Ablation therapy guided by contrast-enhanced sonography with Sonazoid for hepatocellular carcinoma lesions not detected by conventional sonography.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the usefulness of contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography with a newly developed sonographic contrast medium as a means of guidance for percutaneous ablation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions not detected by conventional sonography. METHODS: We examined 85 patients with 108 hepatocellular carcinoma lesions that were identified as hypervascular by multidetector-row computed tomography by using contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography after injection of Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway), a lipid-stabilized suspension of a perfluorobutane gas microbubble contrast agent. We scanned the whole liver by this modality at a low mechanical index in the late phase to detect lesions not detected by conventional sonography and then scanned the lesions again by this modality at a high mechanical index to visualize tumor vessels and enhancement. We also performed percutaneous ablation therapy guided by this modality to treat viable hepatocellular carcinoma lesions that could not be detected by conventional sonography. RESULTS: Conventional sonography identified 90 (83%) of 108 hepatocellular carcinoma lesions; 15 (14%) additional viable lesions not detected by conventional sonography were detected in the late phase of contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography at a low mechanical index, and tumor vessels and enhancement were observed in the late phase at a high mechanical index. Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography diagnosed 105 (97%) of the 108 viable hepatocellular carcinoma lesions, and 14 (93%) of the 15 lesions not detected by conventional sonography were successfully treated by percutaneous ablation therapy guided by this modality. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced harmonic gray scale sonography is useful for guidance of percutaneous ablation therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions not detected by conventional sonography.     

上消化道黏膜下小间叶组织瘤超声内镜诊治分析

目的分析上消化道间叶源瘤的超声微探头(MPS)的诊断与内镜下治疗。方法2004年10月～2006年10月共诊治76例上消化道间叶源瘤,所有患者均由MPS和胃镜诊断,47例行MPS指导下内镜切除术,43例进行病理和免疫组织化学染色。结果43例确诊患者中,平滑肌瘤22例,间质瘤17例,分别占51.2%和39.5%,合计占90.7%,均在MPS指导下成功切除,并发症少见。结论绝大多数间叶源性瘤是平滑肌瘤和间质瘤,分别位于黏膜肌层和固有肌层。MPS能准确诊断间叶源瘤,但不能区分平滑肌瘤和间质瘤,间叶瘤内镜下切除效果良好。     

Endoluminal sonography of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts.

OBJECTIVE: Endoluminal sonography with high-frequency catheter-based transducers is a technique well suited to imaging structures beyond the lumen of the hollow viscus. The purpose of this article was to review some aspects of endoluminal sonography, including instrumentation, clinical applications in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, and its three-dimensional reconstruction. METHODS: The development of 6F to 10F catheter-based ultrasonic probes has made this technique available for use within a variety of lumina. Endoluminal sonography with frequencies of 9 to 20 MHz has been used for evaluation of a wide range of abnormalities in both the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. RESULTS: Uses in the gastrointestinal tract include quantification of esophageal varices, distinguishing between various submucosal lesions, and measuring the degree of fibrosis in scleroderma. In the genitourinary system, endoluminal sonography has been used to guide collagen injection, to diagnose urethral diverticula and upper tract neoplasms, to locate crossing vessels and septa for guiding endopyelotomy, and to identify submucosal calculi. CONCLUSIONS: High-resolution endoluminal sonography is a new sonographic approach for evaluation of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. This should lead to the expansion of the diagnostic capabilities of sonography, providing important information for decision making relative to patient care and minimally invasive interventional procedures. Reconstructed three-dimensional endoluminal sonography has the potential to become a valuable tool in both the research and clinical areas.     

胎儿肾盂积水的超声诊断及预后评价

目的　探讨胎儿肾盂积水的程度 ,以评价胎儿肾积水转归及预后。方法　对 89例孕期发现肾盂积水的胎儿进行出生后追访 ,最长至生后 7个月。结果　 89例中 85例肾盂积水前后径 <10 mm,产后 4 2 d完全吸收 5 6例 (占 6 5 .8% ) ,明显好转 2 1例 (占 2 4 .7% ) ,无明显变化 8例 (占 9.4 % )。另 4例肾盂积水前后径 >10 mm小于 15 mm,其中 3例伴输尿管扩张 ,后 3例出生后较孕期有不同程度加重。结论　超声可较早的对胎儿肾积水进行评估。     

Choroid plexus dysmorphism detected by transvaginal sonography: the earliest sign of fetal hydrocephalus.

