热酸深部解堵剂研究及应用

针对孤岛油田部分油层污染为无机物和有机物混合堵塞 ,开发出一种 HA- PA热酸深部解堵剂 ,它由 HA热化学处理剂和 PA缓速酸组成 .HA热化学处理剂是以亚硝酸盐和铵盐为基础的反应体系 ,反应后能放出大量的热能和气体 .PA酸主要由磷酸 +氟化铵组成 ,它的溶蚀率高 ,缓速性能好 ,对设备管线腐蚀小 ,能有效解除地层深部堵塞 .室内研究和现场试验表明 ,HA热化学处理剂和 PA酸配合使用可有效解除地层中的有机物和无机物堵塞 ,对地层伤害小 ,解堵增注效果好 .还介绍了该剂的配方原理、配方筛选及其性能评价和现场应用效果 .     

田菁胶残渣及其对压裂井产能的影响

油层水力压裂施工中常用的水基冻胶压裂液在破胶后一般都有一定量的残渣.这种残渣一方面可堵塞地层和支撑裂缝孔隙,另一方面可形成滤饼,降低滤液侵入地层深度,减轻地层伤害.本文用田菁压裂液研究了其残渣含量对不同渗透率人造岩心伤害程度的影响,并在模拟压裂液滤失条件下测定不同残渣含量的压裂液对填砂裂缝的伤害程度.用数值模拟方法研究了地层及裂缝的伤害程度及压裂液侵入地层的深度对压裂井产能的综合影响.结果表明.当综合考虑压裂井地层和裂缝伤害程度预测出的产能.较接近实际产能.并提出了根据地层渗透率选择压裂液残渣含量的参考方法.     

酸预处理在水力压裂中降低伤害机理研究

低渗透储层进行常规加砂压裂常常由于压裂液破胶不彻底、残渣和滤液伤害等问题而影响压裂改造效果。压 裂前的酸预处理技术可降低压裂过程中伤害,改善压裂效果。利用激光粒度仪对常规压裂液破胶与酸性环境下压裂 液破胶过程中瓜胶分子尺寸进行定量观测,研究不同破胶环境下岩石基质伤害的主要因素;通过电镜扫描对注入破胶 液与酸液后伤害的岩芯进行微观分析。研究表明,在酸液存在条件下压裂液破胶后瓜胶分子尺寸大幅度降低,瓜胶分 子尺寸的降低比酸性环境对降低岩石渗透率伤害贡献更大,酸液能够很好地解除压裂液伤害,提高岩芯渗透率,同时 由于酸溶蚀可形成较为明显的溶蚀孔道,进一步提高基质渗流能力。     

二氧化氯、胶束酸对有机、无机堵塞物解除效果研究

通过对硫化亚铁、聚合物破胶残渣的溶解实验，模拟了二氧化氯与胶束酸溶液对采油井近井地带聚合物压裂液残渣、无机盐垢物等常见堵塞物的解除效果，提出了二氧化氯的有效浓度和作用时间，介绍了二氧化氯与胶束酸复合解堵技术。     

水基冻胶压裂液对致密气层伤害机理

水力压裂是油气井的主要增产措施之一。压裂液对油气层渗透率的损伤是影响压裂增产措施的重要因素。在室内用水基冻胶压裂液浸入致密气层岩心,进行了伤害试验研究。研究表明,影响岩心伤害率的主要因素有岩心的渗透率、压裂液破胶程度和试验条件。由于岩心的液相饱和度增大和高分子聚合物在其壁面上形成的滤饼堵塞而影响油气层渗透率。在对比和选择压裂液时,应采用相同的试验方法,并在相同的试验条件下进行,使试验结果具有可比性。文中论述了岩心的伤害率计算方法。提出以岩心的绝对渗透率和束缚水饱和度条件下的有效渗透率作参考渗透率来计算伤害率。     

