分侧肺通气时不同呼气末正压和潮气量对单侧肺损伤犬循环的影响

目的 观察不同步分侧肺通气和同步分侧肺通气对单侧急性肺损伤(ALI)犬循环的影响.方法 取健康杂种犬12只,建立盐酸所致单侧肺损伤动物模型,行容积控制通气,将犬按随机数字表法分为不同步分侧肺通气组(NS组)和同步分侧肺通气组(S组).参数:患侧潮气量3.5 ml/kg保持不变,呼气末正压(PEEP)选择15、20、25 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa);患侧PEEP 10 cm H2O不变,潮气量用随机数字表法选择5、7.5、10 ml/kg.健侧通气参数始终不变,检测不同通气条件下两组犬血流动力学和氧动力学指标.结果 (1)患侧潮气量3.5 ml/kg不变,PEEP为15、20 cm H2O时,两组血流动力学和氧动力学参数差异无统计学意义.当患侧PEEP为25 cm H2O时,NS组心率、体循环平均压(mABP)、心输出量、氧合指数和混合静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)分别为(98±8)次/min、(84±6)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、(1.10±0.13)L/min、(199±14)mm Hg和(55±6)%,明显低于S组[分别为(124±9)次/min、(103±7)mm Hg、(1.52±0.28)L/min、(221±15)mm Hg和(62±4)%,t值分别为-7.852、-16.561、-15.043、-13.314和-5.653,均P＜0.01].(2)患侧PEEP 10 cm H2O不变,潮气量分别为5、7.5 ml/kg时,两组的血流动力学和氧动力学参数比较差异无统计学意义.当患侧潮气量为10 ml/kg时,NS组HR、mABP、心输出量、氧合指数和SvO2均低于S组(均P＜0.01).结论 在本实验动物模型中,患侧与健侧所用PEEP水平相差≤20 cm H2O或患侧潮气量≤7.5 ml/kg时,同步和非同步分侧肺通气均能保持循环稳定.若需要更高水平PEEP时,建议选用同步分侧肺通气.     

分侧肺通气和侧卧位通气对单侧肺损伤犬炎症介质分泌的影响

随着单侧肺移植及单侧肺动脉内膜剥脱术的开展,可能导致单侧急性肺损伤(unilateral acute lung injury)的病例呈增多趋势.处理单侧肺损伤造成的急性呼吸衰竭目前有体位通气和分侧肺通气(independent lung ventilation).本研究通过动物模型,探讨单侧肺损伤时不同机械通气方式对单侧肺损伤炎症介质(cytokine markers)的影响.     

老年急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者侧卧位通气疗效观察

目的评价侧卧位通气对老年急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者的临床疗效。方法26例老年患者施行侧卧位通气,监测体位改变前、后的呼吸循环指标并进行比较。结果体位改变1h后动脉血氧分压由(98±11)mmHg上升到(127±13)mmHg(P<0.01);治愈率为69.33%(18/26)。结论侧卧位通气可显著改善老年ALI/ARDS患者的预后且实施容易。     

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气的对比观察

目的　评价侧卧位通气和俯卧位通气对急性肺损伤 /急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ALI/ARDS)患者的临床疗效 ,并对两种通气方法进行对比观察。方法　以 2 0 0 2年 3月为分界线 ,将 2 4例患者分为两组分别施行侧卧位通气 (2 0 0 2年 4月后 13例 )和俯卧位通气 (2 0 0 2年 3月前 11例 ) ,监测体位改变前、后的呼吸循环指标并分别进行比较。结果　体位改变 1h后 ,两组患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2 )均升高 ,侧卧位组由 (10 3± 12 )mmHg(1mmHg =0 .133kPa)上升到 (12 6± 13)mmHg,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;俯卧位组由 (87± 19)mmHg上升到 (119± 15 )mmHg(P <0 0 1)。以PaO2 升高 10mmHg为治疗有效标准 ,治疗有效率侧卧位组 6 1 5 % ,俯卧位组 6 3 6 % ,两组比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　作为ALI/ARDS的辅助治疗手段 ,侧卧位通气与俯卧位通气的治疗有效率接近 ,但侧卧位实施更容易 ,护理更方便 ,值得临床进一步探讨。     

