可控源电磁法2.5维自适应有限元各向异性正反演

本文基于非结构化的三角单元网格的自适应有限元法进行各向异性介质的正演模拟,其优势在于对起伏地形和复杂地质构造的模拟,采用自适应策略的网格剖分在满足计算精度的前提下尽量减少了计算量;反演运用基于高斯牛顿法改进的Occam算法,在对初始条件要求不高的前提下能快速地搜索拉格朗日乘子、减少模型的搜索量。对一维VTI介质模型和经典二维各向异性海洋油气藏模型进行了正演计算,验证了程序的计算精度和效率;对海底起伏地形各向异性模型进行了反演计算,该算法能够比较准确地还原海底各向同性的围岩、基岩异常体的电阻率以及各向异性异常体的埋藏情况。最后对实测数据进行了反演,进一步验证了算法的可行性。     

PC机群网络并行计算在油藏数值模拟中的应用

基于Windows系统的PC机群并行计算环境，介绍了在解决油藏数值模拟问题过程中应用的并行计算技术。对一个隐压显饱、三维三相的黑油数值模拟软件的核心计算求解部分进行了并行化处理，利用消息传递界面（MPI）库实现了并行过程中的所有消息的传递功能。对枣园油田模型进行了测试，2个PC的加速比达到1．86，4个PC的加速比达到2．76。     

二维块状结构大地电磁快速反演

利用大地电磁快速松弛反演法(RRI)中求偏导数的方法,结合二维块状地质模型建模法,提出了一种块状地质单元边界的快速二维反演方法。该方法的基本原理是,采用二维有限元法进行正演计算,通过一组修正系数把RRI法计算的一维偏导数转化为二维偏导数,并且在偏导数矩阵中只保留对本测点模型参数的偏导数,忽略对其它测点参数的偏导数,形成一个近似雅可比矩阵。在每一次反演迭代中只需要做一次有限元法正演就可以求出近似偏导数矩阵,与常规的采用互易定理的反演方法相比,反演的时间大为缩短。3个模型的试算实例表明,该快速二维反演方法能够使反演稳定地收敛到真实模型附近。     

MT Occam反演的CPU/GPU异构混合并行算法研究

由于观测频率数有限,传统的基于频率划分的电磁法正反演并行计算方式不具有可扩展并行性,难以通过扩大集群规模以提高计算速度。为此,以大地电磁(MT)Occam反演为例,通过挖掘线性方程组求解、矩阵运算等细粒度并行分量,对传统的大粒度分频方式进行扩展,设计了MPI-OpenMP-CUDA多层次混合并行算法。第一层采用消息传递接口(MPI)以消息传递的方式实现节点间大粒度任务的分发,第二层采用OpenMP以共享内存方式实现节点内中小粒度任务的并行处理,底层采用统一计算设备架构(CUDA)实现节点内GPU的核心计算。给出了理论背景和并行性分析,设计了并行处理流程,对方案的适用性进行了讨论。多个理论模型的试算验证了代码的正确性,评估了计算精度,比较了加速性能。实验结果表明,所设计的算法合理高效,仅利用4个节点,就使较大规模的模型(文中类型2)反演平均加速比达到16倍,最高加速比可达23倍。     

大地电磁非线性共轭梯度一维反演

非线性共轭梯度(nonlinear conjugate gradient,NLCG)反演法具有较好的稳定性和反演精度,在二维反演中得到了广泛的应用,但是正则化因子选取困难以及计算量较大等问题限制了其在一维反演中的应用。针对上述问题,结合一维反演实际,提出了一种改进的NLCG优化算法。该算法以Bostick反演结果为初始模型,采用正则化因子自适应迭代调整方案,每次迭代时根据目标函数自动调整正则化因子,无需再对正则化因子进行不断尝试反演;简化了预处理因子和最优步长的计算,用单步线性搜索法代替迭代法求最优步长;对反演结果进行优化并做二次NLCG反演,进一步提高了反演精度,使非线性共轭梯度一维反演算法更高效。通过几个模型算例分析了优化算法的有效性。实际大地电磁数据NLCG反演结果与钻井资料吻合好、精度高;与Occam反演结果相比分层更加清晰,未出现异常高阻层,对地下电性结构的划分更加可靠。     

