自发性肾周血肿5例报告及文献复习

报告自发性肾周血肿５例，其病因为肾癌１例。双肾囊肿１例，慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析者１例，原因不明２例，除１例肾癌行根治性肾切除发生转移而死亡外，余４例经保守治疗均获成功。并复习文献就肾周血肿的诊断及治疗进行讨论，认为对原因不明者，应行ＣＴ密行随访；行肾切除术应采取谨慎态度。     

多房囊性肾细胞癌诊治体会(附14例报告)

目的:加深对多房囊性肾细胞癌(MCRCC)的认识,提高术前诊断准确率并选择合适的治疗方法。方法:对我院2012年1月~2014年12月间14例囊性肾占位患者的临床表现、影像学、病理学及手术方式等临床资料进行研究与分析。结果:本研究共14例,男12例,女2例,年龄31~75岁。7例术前术后均诊断囊性肾癌,5例行肾部分切除术,2例行根治性肾切除。2例术前诊断为复杂性肾囊肿,行去顶减压术后病理结果为肾囊性透明细胞癌,1例术前诊断为双肾下极肾癌,术后病理结果为左肾透明细胞癌伴局部囊性透明细胞癌,右肾透明细胞癌;1例术前诊断为左肾多发囊肿,术后病理证实为囊性腺瘤,1例术前诊断囊性肾癌,术后病理结果为肾囊肿;1例术前诊断为双侧多囊肾伴部分囊壁钙化,术后病理为双侧多囊肾伴左肾乳头状肾细胞癌;1例术前诊断双侧多囊肾伴右肾下极占位,术后病理结果为右肾下极占位为囊性肾乳头状肾细胞癌伴有囊性肾透明细胞癌;14例患者术后随访3~12个月均未发现肿瘤复发。结论:MCRCC术前影像学容易误诊,最好的选择是保留肾单位手术,以尽量多保留肾功能以改善整体预后。     

囊性肾癌诊治体会

目的 提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平. 方法 回顾分析10例囊性肾癌患者术前影像学特点、病理特征和治疗方法.男7例,女3例.年龄38～74岁,平均56岁.患侧腰酸3例,体检偶然发现7例,有肾囊肿病史者2例.囊腔直径3.5～8.2 cm.术前B超检查诊断为肾癌6例,CT诊断为肾癌7例.8例术中行冰冻病理:肾细胞癌6例,未发现恶性倾向2例.10例均行根治性肾切除术. 结果 术后病理诊断:肾透明细胞癌9例,颗粒细胞癌1例.病理学分型:肾癌囊性坏死6例,多房囊性肾癌2例,肾囊肿恶变型2例.8例随访6个月～5年,6例无瘤存活,2例分别于术后13、20个月死于肿瘤转移. 结论 重视囊性肾癌独特的影像学特点、病理学特征,术中行冰冻病理检查,是提高囊性肾癌诊治水平的关键.     

囊性肾癌10例分析

目的：探讨提高囊性。肾癌的诊治水平的方法。方法：对10例囊性。肾癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前CT诊断囊性。肾癌8例,复杂性。肾囊肿1例,单纯性。肾囊肿1例。10例均行根治性。肾切除术。结果：术后病理检查均为囊性。肾透明细胞癌,其中。肾癌囊性坏死5例,多房性囊性。肾癌2例,单纯性囊肿恶变3例。随访8例,7例术后生存至今,生存时间1个月～6年,1例术后6个月死于脑血管意外。结论：囊性。肾癌有其独特的临床、影像学及病理学特征,确诊者宜行根治性。肾切除。     

肾细胞癌肾上腺转移的临床特点及外科治疗(附23例报告)