早期应用保护性肺通气治疗急性肺损伤

急性肺损伤的常规机械通气治疗尽管取得了一定的效果 ,但在治疗期间病情进展程度和死亡率没有得到很好的控制 ,究其原因 ,机械通气造成的肺再损伤是一个重要因素。我们对 8例急性肺损伤患者早期行保护性肺通气治疗 ,取得了较好效果。现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料　本文急性肺损伤患者 1 0例 ,男 4例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 2 6～ 6 5岁 ,平均 3 8.8岁。神经源性肺损伤 4例 (颅内出血 3例 ,脑外伤 1例 ) ,感染性肺损伤 4例 (肺部感染 2例 ,腹部感染和盆腔感染各 1例 ) ,药物中毒性肺损伤 2例 (均为有机磷农药中毒 )。均按中华医学会呼吸…     

单肺通气模式下不同水平PEEP对肺损伤的影响

目的探讨单肺通气模式下不同水平呼气末正压通气(PEEP)对肺损伤的影响。方法选择拟单肺通气剖胸手术患者60例,随机分成三组,每组20例。A组单肺通气6 mL/kg+PEEP为0 cmH2O,B组单肺通气6mL/kg+PEEP为4 cmH2O,C组单肺通气6 mL/kg+PEEP为8 cmH2O,术中均为持续性单肺通气,并排除肺功能差或有肺部疾病者。通过监测单肺通气前(T1)、单肺通气30 min(T2)、单肺通气60 min(T3)、单肺通气90 min(T4)、单肺通气结束前(T5)、出室前(T6)的SpO2、MAP、HR。采集颈内静脉血5 mL进行肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、IL-6检测。结果三组治疗不同时间点MAP、HR、SpO2无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。B、C两组从T3开始相对于A组炎性因子水平较低且有统计学差异(P均<0.05),而B、C两组间炎性因子水平比较无统计学差异(P均>0.05)。结论单肺通气6 mL/kg+PEEP 4 cmH2O对肺损伤影响最小。     

急性肺损伤急性呼吸窘迫综合征保护性肺通气的研究进展

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）于1967年首次在文献中描述，至今已有30多年了。既往ARDS患者的抢救成功率非常低，病死率高达50％-70％。自从1990年一种创新的机械通气策略发表后，ARDS患者的病死率明显下降。这种策略称为“保护性肺通气策略”，1993年The American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Conference发表的指南再次强调了它的重要性。保护性肺通气策略的实质是限制机械通气时的潮气量（TV）和气道压力，以减轻肺过度充气；     

小潮气量机械通气治疗犬急性肺损伤的实验研究

机械通气仍是治疗急性肺损伤的有作者单位：２００４３３上海第一肺科医院呼吸科（刘宏伟、何国钧、余自力、邵江）；上海市中山医院肺科（蔡映云、白春学）效手段，成功的关键在于保证机体氧合的同时，尽可能减少并发症。反比通气虽使机体氧合相对改善，但使平均气道压升...     

单肺通气左心转流萎陷侧肺损伤的实验研究

对6只犬建立单侧（右）肺通气＋阻断降主动脉＋左心转流模型。分为正常左房压转流组（对照）和左心转流期间短暂左房压增高组（实验）各3只。结果示实验组出现以美陷侧肺明显的含水量增多，肺泡腔内不同程度出血，上皮细胞变性、线粒体肿胀等形态学改变，以及肺组织血管紧张素转换酶活性减低。认为肺美陷时肺泡压减低为零，肺血管壁周围的对抗力被削弱，肺血管跨壁压增大，加之美陷侧肺组织因缺氧而耐受性差，当左房压升高时，易发生肺水肿和肺出血的病理改变。     

无呼吸性气流通气对胸腔镜下肺癌根治术单肺通气患者非通气侧肺损伤的改善作用及其机制

目的 通过观察无呼吸性气流通气(AOI)对胸腔镜下肺癌根治术单肺通气(OLV)患者非通气侧肺损伤的改善作用,探讨其相关机制。方法 选择择期行胸腔镜下肺癌根治术的患者60例,随机分为对照组及AOI组各30例。于术中OLV开始即刻对AOI组患者非通气侧肺给予5 L/min的氧气持续性通气,对照组患者非通气侧肺不给予氧气持续性通气。于麻醉诱导后即刻(T0)、OLV后30 min(T₁)、OLV后1 h(T₂)及OLV后2 h(T₃)采集患者桡动脉血,血气分析仪检测氧合参数动脉血氧分压(Pa O₂)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(Pa CO₂)。术毕后保留已切除下来的肺癌组织,切取肿瘤周边的正常肺组织标本,HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,评估肺损伤情况并计算肺损伤评分。采用TUNEL法观察肺组织细胞凋亡情况,计算细胞凋亡指数;采用Western blotting法测定肺组织中细胞凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax),自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)-Ⅰ...     

