Fe3+诱导聚多巴胺-聚乙烯亚胺电沉积制备单价选择性膜

仿生黏合剂聚多巴胺(polydopamine,PDA)与聚乙烯亚胺(polyethyleneimine,PEI)共沉积是构建单价选择性分离层的有效方法。本实验通过浸泡预处理将Fe³⁺引入阳离子交换膜，并利用电场作用和Fe³⁺诱导PDA-PEI在膜面沉积改性。结果表明，该方法大大缩短了单价选择性膜的改性时间，制备了单价选择性阳离子交换膜。利用扫描电子显微镜、紫外可见分光光度计、红外光谱仪、zeta电位对制得的膜进行表征和性能测试，探讨了Fe³⁺浓度对改性膜性能的影响。表明随着Fe³⁺浓度的增加改性膜的膜电阻呈上升趋势，而表面荷正电性和选择性均呈先增加后降低的趋势。由于电场和Fe³⁺对多巴胺聚合过程的共同影响，当Fe³⁺的浓度为0.001mol/L时，改性膜Na⁺/Mg²⁺选择性高达12.8，并且具有较低的膜电阻和优异的稳定性。     

氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜的层层自组装制备及其性能

氧化石墨烯（GO）的片层边缘含有 COOH等含氧官能团,因而带负电荷,可以在带正电荷多孔基体上通过层层自组装实现快速沉积。以由3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）修饰的多孔氧化铝管式陶瓷膜为基膜,令GO和聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）以溶液形态在其表面交替沉积实现自组装,继以环氧氯丙烷（ECH）交联之,制备新型氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜。最佳制备工艺是,PEI浓度5 g·L^-1、pH=9,NaCl浓度0.3 mol·L^-1,GO浓度0.6 mg·ml^-1、pH 4.5,层数2层,ECH用量6.25 ml·L^-1,50℃条件下处理70 min。层数为1～4层的自组装膜在0.6 MPa操作压力下对2 g·L^-1的MgCl₂的截留率分别为90.16%、93.71%、97.54%、92.93%,其中1层自组装膜的渗透通量为21.92 L·m^-2·h^-1。氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜对4种无机盐的截留率大小为MgCl₂ >MgSO₄ > NaCl >Na₂SO₄,符合典型正电荷纳滤膜的特征。     

N2优先渗透ZIF-8复合膜的制备及其CO2捕集

为了获得经济节能的烟道气CO₂回收方法,制备了一种新型的N₂优先渗透ZIF-8复合膜。以柔性聚砜(PSf)多孔膜为支撑层,采用Zn²⁺与壳聚糖的交联溶液对聚砜支撑层表面改性,使Zn²⁺固定在PSf膜表面;然后与2-甲基咪唑(Hmim)配位得到ZIF-8晶种层;最后通过界面聚合法二次生长制得ZIF-8复合膜。采用FTIR、XRD及SEM对ZIF-8复合膜的形貌结构进行表征,结果显示成功制备了致密的ZIF-8复合膜。在进料气为纯气条件下,探究了二次生长时间、Zn²⁺溶液的浓度、测试时间及测试压力对ZIF-8复合膜N₂/CO₂分离性能的影响,阐明其N₂优先渗透机理;并进一步考察了混合气分离性能。结果表明：在25℃和0.1 MPa下,最优ZIF-8复合膜的N₂渗透性为523 GPU,N₂/CO₂选择性为19;同条件下混合气的N₂渗透性和N₂/CO₂选择性分别为517 GPU和18。所制备的ZIF-8复合膜可以使N₂优先渗透,实现烟道气中高浓度N₂渗透,低浓度CO₂截留在膜的上游侧。原因主要是ZIF-8复合膜含有较多的CO₂强吸附位点,使CO₂被吸附在膜内不易从膜的下游侧脱附,渗透性小,而N₂优先渗透,这为N₂优先渗透膜的制备提供了一种新思路。     

Pr3+:Y2SiO5/TiO2上转换复合膜光催化性能

为解决悬浮相TiO₂粉体处理水中污染物后难以分离和回收利用的缺点并进一步提高纳米TiO₂对太阳光的利用率,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅粉体、TiO₂薄膜以及Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜。利用XRD、SEM等表征方法对样品进行表征。重点考察了Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合材料薄膜对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率与镀膜层数等因素的关系。结果发现涂覆5层Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜时,降解率可高达95.7%,其对应的第2次和第3次降解率分别为82.46%和74.94%;随着Pr³⁺:Y₂SiO₅/TiO₂复合膜薄膜面积的增加降解率先增加后降低,使用8张薄膜时降解率最高达96.43%;增加光照强度有利于提高降解率,但当光照强度增加到100 W时,降解率达到稳定值96.18%;随着初始浓度的增加,降解率逐渐降低。     