目的 总结分析23例肾细胞癌肾上腺转移的临床特点,提高肾癌肾上腺转移的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析1995年至2002年收治23例肾细胞癌肾上腺转移患者的临床资料,占同期收治肾细胞癌的3.4%（23/668）.男17例,女6例,年龄28～74岁,平均53岁.同侧、对侧及双侧肾上腺转移分别为16例（69.6%）,4例（17.4%）和3例（13.0%）.单纯肾上腺转移8例（34.8%）,伴有肾上腺外转移15例（65.2%）.与肾癌同期诊断者主要表现为肾癌相关症状,肾癌术后出现转移者均为影像学检查发现.有肾癌术前影像学资料的15例中,仅有3例未提示同侧肾上腺转移,其中1例在术中发现同侧肾上腺受侵,2例为术后病理发现,该3例肾肿瘤位于肾上极2例、侵及全肾1例.结果 首次肾癌手术切除同侧肾上腺者17例,肾癌术后发现肾上腺转移者9例（同侧4例,对侧5例）,4例同侧者及1例对侧者再次手术切除.术后及5例临床诊断者接受单纯放疗2例,单纯生物治疗6例,放疗联合生物治疗10例,生物化疗或化疗3例,生物化疗联合介入治疗2例.单纯肾上腺转移者,治疗后生存31个月～10年,中位生存期4.5年;伴有肾上腺外转移者,治疗后生存3～32个月,中位生存期5个月.结论 肾细胞癌肾上腺转移多为同侧转移.术前影像学检查大多可以明确诊断,但部分肾上极肿瘤直接侵犯肾上腺者诊断困难.单纯肾上腺转移手术切除后预后相对良好.全肾或上极肾癌行肾切除术时,应行同侧肾上腺切除.     

肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移2例报告并文献复习

目的提高对肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移的认识,探讨其临床及病理特点。方法报告2例经本院收治的肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其临床特征以及影像学表现。2例均为男性,年龄分别为56岁及61岁。患者均无特征性临床表现。其中1例患者行腹腔镜根治性肾切除术后6个月复查B超发现胆囊腔内肿物增大,遂在全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。另1例发现肾脏及胆囊病变后同期在全麻下行腹腔镜根治性肾切除术及胆囊切除术。检索Pubmed和CBM数据库,对该疾病相关文献进行复习。结果2例术后病理诊断为肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移。术后随访3个月及25个月未见肿瘤复发。结论肾透明细胞癌胆囊转移临床罕见,对于肾癌患者或既往有肾癌病史的患者,应该关注其胆囊上存在的病变性质,PET／CT对诊断该病有一定帮助,同时比较原发灶和转移灶二者病理的异同能更准确地进行病理诊断。     

肾实质原发性鳞状细胞癌1例报告

肾实质原发性鳞状细胞癌(SCC)是一种极为罕见的肿瘤, 血液学和影像学检查较难诊断, 相比于其他原发性肾癌其诊断时临床分期已较晚。本文报道1例门诊诊断为肾囊肿患者, 肾增强MR检查考虑右肾囊性肾癌, 行机器人辅助右肾部分切除术, 术后病理检查提示右肾高分化SCC伴囊性变。术后随访5个月, 患者恢复良好, 未见肿瘤转移和复发。肾实质SCC虽然早期诊断困难, 但积极手术仍可获得较好的治疗效果。     

术中冷冻病理在复杂性肾囊肿治疗决策中的价值探讨

目的:探讨术中冷冻病理在复杂性肾囊肿治疗决策中的价值。方法:2010年1月~2015年12月我院收治复杂性肾囊肿患者52例,其中行术中冷冻者11例,Bosniak分级Ⅱ级1例,ⅡF级4例,Ⅲ级3例和Ⅳ级3例,8例报告为肾囊肿、肾囊肿伴出血或伴纤维组织增生,2例为肾透明细胞癌,1例为嗜酸细胞性肿瘤。结果:术后病理与冷冻病理符合者6例(54.5%),3例冷冻病理为肾囊肿者或多房肾囊肿者术后病理分别为肾透明细胞癌Ⅰ级、肾乳头状瘤和囊性肾瘤;1例冷冻病理为透明细胞癌者术后病理为多房性肾囊肿;1例冷冻为嗜酸细胞性肿瘤者术后病理为嗜酸性乳头状细胞癌,该例患者术后1年出现肿瘤复发和远处转移,于术后27个月死于肿瘤转移。结论:在处理复杂肾囊肿时应以保留肾单位手术为首选,对于怀疑有恶性可能但无法行肾部分切除时或术中发现血性囊液或囊壁结节时,可行术中冷冻病理决定手术方案。术中冷冻病理检查对于确诊及决定手术方式有一定帮助,但因取材、病理科医生阅片误差、肿瘤性质及冷冻病理技术限制,术中冷冻诊断复杂性肾囊肿仍有一定误诊率可能造成肾脏切除或肿瘤种植。     