Effects of independent lung ventilation and lateral position on cytokine markers of inflammation after unilateral lung acid injury in dogs

Background and objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of conventional ventilation, lateral (non‐injured lung‐dependent) position, asynchronous and synchronous independent lung ventilation on inflammatory markers in an animal model of unilateral lung acid injury. Methods: Twenty‐eight dogs underwent unilateral endobronchial instillation with hydrochloric acid and randomly received (n = 7 in each group) conventional ventilation in the supine (group I) or lateral position (group II), and independent lung ventilation in asynchronous (group III) or synchronous (group IV) modes. Arterial blood gases and serum cytokine levels were assessed at baseline, and 5 min and 4 h after mechanical ventilation. At the end of the study, cytokine levels were measured in individual lung lavage fluid. In three animals per group, differential lung perfusion was detected using a dual‐head gamma camera. Results: Unilateral acid injury alone worsened oxygenation as determined by the ratio of PaO₂ to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO₂/FiO₂) and increased serum cytokine levels. Mean oxygenation (SD) was significantly preserved in group II, 338 (26); group III, 396 (28); and group IV, 395 (22) compared with group I, 173 (18) (all P < 0.01). Serum IL‐8, left‐lung lavage IL‐8 and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 levels were significantly lower in groups II–IV (all P < 0.05). Only group I showed significantly different left and right lung lavage fluid cytokine levels. Groups III and IV showed slightly decreased left lung perfusion. Cytokine levels and oxygenation were similar in groups III and IV. Conclusions: In this model of unilateral lung acid injury, lateral position and independent lung ventilation preserved oxygenation and attenuated the inflammatory response in serum and injured lung BAL fluid.     

不同体位保护性通气模式对误吸性急性肺损伤的影响及机制研究

目的 研究采用俯卧位和仰卧位保护性通气模式对误吸性急性肺损伤患者的影响,并探讨其机制.方法 2009年1月至2012年12月的误吸性急性肺损伤患者60例,随机分为A组和B组,每组30例.两组均采用急诊经纤维支气管镜治疗和保护性通气模式(小潮气量+呼气末正压通气)辅助通气.A组采取俯卧位,B组仰卧位.检测两组患者治疗前和治疗后24 h的呼吸功能、血流动力学指标及血清白介素6(IL 6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的水平,并随访4周时两组的临床预后.结果 A组患者治疗后24 h时的动脉血氧分压、氧合指数、脉搏血氧饱和度和心率改善优于B组(P＜0.01),A组患者血清IL-6和TNF-α的水平显著低于B组(P＜0.01).治疗后4周A组的病死率(3.33％)低于B组(20.00％)(P＜0.05).结论 俯卧位保护性通气可改善误吸性急性肺损伤患者的临床预后,其机制可能与改善患者呼吸功能和抑制炎症介质有关.     

保护性机械通气和PGE1联用对婴幼儿体外循环术后急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的评价联合应用保护性机械通气和前列腺素E1(PGE1)对婴幼儿体外循环后急性肺损伤(ALI)的保护作用.方法婴幼儿体外循环术后ALI患者18例,随机分为A、B两组,每组9例.A组采用保护性机械通气策略治疗,低潮气量(6～8 ml/kg),高呼气末正压(6～12 cmH2O),限制吸气峰压(＜35 cmH2O),适当允许高碳酸血症(PaCO2≤60mmHg).B组在施行保护性机械通气的基础上联合静脉应用PGE1,剂量为30～100ng/(kg·min),连用7～10天.观察两组患儿的临床转归,并监测48小时内肺动态顺应性、氧合指数、血浆肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)的含量变化.结果死亡1例(5.6%),其余无严重并发症发生.在治疗后48小时内的各个时点,B组肺的动态顺应性显著高于A组(P＜0.05),氧合指数非常显著降低(P＜0.01),血浆TNFα和IL-8含量显著低于A组(P＜0.01).结论二者联合应用具有协同作用,可明显提高婴幼儿体外循环后ALI的治疗效果.     