致密砂岩油藏压裂液伤害实验研究

致密砂岩油藏孔喉半径细小、连通性差,水力压裂过程中由于压裂液滤失、返排不彻底等因素极易造成储层伤害,有必要针对常用压裂液体系对储层基质和支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害进行评价。利用压裂液注入实验和导能能力测试仪测试了滑溜水压裂液、线性胶压裂液和交联胍胶压裂液的储层基质伤害、滤饼伤害和支撑裂缝导流能力伤害,结合核磁共振技术分析了压裂液滤失的孔径范围,揭示了三种压裂液对储层和支撑裂缝的伤害机理。三种压裂液对储层基质伤害和滤饼伤害与滤失系数有关,滤失系数越大,基质伤害越大,滤饼伤害越小。储层的滤饼伤害要大于基质伤害。针对致密砂岩储层,压裂液对储层基质的伤害主要是对储层中孔和大孔的伤害。三种压裂液对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害大小和破胶液的残渣含量有关,残渣含量越高,对支撑裂缝导流能力的伤害也就越大。闭合压力越高,支撑裂缝导流能力伤害率也越高。对于致密砂岩油藏,减小滤饼形成和残渣的滞留是降低压裂液伤害的主要途径。     

低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液性能研究

华北油田致密储层属于低孔低渗储层,需要压裂改造才能投产,但储层厚度小,孔吼半径小,在压裂过程中应特别关注入井流体对储层的伤害问题。提出采用分子量为常规瓜尔胶一半的小分子瓜尔胶作为压裂液的稠化剂的方法,以降低压裂液高分子稠化剂对储层孔吼的堵塞的伤害,提高改造效果。优选了与小分子瓜尔胶匹配的分散剂、助排剂、黏土稳定剂,形成了适应华北油田致密储层的低伤害小分子瓜尔胶压裂液体系。该压裂液体系可以在5 min内完全溶胀;该压裂液体系在130℃温度下剪切2 h后,黏度保持在80 m Pa·s以上,满足携砂的要求;压裂液体系在90℃可在90 min内完全破胶,破胶液粒径小于10μm;对华北油田致密岩心伤害率小于16%,残渣含量小于10%,对支撑剂导流带的伤害小于15%。可满足华北油田致密储层的压裂要求。     

清洁压裂液在奈曼油田的应用

清洁压裂液是一种表面活性剂凝胶压裂液,基本配方为1.8%十二烷基三甲基溴化铵CTAB+0.7%水杨酸钠NaSal,在70℃下以145.8 s-1率剪切1 h,黏度大于110 mPa*s.破胶后黏度小于5 mPa*s,残渣为0 mg/L,对导流能力的伤害率小于5%.现场试验1口井,压裂后平均日产液14.75 t,日产油7.01 t,见到了明显的压裂效果.     

煤层气井近井压裂裂缝充填特征与堵塞机制

近井部位压裂裂缝内微粒运移与堵塞是煤层气井减产的重要因素之一。客观查明近井压裂裂缝内充填特征规律与堵塞机制对气井解堵理论深化、解堵工艺改进非常关键。基于煤矿掘进工作面开挖观测现象,对沁水盆地南部煤层气直井近井压裂裂缝内充填特征与裂缝堵塞机制进行系统分析。结果表明:煤层气井近井压裂裂缝内充填物由煤粉、支撑剂及完井滤饼组成;完井滤饼对压裂裂缝启裂、延展及支撑剂分布具有关键控制作用,近井裂缝壁面完井滤饼能够减缓压裂液的滤失速率,但在滤饼尖灭位置压裂液滤失速率突然增大时极易脱砂形成脱砂楔体,楔体在流体冲击下压实致密,排采期气液两相流携带煤粉流经脱砂楔体时卡在砂粒间形成裂缝堵塞;基于颗粒堆积模型与黄金过滤原则,针对研究区粒度中值0.045 mm的煤粉,脱砂楔体处注入支撑剂粒径大于0.900 mm可降低裂缝内煤粉堵塞程度。     

油田聚合物解堵生物酶制剂的研究进展

聚合物广泛应用于油气开采过程,如瓜尔胶及其衍生物、聚丙烯酰胺和纤维素基聚合物等都可应用于压裂过程,但是在压裂作业后聚合物会在储层断裂面堆积形成滤饼,导致储层堵塞,影响油气开采。通常使用酸和化学氧化剂作为“破胶剂”来降解聚合物滤饼,但化学破胶剂可能导致基础设施被腐蚀及储层伤害。基于此,利用生物酶作为破胶剂来降解聚合物则更加环保,也更有吸引力。当前,针对瓜尔胶的酶破胶剂已在油田中得到应用,针对其他聚合物的酶破胶剂仍处于研究开发阶段。因此,本文综述了瓜尔胶、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)和黄原胶等聚合物的生物降解机制和降解酶的研究现状,讨论了生物酶破胶剂在实验室开发和油田应用中面临的挑战。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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