从"四人小组"看钱学森对航天工程人才的培养

Qian Xuesen has always paid close attention to the cultivation of talents. As the founder of China’s aerospace engineering, he drew up the blueprint for establishing scientific and technological teams in the field of aerospace engineering. In his research works in aerospace engineering he himself trained the talents who can take the leadership and undertake the important tasks. This paper discusses Qian Xuesen’s ways of training talented persons in aerospace engineering by introducing his graduate students team—“the group of four” and also makes further reflections on his approaches. The growing process of “the group of four” indicates that the cultivation of talented persons not only requires the school education but more importantly depends on the practical engineering experiences and the knowledge and teaching from their supervisors.     

钱学森与中国航天工程的开创——以探空火箭工程和东方红一号卫星工程为例

This paper investigates about the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. Qian Xuesen contributes greatly to Chinese astronautic engineering, but this paper only focuses on the development of sounding rocket engineering and Dongfanghong-1 satellite engineering, and attaches great importance to the development of T-7M and T-7 sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the historic contribution and influence of Qian Xuesen and his astronautic teams to the initiation of China’s astronautic engineering. It also provides the readers with the detail documents about Chinese sounding rocket and Changzheng-1 launch vehicle. Lastly, several enlightenments are given in this paper.     

An Empirical Study on the Public’s Perception of Technology Risk: A Survey Analysis of Beijing Public’s Perception of Risk to Waste Incineration Plant

In recent years, with the emergence of new technologies, incidents caused by technology occur frequently, and it causes a high degree of public concern. The consequences brought by the application of new technologies cause extreme public panic and worry, mistrust of government, experts, businesses, research institutions and other serious impact on mutual exchange and communication. How to balance the relationship between the interests groups, eliminate the public concern on engineering and technical risk, and improve the level of public’s perception of risk, become the most urgent problem. Taking Liulitun incineration plant as an example, this paper surveys and analyzes the public’s understanding on relevant technical and engineering construction, and studies the factors that influence public’s perceptions of risk. It also explores ways of strengthening the communication channel beteween relevant department and the public so as to improve public’s overall perception of risk fundamentally.     

德国工程技术伦理的建制

The institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics is to efficiently implement and apply the concept and research achievements of engineering and technology ethics into engineering activities by establishing effective institutions and organizations. German engineering and technology ethics has gained valuable experience in this respect. About the theoretical demonstrations on ethical institutionalization, there're mainly: Gehlen’s anthropological demonstration on the objective of institutionalization, and Ropohl's demonstration from the view of society-technology system theory while Hubig's from the viewpoint of axiology. And in Germany, the practical applications of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics chiefly include the establishment of various institutionalized organizations at the levels from federation, state to the public, and the promulgation and implementation of ethical guidelines for Association of German Engineers. Reviewing the experiences and characteristics of the institutionalization of engineering and technology ethics in Germany would not only be helpful to the enrichment of our theories of engineering and technology ethics, but also be of significant reference value for the the application of engineering and technology ethics in practice.     

The Establishment and Development of the Chinese Institute of Engineers

In 1913, Zhan Tianyou founded China’s first engineering academic group, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers. In 1915, the Chinese Assembly of Engineers changed the name to Chinese Institute of Engineers. The Institute tries to promote academic study and communication by publishing Institute newspapers and academic works. The Assembly developed quickly at the early stage and became one of the largest academic groups in China and played a groundbreaking role in attracting engineering experts from the whole country, as well as promoting the research and communication of engineering science. After 1923, the development of the Assembly came to a standstill. In 1931, the Assembly and the Chinese Engineering Society merged into Chinese Institute of Engineers.     

黄河三门峡大坝工程现实风险规避刍议

After three "ups and downs" during the planning and designing stage, the project of the Yellow River Sanmenxia Dam finally completed in 1960. After two times reconstructions and three times change of its operation mode, the dam realizes the working mode of “storing clear water and draining sand-containing water”. On the basis of the lessons learned from the Dam, the paper proposes the idea that an unique ecosystem and living environment have been formed in the middle and lower valley of Yellow River. Sanmenxia dam cannot be abandoned or blowed up. To construct an ecological system in Yellow River is an effective measure to avoid the risk of Sanmenxia Dam.     