双相气道正压通气治疗急性肺损伤的临床观察

目的探讨双相气道正压（BIPAP）通气模式对急性肺损伤（acute lung injury,ALI）患者的治疗作用。方法将20例接受机械通气治疗的Au患者随机分为容量控制通气组（VCV组）和双相气道正压通气组（BIPAP组）,每组各10例。观察两组血气分析、呼吸力学指标。结果通气后BIPAP组的氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、氧合指数（OI）均显著高于VCV组（P〈0.05）;通气结束时,VCV组镇静剂用量和气管插管通气时间均显著高于BIPAP组（P〈0．05）。结论BIPAP通气模式人机协调性好,缩短了治疗时间。     

Effects of partial liquid ventilation with FC-77 on acute lung injury in newborn piglets.

Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with various types of perfluorochemicals (PFC) has been shown to be beneficial in treating acute lung injury. FC-77 is a type of PFC with relatively high vapor pressure and evaporative losses during PLV. This study tested the hypothesis that using FC-77 for PLV with hourly replacement is effective in treating acute lung injury. Fifteen neonatal piglets were randomly and evenly divided into 3 study groups: 1) lavage-induced lung injury followed by conventional mechanical ventilation (Lavage-CMV); 2) lavage-induced lung injury followed by PLV using FC-77 with hourly replacement (11.2 +/- 1.5 mL/kg/hr) (Lavage-PLV); and 3) sham lavage injury followed by conventional mechanical ventilation (Control). Immediately after induction, repeated saline lavages induced acute lung injury characterized by decreases in dynamic lung compliance, arterial oxygen tension, and arterial pH, and increases in arterial CO(2) tension and oxygenation index, whereas the sham lavage procedure failed to do so. During the 3-hr period of CMV, these pulmonary and cardiovascular parameters remained stable in the Control group, but deteriorated in the Lavage-CMV group. In contrast, after acute lung injury, low lung compliance, abnormal gas exchange, acidosis, and inadequate oxygenation significantly improved in the Lavage-PLV group. Histological analysis of these 3 study groups revealed that the Lavage-CMV group had the highest lung injury score and the Control group had the lowest. These results suggest that, in comparison to CMV, PLV with FC-77 and hourly replacement of FC-77 promotes more favorable pulmonary mechanics, gas exchange, oxygenation, and lung histology in a piglet model of acute lung injury.     

部分液体通气治疗急性肺损伤家兔

目的 观察部分液体通气（ＰＬＶ）对急性肺损伤（ＡＬＩ）家兔肺内气体交换、肺顺应性、体循环功能的影响。方法 健康雄性新西兰兔２４只,用油酸制备成急性肺损伤模型后随机分为３组,每组８只。各组采用不同方法治疗：呼气末正压（ＰＥＥＰ）组,常规机构通气（ＣＭＶ）＋ＰＥＥＰ治疗;生理盐水（ＮＳ）组,肺内注入ＮＳ同时＋ＣＭＶ＋ＰＥＥＰ;ＰＤＣ组,肺内注入全氟碳化合物－全氟萘烷（ＦＤＣ）同时＋ＣＭＶ＋ＰＥＥＰ。分     

Severe Legionella pneumonia successfully treated by independent lung ventilation with intrapulmonary percussive ventilation

Abstract:   A case of severe Legionella pneumonia was successfully treated by independent lung ventilation (ILV) with intrapulmonary percussive ventilation (IPV). A 57-year-old man with lobar pneumonia was intubated and mechanically ventilated because of his deteriorating respiratory status. The diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia was made on the fourth day after admission and appropriate antibiotic therapy was commenced. On the fifth hospital day, ILV was commenced because the right unaffected lung was over-distended, his haemodynamic state was unstable and his left lung was producing copious amounts of purulent sputum. His right lung was ventilated and his left lung was treated with IPV owing to the existence of massive atelectasis. After treatment with antibiotics and ILV combined with IPV, his respiratory and haemodynamic status gradually improved. On the tenth day after admission, ILV was changed to conventional bilateral ventilation. The patient was extubated on the sixteenth hospital day and discharged from the intensive care unit 30 days after admission. The combination of ILV and IPV was therapeutically effective during the acute phase of unilateral severe Legionella pneumonia.