基于偏导数和统计学方法的电阻率测深二维反演

为了获得详细直观的视电阻率测深数据的反演结果,本文研究了利用视电阻率测深数据的偏导数变化和统计学参数,设计初始模型的反演方法。该方法先判断地层电性结构类型,再圈定目标体位置。利用包含地下地层参数的偏导数信息和一维反演结果的统计学特征,设计出有层参数和地层结构的初始模型。在此基础上使用遗传算法修改模型,配合二维有限元法正演达到拟合误差最小,从而完成电阻率测深数据的二维反演。此法的优点在于初始模型与真实的地层结构有很大的相似性;不需要解大型线性方程组,降低计算量;反演过程中独立计算总体拟合误差和异常体影响区域拟合误差,指导优先变异方向。反演后给出直观的解释结果。对理论模型及实测数据试算证明该方法可以获得较实用的反演效果。     

基于Spark的近地表速度模型快速层析反演

近地表速度模型层析反演多采用基于初至旅行时射线追踪的迭代反演方法。通常采用基于共享存储的MPI并行方式提高计算效率,但当计算节点增至一定规模时会存在网络I/O压力过大的计算瓶颈。为此,提出了一种快速、稳健的基于Spark技术的近地表速度模型层析反演方法,采用分布式内存管理技术将迭代中重复计算的数据持久化至内存中,提高程序运行效率。同时,为了解决共享存储中随着节点规模扩大而产生网络I/O堵塞的瓶颈问题,在分布式存储环境下组织弹性分布式数据集(RDD),设计基本规约单位为深度方向的一维反演数据,基于Spark Shuffle在规约过程中分布并行规约,利用Spark调度器在各个进程中分配任务,实现并行计算。实际数据计算结果表明：在反演结果精度不变的情况下,相对于常规MPI并行技术,该实现方法能够大幅度降低迭代过程中产生的网络I/O;当计算节点较多时,计算效率能够提高4倍以上;并行加速比呈现类线性增长趋势。     

电测深资料二维反演

目前二维电测深反演普遍采用最优化迭代方法，这种方法应用的关键所在便是Ｊａｃｏｂｉａｎ矩阵的求取，本文成功地将有限元的电阻率偏导数求法与厚度偏导数的差分数值求法结合起来，使Ｊａｃｏｂｉａｎ矩阵容易得到，从而在微机上实现二维电测深反演。     

中国石油首台PC机群并行油藏数值模拟系统安装成功

<正>近日,中国石油股份公司首台PC机群并行油藏数值模拟系统,在新疆油田分公司勘探开发研究院安装成功,并投入试运行。这套并行油藏数值模拟系统包括一个PC机群和一套并行油藏数值模拟软件。该PC机群由国际上著名的SUN计算机公司制造,由32个计算节点组成,每个节点两个CPU,主频2GHz,内存4GB,硬盘140GB,共计64个CPU,128GB内存,4.5TB大容量数据硬盘,另配4TB的NAS外挂数据盘。     

有偏VSP资料的旅行时反演

我们已研制成一种计算旅行时导数的稳健的方法。实现旅行时对界面参数的求导计算分二步进行。第一步,计算旅行时对射线参数的导数;第二步,计算对界面参数的射线参数的偏导数。我们通过对一阶和二阶旅行时导数的分析,论述了与界面参数有关的旅行时的灵敏度和非线性问题。文中介绍了在VSP资料上实现旅行时反演的一个切实可行的算法,并在地层尖灭和盐丘模型的合成VSP资料上作了试验。     

阿姆河右岸酸性气田井口冲蚀及对策

中亚土库曼斯坦阿姆河右岸气田群为高含H_2S和CO_2的碳酸盐岩气藏,单井产量高,井口设备均出现了不同程度的腐蚀。初步分析认为其原因是生产过程中仅考虑酸性介质对气井井口的化学腐蚀,而没有考虑气体流速对井口的冲蚀作用,极大地影响了气田的安全生产。为此,通过对节流阀上下游阀道、法兰面均出现明显坑状腐蚀的进一步分析,明确了化学腐蚀和气体冲蚀的交互作用是井口磨损的主要影响因素,气流冲刷腐蚀坑的化学腐蚀产物会加速冲蚀损害;进而借鉴冲蚀与腐蚀运行环境下的多相管流管道的磨损计算理论,计算了该运行环境下的冲蚀极限速度,得到了不同生产工况下节流阀的抗冲蚀流量;最后,根据气田生产情况,针对性地提出了按气井配产要求来选择采气树类型、节流阀通径及类型冲蚀的技术控制策略。此举为气田安全生产提供了工程技术保障。     