Development Plan of Hamamatsu City and Its Inspiration

Japan is a developed country with government guiding the market. And in its development, much attention has been paid to the role of planning in macro control. Taking the development plan of Hamamatsu city as an example, the paper summarizes the features of planning: Complete planning system, specific planning servicing objects, transparent social-economic development stage, clear target arrangement, combined long-term and short-term development aims, great attention attached to the feasibility and practicality of the planning. Based on the overall analysis of the comprehensiveness, prospective, hierarchy, and feasibility of the development plan, and combined the reality of China’s development planning, the paper puts forward the following inspiring ideas for China’s development planning: 1) Development planning should adjust timely to the changes of economy and society in China. 2) Development planning should lead the overall situation of social and economic development. 3) Development planning should attach importance to public participation. 4) The aims of the Development planning should accord with actual local conditions. 5) The implementation of the development planning should be continuous.     

现代社会条件下防震减灾的公众理解和公众参与问题

Public understanding and participation of earthquake science needs new theoretical guidance and new technical supports. Theoretical concepts such as ‘Actor-Networking Theory (ANT)’ and techniques such as Community Model, ‘cloud computing’, and ‘internet of things’ provide a new perspective for the public understanding and participation of earthquake science which is facing to new challenges.     

西藏羊八井宇宙线国家科学观测研究站:历程、成就及建议

This paper reviews the establishment of National Cosmic Ray Observatory in Yangbajing Tibet, Asγ experiment (Sino-Japanese Cooperation) with increasing density of detector year by year, and the development history and scientific achievement of ARGO experiment (Sino-Italian Cooperation)which has developed the traditional sampling observation to a full coverage array. This paper introduces the idea of upgrading the present facilities, introducing a veriety of new detectors and building the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory(LHAASO) for interdisciplinary study in the near future. The paper also summarizes the meaning and experience of the observatory from the aspects of the choice of the researching goal, international collaboration, interdisciplinary, professional dedication and the significance of engineering to research. And at last, the paper puts forward some problems and suggestions for the observatory.     

Wisdom City Management System Based on Internet-of-Things Technology

The city management model of China was extensive administrative management model from the beginning. From the end of the 20th century to the first decade of 21st century, China began the systematic construction and through software system, realizes digital and automatic city management system construction. At present, with the perfection and wide applying of internet-of-things technology, it is possible to build the wisdom city management system based on internet-of-things technology. Wisdom city management system is the upgrading city management system of the digital city and the automatic city. This paper, from the basic concept and basic application of internet-of-things technology, discusses the overall structure, application and value, significance and risk of the wisdom city management system. From the perspective of the work mechanism of city management enforcement department, and based on the internet-of-things technology, this paper probes into the wisdom city management system with the “cover to the surface, monitoring to the line, and control to the point” information acquisition, scheduling and decision-making. It also expounds the function and content in detail from the percep-tion layer, the transport layer, support layer and application layer of the wisdom city management system. It pro-vides the actual maneuverability reference of the construction of wisdom city management system based on the internet-of-things technology.     

工程与社会行动的“嵌入性”分析视角——兼论工程社会学的研究现状

首先批判性地梳理了国内工程社会学的研究现状,尽管存在“工程共同体”论、“社会工程”论、“建设工程系统”论及“社会评价”论等分析范式和视角,但工程与社会之关系是工程社会学的元问题;其次,提出“工程社区”与“工程社会行动”两个概念,以社会行动理论为切入点,总结出工程社会行动分析范式的三大维度,即工程与公众参与、工程与非自愿移民、工程与社会风险;最后,认为尽管关于工程社会学的讨论还在继续,但工程成功“嵌入”社会是工程追求的终极目标.     

An Etymological Research on Chinese Terms“Engineering” and “Engineer”

Historically, both Chinese words of “engineering” and “engineer” have rich connotations. Based on a textual research on traditional literatures, this article tries to explain how the modern Chinese term “engineering” directly originated from ancient Chinese terms and inherited the basic connotation from tradition. Moreover, several traditional titles like “Gongshi” and later title “gongchengsi” were used contemporarily with the title “engineer” during the Self-improvement Movement. Nevertheless, the term “gongchegnshi” (Engineer), gradually replaced the traditional titles along with the institutionalization of modern engineering in China.     

工程规律的存在域及其特点

本文从规律与规则的区别入手,提出了存在性规律和建构性规律的理论视域.认为工程规律是在工程实践活动中,在理解当前工程活动所涉及的各种要素之间相关性的基础上、协调各种规律综合作用的建构性规律.它直面的是在集众多技术的某种特定工程建构中“如何做”的问题,与揭示事物本质的“是什么”的规律不同.工程活动不仅涉及“是什么”,更重要...     