Fetal intracranial pathology detected in the early second trimester during 1237 transvaginal sonographic scans is presented. In a sharp contrast to simple choroid cysts, which disappear at the end of the second trimester as part of a benign course, gross distortion of the choroid plexus was found to be related to the later diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Three patterns of this abnormality are early absence of the plexus, hypoplasia and shrinkage, and "Swiss cheese" appearance. Ventriculomegaly in hydropic fetuses does not distort the normal architecture of the choroid plexus. Certain abnormal features of the choroid plexus, observed as early as the 14th week, menstrual age, are landmarks of developing hydrocephalus, currently detectable only later in pregnancy.     

B超检查对输尿管结石合并肾盂积水的诊断分析

目的　探讨输尿管结石的大小及发生部位与其所致的肾盂积水程度之间关系。方法　用二维超声对各段输尿管结石进行详细扫查 ,测量结石的大小、部位以及肾盂积水的程度 ,分析结石大小、部位与肾盂积水之间的关系。结果　 7例重度肾盂积水中 ,5例结石长径 >1 0 mm,均位于输尿管第一狭窄处 ;2例结石长径在 4～ 1 0 mm,位于输尿管腹段。 1 8例中度肾盂积水中 ,1 0例结石长径 4～ 1 0 mm,8例结石长径 >1 0 mm;1 7例位于输尿管腹段 ,1例位于输尿管的盆段 ,尤以第一狭窄处为多 ,占 1 2例。 2 6 5例轻度肾盂积水中 ,1 6 1例结石长径<4 mm,占 5 5 .5 % ,输尿管全长均可发生 ,以膀胱壁内段为多 ,占 4 3.5 %。 2 5 5例结石发生于三个生理性狭窄处 ,占 87.9% ;35例结石发生于非生理性狭窄处 ,占 1 2 .1 %。结论　超声探测输尿管结石时 ,通过先对肾盂积水程度的判断 ,可初步估计输尿管结石的大小及发生部位 ,为快速、准确的诊断输尿管结石提供参考     

儿童肾盂积水对肾血流阻力的影响

目的：探讨多普勒肾血流检测在儿童肾梗阴的病理生理学意义及临床应用价值。方法：用多普勒超声检验９例肾盂积水患儿主肾动脉、段动脉及叶间动脉的多普勒血注频谱。指标为收缩期最大峰值流速（Ｖｍａｘ）、舒张末最低流速（Ｖｍｉｎ）、Ｖｍａｘ／Ｖｍｉｎ、（Ｓ／Ｄ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）、脉动指数（ＰＩ）及△ＰＩ。健康学龄儿童对照３０例。结果：３０例正常学龄儿童多普勒肾血流频谱呈高速低阻型,９例梗阻性肾盂积水多普勒肾血     

Outcome of fetuses with clubfeet diagnosed by prenatal sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of fetuses with clubfoot diagnosed by prenatal sonography. METHODS: We identified all fetuses scanned at our institution from May 1989 to May 2002 in whom clubfoot was suspected or diagnosed on prenatal sonography. From maternal and neonatal medical records, we collected the following information when available: unilateral or bilateral clubfoot, gestational age at diagnosis, other sonographic findings, and pregnancy outcome, including pathologic reports and neonatal findings at birth. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-one fetuses had prenatal sonographic suspicion or diagnosis of clubfoot. Twenty-two had no follow-up information, and 12 fetuses were terminated with fetal parts that could not be evaluated at pathologic examination, leaving 87 study cases. Outcome information was from neonatal records in 51 and from pathologic reports in 36. The gestational age at diagnosis ranged from 12.3 to 39.2 weeks, with a mean of 22.2 weeks. Forty-two (48%) had unilateral clubfoot, and 45 (52%) had bilateral clubfoot on sonography. The false-positive rate was significantly higher with unilateral clubfoot than bilateral clubfoot (12 [29%] of 42 versus 3 [7%] of 45; P < .05). Other anomalies were more common with bilateral clubfoot than with unilateral clubfoot (34 [76%] of 45 versus 23 [55%] of 42; P < .05), the most common being other musculoskeletal anomalies, neural tube defects, and cardiovascular anomalies. Of fetuses with information about chromosomes, the rates of aneuploidy were similar for unilateral and bilateral clubfoot (5 [28%] of 18 versus 10 [32%] of 31; P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Fetuses with an antenatal sonographic diagnosis of clubfoot often have other anomalies, aneuploidy, or both. The false-positive rate for diagnosis of clubfoot is higher for unilateral clubfoot than bilateral clubfoot. The rate of associated anomalies is higher with bilateral clubfoot than unilateral clubfoot.     