Fe/AC催化过氧化氢降解双酚A

传统Fenton反应存在对液相pH要求较高、Fe³⁺回收困难以及难以重复使用等问题。基于"活性离子固载化,酸性环境局部化"的设计思路,通过对活性炭(AC)表面酸化改性,制备得到载铁活性炭(Fe/AC)催化剂。研究了Fe/AC制备工艺与其性能之间的关系,结果表明,在载Fe³⁺量44.05 mg·g^-1、煅烧温度200℃的制备工艺下可得到催化活性较高、稳定性好的Fe/AC催化剂。用性能优良的Fe/AC催化H₂O₂降解双酚A(BPA),其较佳催化反应条件为:反应时间60 min、反应温度20℃、溶液pH值为4.0≤pH≤8.0、Fe³⁺/H₂O₂摩尔比为0.007～0.012、30% H₂O₂用量为0.04 ml H₂O₂·(mg BPA)^-1。本工作制备得到的Fe/AC催化剂具有较好的重复使用性能,在实际废水处理领域具有较大的应用前景。     

DMDAAC改性污泥催化剂制备及在苯酚废水中的应用

苯酚废水处理技术中,低温催化湿式氧化技术(CWAO)因其对有机污染物去除浓度范围宽、反应温度低和去除率高等优点被广泛关注。用二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)掺杂污泥生物质炭制备出新型催化剂(DSMC),利用XRD、FTIR、SEM-EDX进行表征,采用响应面法分析法(BBD)对DSMC的制备时间、pH值、n(Fe³⁺)∶n(Fe²⁺)和n(DMDAAC)因素进行分析,并对DSMC投加量、CWAO温度、过硫酸钾(K₂S₂O₈)浓度以及pH值进行讨论和优化。结果表明,DSMC加入量1.0 g/L,pH=11.0,T=180℃,t=2 h,C_K2S2O8=4 000 mg/L时,COD去除率最佳。响应面优化制备参数为t=24 h, pH=11.98,n(Fe²⁺)∶n(Fe³⁺)=1.50,n(DMDAAC)=1.00 mol,该条件下DSMC的CO...     

载Ni2+/Fe3+海泥催化污泥蒸汽气化制富氢燃气

以滩涂海泥(SM)为催化剂载体，通过共浸渍法制备了Fe³⁺、Ni²⁺、Ni-Fe基低负载催化剂并进行表征分析。考察了负载金属、负载率、温度等因素对污泥蒸汽气化效果的影响。结果表明：所制备催化剂的催化性能为SM-Ni-Fe-6%> SM-Ni-6%> SM-Ni-Fe-12%>SM-Fe-6%。Ni-Fe低负载SM催化剂具有优异的催化活性：在相同气化条件下，可有效提高合成气产率、H₂纯度及H₂产率；在相同H₂产率条件下，可显著降低气化温度。t=850℃,催化剂Ni-Fe负载率为6%时，获得最大合成气产率(0.38 m³/kg)、H₂纯度(49.34%)和H₂产率(8.40 mol/kg),相比无催化剂(对照组)分别提高了74.77%、17.45%和105.73%。Ni-Fe基催化剂中NiFe₂O₄的形成可有效协同Fe³⁺裂解C—O和...     

Cu2+和Co2+促进芬顿氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过在传统芬顿体系中加入Cu²⁺、Co²⁺,研究Cu²⁺/Co²⁺/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂、Cu²⁺/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂、Co²⁺/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂和Fe²⁺/H₂O₂四种芬顿体系对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果,发现当初始pH分别为2、3、4、5、6时,各体系去除CODCr的效果排序为Cu²⁺/Co²⁺/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂>Cu²⁺/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂>Co²⁺/Fe^2...     

硼强化铁离子活化过硫酸盐高效降解荧蒽的研究

采用硼(B)强化铁离子活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解荧蒽(FLT),阐明了B的强化机理,从FLT的降解效果和PS利用率角度研究了B强化三价铁(Fe³⁺)活化PS的优越性,探究了水质条件对FLT降解的影响,验证了PS/Fe³⁺/B体系在实际地下水中降解FLT和其他多环芳烃的可行性。结果表明：PS/Fe³⁺/B体系中FLT降解的拟一级反应动力学常数k_obs为0.043 9 min^-1,PS/Fe²⁺/B体系中k_obs在30 min后从0.044 7 min^-1降低至0.009 6 min^-1,证明PS/Fe³⁺/B体系可实现FLT的持续高效降解。当Fe³⁺浓度在0.02～0.08 mmol/L之间时,PS/Fe³⁺/B体系均可高效降解FLT,表现出更强的可操作性。结合X射线光电子能谱仪的分析结果、Fe²⁺和PS的浓...     