小肾癌同期远处转移4例报告并文献复习

目的结合病例及文献就小肾癌同期发生远处转移相关因素、常见转移部位及诊断治疗策略做一介绍,提高对小肾癌同期发生远处转移的认识。方法回顾性分析西安交通大学第一附属医院泌尿外科肾癌患者临床资料,共发现4例小肾癌同期转移:患者均为男性,年龄40~68岁。影像学检查提示肾肿瘤直径均小于4cm,肺部、对侧肾上腺及全身多处骨骼发现转移病灶。所有患者临床诊断均为T1aN0M1。结果 4例患者分别行肾部分切除术、肾切除术、肋骨转移灶切除术、肾上腺转移瘤切除术及肾动脉栓塞术,术后给予分子靶向及细胞因子治疗;术后病理结果为透明细胞癌Ⅱ~Ⅲ级;术后随访:1例患者良好,未发现局部进展及转移病灶,1例失访,2例患者死亡,其中1例病情进展,死于多器官功能衰竭,另1例死亡原因不明。结论小肾癌同期远处转移并不罕见,特别是病理诊断为高度恶性,微血管侵犯及病理类型为肉瘤样、乳头状和嫌色细胞癌的患者。小肾癌同期发生远处转移者治疗效果远较无同期转移者差,预后主要取决远处转移部位、病理分级和病理类型。     

肾脏偶发瘤诊治体会

目的提高肾脏偶发瘤的术前诊断率和手术治愈率。方法回顾性分析66例。肾脏偶发瘤患者的术前影像学特点诊断、治疗方法及预后。患者中男40例，女26例；年龄33—67岁，平均52岁。均因体检或行临近器官检查发现肿瘤。肿瘤位于左肾36例，右肾30例。肿瘤直径1．2—4．8cm，其中〉3．0cm者4例。结果66例患者中肾癌36例，行肾癌根治术30例，肾切除术6例；肾错构瘤24例，肾囊肿6例，均行手术治疗。B超诊断肾癌26例，准确率72．2％；CT诊断32例，准确率88．9％。结论肾脏偶发瘤的术前诊断是关键，影像学检查对术前诊断的意义最大。术中可疑病例应行冰冻病理检查，以提高肿瘤的手术治愈率，偶发肾癌的术式选择应根据患者的具体情况决定。     

Renal cell carcinoma- diagnosis by computed tomography

In approximately 10% of cases, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) could present as a fluid- filled cystic mass. There are three mechanisms by which RCC may become cystic: extensive cystic necrosis, intrinsic cystic growth and origin from the epithelium lining a simple renal cyst. Simple renal cysts are very common. Uncommonly these cysts are complicated by hemorrhage, infection and possibly ischemia. The goal of the radiologist in evaluating these cystic lesions is to distinguish malignant neoplastic cystic masses from non-neoplastic complicated cysts so that appropriate management can be undertaken: RCC is best treated by surgical excision while non-neoplastic complicated cysts do not require surgery. The radiologic findings in these cystic masses which must be carefully evaluated include calcification, abnormal density, septations, nodularity, wall thickening and enhancement.     

肾癌误诊为肾囊肿11例

目的 提高对囊肿相关性肾癌的诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析误诊为肾囊肿的11例肾癌的临床特点、影像学、病理学特征。结果 11例患者平均误诊3.0年,其中实质性肾癌3例,囊性肾癌8例,术中活检2例。均行根治性肾切除术。结论 肾癌影像学复杂多变,重视体检发现的肾囊肿的随访,警惕漏诊肾癌。     