重复肾并发肾积水的诊治分析

目的：探讨重复肾并发肾积水的诊治经验。方法：回顾分析7例重复肾并发肾积水患者的临床资料,其中男性2例,女性5例,年龄35~71岁。并发重度肾积水3例,轻度肾积水4例。结果：3例重度肾积水均行肾部分切除术,随访1~3年未见肾积水复发;4例轻度肾积水随访3个月~1年,积水未见明显加重。结论：重复肾并发肾积水患者行静脉尿路造影多能明确诊断,但重度肾积水患者,由于重复肾部分不显影或显影不良,静脉尿路造影难以与巨大肾囊肿鉴别,行CT或CT尿路成像检查对诊断有较大帮助。重复肾并发轻度肾积水可观察随访,并发重度肾积水者应行肾部分切除术。对不典型肾囊肿患者,术中仔细探查囊腔底部可以防止将重复肾并发重度肾积水误诊为巨大肾囊肿。     

应用超声评分法对胎儿肾积水预后的研究

目的 探讨超声评分法评估胎儿肾积水预后的价值.方法 晚孕期149例肾积水胎儿,测定其肾盂前后径、肾实质厚度、肾盂肾盏形态并分别赋予0～3分,累计其分值并与出生后的超声检查及临床诊断对照.结果 超声评分为≤3、4、5、6、7、≥8分,病理性肾积水占的比例分别为0、11.11%、28.57%、50.00%、80.00%、100%.6分为诊断胎儿病理性肾积水的最佳截断值,其灵敏度、特异度分别为88.46%、94.49%.结论 超声评分法评估胎儿肾积水的预后,具有较高的临床实用价值.     

Diagnosing carotid stenosis by Doppler sonography: state of the art.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review article is to present the state of the art in the clinical applications and technical performance and interpretation of carotid sonographic examinations. METHODS: Relevant publications regarding color and duplex Doppler sonography (CDDS) of the carotid arteries extracted from a computerized database (MEDLINE) and from references cited in these articles not appearing on the Internet were reviewed. RESULTS: The ability to quickly and efficiently identify stenosis in the carotid artery is an important goal for clinicians and vascular surgeons. Identification of potentially treatable carotid stenosis enables selection of appropriate candidates for endarterectomy or stent implantation. Advances in performance and interpretation of carotid sonographic studies over the last 20 years have been driven by technological improvements in gray scale and CDDS examinations and have made carotid sonography an important means to reach this goal. On the basis of CDDS, intima-media thickness measurements and plaque location and characterization on gray scale imaging, flow disturbance and areas of stenosis on color Doppler sonography, and flow velocities on spectral Doppler sonography are obtained. The degree of the diameter of a stenosis of the internal carotid artery is the main parameter used for therapeutic approaches. Advantages and limitations of the method are included. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid sonography is a unique imaging method for the investigation of carotid abnormalities. Noninvasive, accurate, and cost-effective, it provides morphologic and functional information. It is increasingly becoming the first and often the sole imaging study before endarterectomy, whereas costly and invasive procedures are reserved for special cases.     

Scrotal cystocele detected by sonography.

We report two cases of scrotal cystocele. In patients suspected of having a scrotal cystocele, we believe that ultrasonography is the initial examination of choice. Emptying of a scrotal cystocele with voiding is an important diagnostic feature. Failure to show a direct communication between the bladder and scrotal cystocele with ultrasonography should not exclude the diagnosis. Scrotal cystocele should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the fluidfilled scrotum. The preoperative detection of massive inguinoscrotal bladder herniation is important to avoid bladder injury during herniorrhaphy.     

Effects of hypertension and antihypertensive treatment on retrobulbar circulation detected on Doppler sonography.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of antihypertensive drugs in essential hypertension and in the central retinal, posterior ciliary, and ophthalmic arteries by using Doppler sonography. METHODS: Thirty patients with essential hypertension and 32 control subjects were enrolled in the study. The pulsatility and resistive indices were evaluated in the central retinal, posterior ciliary, and ophthalmic arteries before and 2 months after treatment with antihypertensive drugs as well as in the control group. The pulsatility and resistive index values for each artery in each group were compared statistically. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the retrobulbar pulsatility and resistive index values in each artery among the patients with initially diagnosed hypertension and the control group (P < .05). There were significant reductions in the resistive and pulsatility index values of the posterior ciliary and ophthalmic arteries after treatment (P < .05). For the ophthalmic artery, posttreatment pulsatility and resistive index values did not reach the level of flow measured in the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The alteration of Doppler parameters of medication-free patients with hypertension may result from a peripheral vasospasm in the retrobulbar circulation, and the improvement in the Doppler parameters with oral antihypertensive drugs may indicate the importance of early diagnosis in ameliorating hypertension-induced retrobulbar circulation changes.     