山前地区深井超深井套管防磨与减磨技术研究

针对山前地区深井超深井钻井过程中套管磨损严重的问题,在分析套管磨损机理的基础上,开展了山前地区套管防磨与减磨技术研究,基于技术研究成果及应用实践,得到如下结论:1应用Power V等垂直钻井系统控制井眼轨迹,特别是上部井段的狗腿度和井斜,可明显减小侧向力和磨损量,缩短套管磨损时间;2应综合考虑套管磨损率、磨损系数以及钻杆耐磨带本身的磨损量,优选出效果最优的耐磨带;在狗腿度严重的位置,可考虑采用一定数量的橡胶钻杆卡箍来减轻对套管的磨损;3山前地区钻井液采用CX-300减磨剂能够显著降低磨损速率,减轻套管磨损程度,但在不同钻井液体系使用之前应进行优化分析以确定最佳使用量;4在迪那204井使用高密度钻井液体系,全部采用优选的高密度重晶石粉代替铁矿粉作为加重剂,整个钻进过程中未出现钻具及套管磨损,迪那204井易损件消耗量仅为邻井迪那203井的左右,防磨减磨效果非常显著。     

Biodiesel Projects Helpful to Ease Energy Shortage

Nearly 7,000 hectares of biodiesel forest will take shape in the northern province of Hebei in 2008, part of a national campaign to fuel the fast growing economy in a green way. In no more than five years, the Pistacia chinensis Bunge, whose seeds have an oil content of up to 40 percent, will yield five tons of fruit and contribute about two tons of high-quality biological diesel oil, according to the provincial forestry administration.     

State Energy Base Proposed in Inner Mongolia

Experts recently suggested China set up a state energy base in lnner Mongolia Autonomous Region to ease its energy thirst. The survey was co-conducted by senior researchers from the National Development and Reform Commission, Development Research Center of the State Council, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Finance. To plan and establish strategic energy bases at state level is in line with the principle of ＂giving priority to energy saving and diversifying energy consumption with the utility of coal at the core.＂     

Influence of Shale Oil Boom in North America upon nternational Crude Price Flucturation

正Current stituation of shale oil development in the world The US The country is blessed with abundant shale oil resources and had matersed whole sets of theories and technologies needed for their exploration and development after years of practices.According to an assessment of shale oil resources in major countries and regions of the world issued by the U.S.Energy Information Agency(EIA),the US ranks the second in the world with its 6.8 billion tons of technically recoverable shale oil(shale oil in place is about 136.3 tons).About 8plays had been confirmed to have     

A Sintering-resistant Pd/C Composite Catalyst for Ethylbenzene DehydrogenationDeveloped by CAS Institute of Metals

Carbon deposition is a commonplace phenomenon occurringin the catalytic reaction process, in particular inthe system of direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene,because the reactant - ethylbenzene molecules on thesurface of metal oxide catalysts are prone to quickly formcarbon deposits, leading to deactivation of catalysts. Recently,the associate research fellow Mr. Liu Hongyangand the research fellow Mr. Su Dangsheng of the StateShenyang Material Science （United ） Laboratory of theInstitute of Metal Research, CAS by taking advantageof the carbon deposition process during direct dehydrogenationof ethylbenzene have ingeniously designeda Pd/C composite catalyst. This catalyst in comparisonwith the traditional commercial carbon nanotubesupported Pd catalyst shows a significantly improved performancein terms of its catalytic activity and sinteringresistantability.     

ZPEB Overseas Markets Keep Steady and Efficient Development

In recent years, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau （ZPEB） has made rapid development in overseas petroleum markets through its integrated reorganization. A new international business plattbrm established, aimed at becoming a highly ranked contractor with international petroleum engineering technology. ZPEB has expanded its business scope and scale, regulated the market structure,     

New Era for China-Brazil Relations

China and Brazil celebrated the 40th anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries in July this year. Bilateral relations between China and Brazil have entered a new stage, and experts expect the already extensive cooperation between the two countries to deepen and broaden as Chinese President Xi Jinping made a state visit to Brazil in mid-July, which is his first state visit to Brazil since he assumed the office last year. The visit to China＇s largest trade partner in Latin America is at the invitation of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff.     

Large Scale Ethylene Production Package Technology SuccessfullyDeveloped by CNPC

The CNPC Group has successfully developed a largescaleethylene production package technology with independentintellectual property rights, which has beensuccessfully applied in the 1.2 Mt/a ethylene revamp andexpansion project at the Daqing Petrochemical Complex（DPC）.     

Recent Advancements in Petroleum E & P Equipments in China

The role of equipments in oil and gas exploration and development had never been attached with so much importance as that in shale oil and gas boom in the U.S. With the help of massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, the U.S., the world＇s No. 1 oil importer even started to dream about energy self-sufficiency with its proudly high production of shale oil and gas from several major shale plays in the country. However, what behind this remarkable achievement are powerful multi-stage hydraulic fracturing machinery and smart tools for directional drilling.