Laparoscopic evaluation of indeterminate renal cysts: long-term follow-up

PURPOSE: We present our long-term follow-up of patients who have undergone laparoscopic evaluation for their indeterminate renal cysts, specifically reporting those patients who were found to have cystic renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) and assessing the safety and efficacy of the procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with indeterminate renal cysts (28 Bosniak category II and 29 Bosniak category III) underwent laparoscopic evaluation between July 1993 and July 2000. A transperitoneal laparoscopic localization and aspiration of the cyst, cytologic analysis, and biopsy of the cyst wall and base were performed. A total of 11 patients were found to have cystic RCC. Patients with malignancy have been followed for a mean of 40 months (range 6-70 months), and five patients had 5 years or more of follow-up. RESULTS: Eleven patients (19% of the total) were found to have cystic RCC. Three of these patients had Bosniak category II cysts, and eight had category III cysts. All tumors were low grade (I or II), and the stages were T1-2, Nx-0, M0. There has been no evidence of laparoscopic port site or renal fossa tumor recurrence, local recurrence, or metastatic disease to date in these patients. There is no cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up indicates that laparoscopic evaluation of indeterminate renal cysts is not associated with an increased risk of port site or retroperitoneal or peritoneal recurrence of RCC. It may save a patient from undergoing open surgery and should be considered as a diagnostic option for patients with indeterminate renal cysts.     

囊性肾癌15例分析

目的 提高对囊性肾癌的认识。方法 对１９８２～１９９７年收治的１５２列囊性肾癌的临床特点、影像学、病理学特征及治疗预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果 术前影像学检查提示囊肿相关肾占生病变１２例,其中伴钙化５例,单纯性囊肿３例;术中活检发现癌变２例,多房囊肿性肾癌１例。１５例均行根治性肾切除术。１３例获随访,存活时间３个月～８年,平均３．２年。结论 囊性肾癌有其独特的临床,影像及病理学特征,对不符合典型单     

Renal cell carcinoma in a renal cyst: a case report and review of the literature

We report a case of renal cell carcinoma within a simple renal cyst in the lower pole of the right kidney. Excretory urography showed a mass and ultrasonography revealed multiple renal cysts with a solid component arising from the wall in 1. This finding also was visualized by computerized tomography. Analysis of the cystic fluid showed a high cholesterol level but negative cytological results. At operation a 7 mm. tumor arose from the wall of the cyst. Histopathological examination showed grade 3 renal cell carcinoma with an aneuploid deoxyribonucleic acid content.     

Sonographically detected malignant transformation of a simple renal cyst

The clinical course is reported of a simple renal cyst which developed into a septated renal cyst, and finally to a cystic renal cell carcinoma. A 49-year-old man, who had been diagnosed as having a renal cyst, was found by repeated ultrasonography over 6 years to have solid components developing within the cyst. Radical nephrectomy was performed, and pathological examination confirmed cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This case clearly shows a natural history of malignant transformation from a simple renal cyst, and emphasizes that careful follow-up of renal cysts, especially of complicated renal cysts, is mandatory for successful treatment of RCC.     

Cystic renal cell carcinomas in adults. Is preoperative recognition of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma possible?

PURPOSES: We correlated clinicopathological and imaging features of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) to propose preoperative criteria for therapeutic modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 24 RCCs with a chiefly cystic component were identified from 1993 to 2002. In each case histological slides and available imaging studies were retrieved. Two tumor groups were defined, namely MCRCC and clear RCC with cystic change (CRCC) by intrinsic growth or necrotic degeneration. Radiological correlation using computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging was performed considering criteria such as an expansile nodule, cyst wall thickness and septa. RESULTS: On imaging MCRCC presented as a multilocular cystic mass lacking an expansile nodule, and with regular thin cyst wall and septa. On pathological study MCRCC presented as complex, multilocular cystic carcinoma with septa covered by low nuclear grade clear renal tumor cells without a grossly expansile nodule. They were staged pT1 with a free clinical course. In contrast, CRCC was identified on imaging with an expansile nodule (5 mm or greater), thick, irregular cyst wall and septa. On pathological study CRCC was characterized by a grossly expansile nodule in the septa and/or cyst wall. Nuclear grade and TNM stage were higher in CRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative recognition of MCRCC is possible using strict computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging criteria. The current study confirms the low malignant potential of MCRCC. Nephron sparing surgery should be proposed when MCRCC is suspected.     