Short- and long-term effects of emergency medicine sonography on formal sonography use: a decade of experience.

OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that use of formal sonographic studies by departments of radiology initially increases after inception of an emergency medicine (EM) sonography training program, but there are no data on whether this trend continues as the training program matures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an ongoing EM sonography program on formal sonography use after more than a decade of experience. METHODS: This retrospective, computer-assisted review compared emergency department (ED) abdominal sonographic studies ordered in the 3 years before inception of an EM sonography program (1992-1994) with those ordered in the 8 years after its inception (1995-2002). To determine the relative change, all abdominal sonograms ordered by ED physicians were compared with equivalent outpatient formal sonograms by all other physicians in the hospital. The study site is a community teaching hospital with a current ED census of 50,000. RESULTS: In the initial 4 years (1995-1998), the number of formal studies increased significantly in both absolute numbers (annual mean, 95 versus 162; P < .002) and as a percentage of all outpatient sonograms ordered at the institution (5.1% versus 8.5%; P < .0001). However, in the following 4 years (1999-2002), the absolute number of formal studies remained constant but decreased when adjusted for an increased ED census. Emergency department-ordered formal studies also decreased as a percentage of all sonograms ordered (5.1% versus 4.1%; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency department use of formal sonography services increases with the introduction of ED sonography but decreases markedly as the program matures.     

Common applications of dermatologic sonography

In recent years, there has been growing use of sonography in the dermatologic field. Thus, this review analyzes the most common dermatologic applications of sonography with some technical considerations for performing this type of examination. Moreover, the sonographic findings in common benign and malignant skin tumors, inflammatory dermatologic diseases, and ungual and cosmetic conditions, among others, are considered. Thus, this noninvasive technique may be a potent adjunctive tool in the diagnosis and management of dermatologic conditions in daily practice, delivering critical information otherwise unavailable to the clinical naked eye.     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管在新生儿重度肾积水中的应用

[目的]探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管在治疗新生儿重度肾积水中的应用效果.[方法]本院11例重度肾积水新生儿采取超声引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘并留置F8肾造瘘管引流.患者分别在造瘘前、术后1、3和6个月末复查彩超;在造瘘前和术后6个月实行肾核素扫描.[结果]11例患儿手术顺利,手术时间（16±4.2）min,均无肾出血、周围脏器损伤等并发症,随访6个月,未见脱管等.肾积水在穿刺后3个月内缓解,和穿刺前相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肾皮质厚度在穿刺后1个月内明显增厚,和穿刺前相比,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肾小球滤过率（GFR）在穿刺6个月后较穿刺前明显改善,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.[结论]经皮肾穿刺造瘘置管对先天性重度肾积水新生儿安全、有效,可以充分引流尿液,改善肾功能,为择期行手术治疗原发病提供有利条件,有利于改善预后.     

Unusual motion detected on real‐time sonography inside a glomus tumor in the thigh

Glomus tumors are rare and many have been reported to have a hypervascular appearance on color or power Doppler sonography. We report a pathologically proven case of superficial glomus tumor within the thigh with no detectable color flow signals on color or power Doppler sonography. In addition, real‐time sonography showed spontaneous motions within the tumor, which were not synchronized with vascular or respiratory motions, and misled the presurgical diagnosis of a suspected parasite in a patient who had direct contact with multiple animal species. The etiology of this internal motion remains hypothetical but, if reconfirmed, this finding may be a useful adjunctive sign for the diagnosis of glomus tumors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2013     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Hydronephrosis in children: Narrowing the differential diagnosis with ultrasound

Twenty patients with hydronephrosis in whom examination with ultrasound was helpful in defining the extent of dilation of the collecting system are presented. Thirteen patients had hydronephrosis due to obstruction at the ureteropelvic junction, six had obstruction of the ureterovesical junction from various causes, and one had massive bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. The diagnosis of high ureteral obstruction as opposed to obstruction or reflux at the ureterovesical junction was based on visualizing a dilated ureter in the latter two groups.