益。     

小浪底水库运用后三门峡水库运用方式的初步研究

小浪底水库投入运用后三门峡水库的运用方式将作调整，本文和黄河水库一维水动力学泥沙数学模型，选择不同水沙系列年进行多方案计算与综合，得出了采用“洪水排沙、平水发电”汛期运用方式的方案，平水期发电水位除7－8月份仍维持305m外，可适当抬高至306－307m、10月份可按310m以上水位运用的初步认识。     

三门峡水库（潼关至大坝）泥沙冲淤规律分析

三门峡水库自1960年9月中旬蓄水运用以来，先后经历了两次改建和三种不同运用方式，相应地水库的泥沙淤积也经历了几个不同阶段，本文试图利用非均匀不平衡输沙的理论，对三门峡水库泥沙淤积进行分析研究，找出各个不同时期的冲淤特点和规律，由此，对三门峡水库未来的泥沙冲淤趋势以及如何控制提出预测和建议。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…