CA9 as a molecular marker for differential diagnosis of cystic renal tumors

ObjectiveCA9 is proven to be a powerful marker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The studies on CA9 have been limited to solid renal cell carcinomas (RCC). We have conducted a study of CA9 expression in renal cystic tumors. The purpose of the present study was to extend the utility of CA9 for cystic renal tumors.Materials and methodsImmunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect CA9 expression in cystic renal tumors. Forty-three cystic renal tumors (22 benign and 21 malignant) were included for the immunohistochemical staining. Thirty-six patients with a cystic renal mass (20 malignant and 16 benign cystic tumors) were studied to measure CA9 level in the fluid by ELISA. Sixteen cysts (9 malignant and 7 benign cysts) were subjected both to immunohistochemistry and CA9 measurement in the fluid.ResultsUsing immunohistochemical staining, all the benign cystic renal tumors including the 18 simple cyst and 4 benign multilocular cystic nephromas did not express CA9. All 13 cystic clear cell RCC were scored as strong staining for CA9. For 8 multilocular clear cell RCC, 7 were scored as strong staining for CA9 and the other one was negative. There was a significant difference in positive percentage (P < 0.001) between the 2 groups of malignant and benign cysts. For the 16 benign cysts, the mean concentration of CA9 in the fluid of cyst was 162 ± 133 pg/ml (median: 0 pg/ml; range: 0–2140 pg/ml). For the 20 malignant renal cystic tumors, the mean concentration of CA9 in the fluid of cyst was 2043 ± 62 pg/ml (median: 2,140 pg/ml; range: 1,112–2,140 pg/ml). There was a significant difference in mean concentration of CA9 between the two groups of malignant and benign cysts (P < 0.001). The presence or absence of CA9 expression measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA test was concordant in 14 out of 16 cases (88%).ConclusionsMalignant cystic renal tumors expressed strongly CA9 while the benign renal cysts did not express CA9. CA9 can be detected in the fluid of malignant cystic renal tumors. CA9 is a promising molecular marker to differentiate the malignant cystic renal tumors from the benign cysts.     

A case report of renal cell carcinoma in a renal cyst]

We report a case of renal cell carcinoma within a simple renal cyst in the upper pole of the right kidney. The renal cyst was found incidentally by ultrasonography. During the 3 years of follow-up, the cyst size was increasing and a small solid mass was arising from the cyst wall. Angiography revealed a hypervascular tumor stain in the renal cyst. At operation a 15 mm tumor arose from the wall of the cyst. Histopathological examination showed clear cell type renal cell carcinoma and "cyst" with sheets of carcinoma within the cyst wall. The coexistence of renal cyst and tumor is considerably rare. Fifty two cases were collected from the Japanese literature including this, and they are reviewed briefly.     

Acquired renal cystic disease

In 1977, Dunnill et al. described a new disorder, bilateral multiple renal cystic disease. It occurred among hemodialysis patients whose original illness had not been cyst-related. Acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) is commonly observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The incidence of ACDK is 40-50% in reports of autopsy and surgical specimens, rising to more than 90% after 5-10 years of dialysis. The volume of the kidneys decreases in the first 3 years of dialysis and then increases as the rate of cyst formation increases. In male patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis the incidence of ACDK is markedly high. ACDK is also found in patients before hemodialysis. The primary concern in patients with ACDK is the increased incidence (5-19%) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The incidence is about twelve to eighteen times higher than that in the general population and the cancers may be asymptomatic. Therefore, screening is essential if carcinomas are to be detected early. Regular screening by ultrasonic examination or CT scan is needed. A patient requires nephrectomy when the kidney cancer exists or is suspected by dynamic CT scan. Nephrectomy is performed only on the side with renal mass. It has been argued that RCC associated with ACDK are innocuous and do not predispose the patient to an increased risk of death from RCC. RCC arising from ACDK is considered to be a tumor of low malignant potential, compared with classic RCC. However, RCC has been reported to metastasize in 16% of the patients on dialysis and to be the cause of death in 2% of the kidney transplant recipients. The etiology of ACDK is unclear and its incidence increases with the duration of dialysis. ACDK patients have a propensity to develop adenocarcinoma. The increased incidence of RCC in ACDK patients warrants careful radiologic monitoring of end-stage kidneys in selected patients.