19世纪末至20世纪前半期中国的军事工程

19世纪末至20世纪初,世界军事工程的样式,已开始从要塞炮台式体系为主,演变为以野战筑垒体系为主,中国军事工程体系也或先或后地进行了这种演变。其进程大致是:一、自中法战争至抗击八国联军侵华战争(1884—1949)中出现的"地营"等多种筑垒法,"精筑壕垒"法,"桤筑溝墙"法;二、北洋政府时期的"堑壕"与阵地布障法;三、国民政府时期对苏区构筑的"碉堡"工事,抗战中以沿海为主以内陆为辅的守备工事,总崩溃前的城防与江防工事;四、人民军队在1928至1949年的军事斗争中所创独具特色的军事工程。     

从传统工程走向生态工程：案例与建议

本文总结了工业工程的教训,阐明了传统工程的不可持续性,以笔者主持的以保障奥运为目的的《21世纪初期首都水资源可持续利用规划（2001--2005）》为例,具体探讨了生态工程的基本内涵与目标,以及如何从传统工程走向生态工程等重大问题,进而提出了若干有针对性的建议。     

从工程事故中学习的过程及其制度安排

从工程事故中进行学习，是提高工程安全的重要途径之一。尝试分析了从工程事故中进行学习的基本要素和实现过程，以及支撑这个过程有效性的相关制度安排。在此基础上，指出了我国在从工程事故中进行学习的机制上存在的不足，并尝试性地提出了几点改进建议。     

Some Historical Reflection on the Construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station

Liujiaxia Hydropower Station is one of the important hydropower in the upper stream of the Yellow River. It is the first large hydropower station above 1 million kW, designed, constructed and installed by Chinese. The construction started in the 1950s and finished in the 1970s. After completion, the project became the largest hydropower station in China and even in Asia. The design and construction of the project underwent some ups and downs, but was completed successfully eventually. Later on, it was selected as one of “the a hundred classic projects for the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China”. The paper, based on the specific facts of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, reviews the contribution of Soviet experts to Liujiaxia Hydropower Station, and then reconsiders the influences of “Double Reverse” Movement, the “Great Leap Forward” Movement, “Technological Innovation” Movement and the “Design Revolution” Movement to the construction of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station. Furthermore, it revisits the construction accidents of Liujiaxia Hydropower Station during the “Cultural Revolution” period, and attempts to draw a few lessons in the last. The paper not only affirms the role of Soviet experts in planning, site-choosing and designing of Liujiaxia Hydropower Project, but also points out that in the context of the “anti-rightist”, the Chinese water conservancy departments could supply a more relaxed environment for engineering debate, and Chinese experts stood their ground on the technical issues when disagreeing with the Soviet experts, which led to the Chinese experts’ effec-tive influence on engineering decisions. Besides, under the influence of a series of political movements including the “Double Reverse” Movement, engineering experts had been forced to stand aside, so the construction was de-layed, and the cost increased correspondingly. However, thanks to the sufficient geological survey, core engineer-ing design conforming to the norms, and the effective correction of errors once being discovered, Liujiaxia Hy-dropower Station basically reached the design target.     

从上海城市发展史看“大虹桥”战略的意义

本文首先对上海的城市发展进行了简要的历史回顾,分析了城市建设当前面临的主要问题；在此基础上,从跨学科工程研究的视野,对上海虹桥综合交通枢纽工程进行了分析,论述了“大虹桥”战略产生的理论与现实依据及其历史的必然性,由此深入讨论了“大虹桥”战略的实施对于当前及未来上海城市发展的作用与意义.     

The Selection and Construction in Aerospace Engineering Innovation: Case Study on Wang Yongzhi’s Innovative Thinking

Wang Yongzhi, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and the recipient of the State Science and Technology Top Awards 2003, has dedicated greatly to Chinese aerospace industry. Utilizing the Engineering Selection and Construction Theory and Engineering Innovation Space Theory, the writers analyze Wang’s innovative practice and thinking. No matter as a freshman or a project leader, Wang has always innovated actively and has extended his innovation space gradually. According to the “national interests first” principle and the favoring to “faster, better, more abstemious and safer” technologies, Wang and his colleagues has realized a great many of aerospace engineering targets. His selection principles and innovation experiences are significant to Engineering Philosophy Study. Wang said, “Innovation originates in human nature; and to conduct innovation, one should possess innovation awareness, innovation motive force, innovation competence, innovation target and sat-isfactory innovation conditions. This innovation thinking, synthesized from practices, will amplify the theoretical research of innovation.