聚乙烯醇-SiO2/聚酯无纺布膜的制备及性能研究

采用聚酯无纺布(PET)作为支撑层,利用相转换法在PET表面制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)或PVA-SiO₂活性层,得到了PVA/PET复合膜与PVA-SiO₂/PET复合膜。考察了2种复合膜的过滤性能和污染行为。结果表明,PVA中加入质量分数4%纳米SiO₂颗粒,复合膜的接触角降至33.1o,亲水性显著增强,而膜孔径减小至3.1 nm,降低了85.5%,PVA/PET超滤膜转变为PVA-SiO₂/PET纳滤膜(0.6 L/(m²·h))。PVA-SiO₂/PET复合纳滤膜对海藻酸钠的抗污染性能较强。纳米SiO₂对复合膜的污染机制无明显影响,模拟污染物对复合膜的污染机制以标准堵塞为主。     

氰化尾渣矿浆电解液中铁离子的萃取富集

采用二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204)-磺化煤油萃取体系从高硫酸氰化尾渣矿浆电解液中富集铁离子,重点研究了P204浓度、相比(O/A)、振荡时间、振荡频率及温度等对Fe³⁺萃取率的影响及其萃取过程。研究表明,在P204体积分数为25%、电解液pH为1.5、温度25℃、O/A=1∶1、振荡时间10 min、振荡频率180r/min的条件下,电解液中Fe³⁺的单级萃取率可达97.73%以上,饱和萃取容量可达到21.57g/L。Fe³⁺在有机相中的萃取富集主要归因于其与P204分子结构中羟基的阳离子交换反应以及磷酰基的配位反应,形成的配合物为FeSO₄A(HA)₃与FeA₃(HA)₃。在草酸1mol/L、O/A=1∶1、振荡时间10min、振荡频率190r/min的条件下,负载有机相中Fe³⁺的单级反萃率可达82.64%以上,反萃液中铁主要以[Fe(C₂O₄)_3<...     

草酸强化三价铁离子的反萃性能

二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)常作为溶液净化除铁的萃取剂，P204-磺化煤油体系中Fe³⁺与有机相形成络合能力较强的萃合物，使得Fe³⁺反萃比较困难，需采用较高浓度的酸作为反萃剂，但高浓度的酸会破坏有机分子的结构，影响萃取剂循环利用。针对P204-磺化煤油负铁有机相反萃困难的问题，提出利用草酸为反萃剂对负载1g/L铁的P204-磺化煤油有机相的反萃行为进行研究，考察了反萃转速、草酸浓度、反萃温度、反萃时间和相比对Fe³⁺反萃率的影响。结果表明：以反萃转速200r/min，草酸0.4mol/L，反萃时间10min，反萃温度40℃，反萃相比1∶1，采用二级逆流萃取方式，铁的反萃率可以达到99%以上；Fe³⁺反萃过程是吸热反应，其反应的焓变为81.58kJ/mol，反萃过程符合准一级反应动力学方程，对应活化能为49.5kJ/mol。进一步研究了反萃后P204-磺化煤油有机相对Fe³⁺的萃取性能。结果表明：经5次草酸反萃后的P204-磺化煤油有机相萃铁性能几乎不变，对比于高浓度的酸反萃，草酸反萃简化了反萃流程，降低了萃取剂的消耗。     

悬浮填料负载氧化铁Fenton流化床法对腈纶废水的处理

以悬浮填料为基体,采用循环浸泡法将铁氧化物负载到填料表面制备出具有催化能力的悬浮填料载体,用于Fenton流化床工艺处理腈纶废水的研究,通过正交实验验证悬浮填料投加率、通气量、H₂O₂浓度和Fe²⁺投加量对COD降解效率的影响。实验结果表明：悬浮填料负载氧化铁后密度由0.9627g/cm³略增至1.0216g/cm³,填料表面铁氧化物覆盖均匀,载体表面负载的氧化物中铁元素含量达到47.17%;正交实验及模拟结果表明各因素影响处理效果的主次顺序为H₂O₂ > Fe²⁺ > 通气量 > 填料投加率,以及当实验最佳参数条件为：H₂O₂浓度为75mmol/L,Fe²⁺投加量为3.25mmol/L,通气量0.25m³/h,悬浮填料载体投加率为40%时,COD、BOD₅、NH₃-N、TOC和氰化物的去除率分别为77.8%、44%、76%、70.6%和70%;填料载体循环使用5次后,降解120min,COD去除率从77.8%降到70.4%,性能稳定,可重复利用。     

Degradation of pesticides in water using solar advanced oxidation processes

Alachlor, atrazine and diuron dissolved in water at 50, 25 and 30 mg/L, respectively were photodegraded by Fe²⁺/H₂O₂, Fe³⁺/H₂O₂, TiO₂ and TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ treatments driven by solar energy at pilot-plant scale using a compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor. All the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) employed mainly compared the TOC mineralisation rate to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Parent compound disappearance, anion release and oxidant consumption are discussed as a function of treatment time. The use of Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ showed no influence on the reaction rate under illumination and the reaction using 10 or 55 mg/L of iron was quite similar. TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ showed a quicker reaction rate than TiO₂ and a similar rate compared to photo-Fenton. The main difference found was between TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈ and photo-Fenton, detected during atrazine degradation, where pesticide transformation into cyanuric acid was confirmed only for TiO₂/Na₂S₂O₈.     

Comparative evaluation of Fe and TiO2 photoassisted processes in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water

A lost of culturability of bacteria Escherichia coli K12 was observed after exposition to a solar simulator (UV–vis) in a laboratory batch photoreactor. The bacterial inactivation reactions have been carried out using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) P25 Degussa and FeCl₃ as catalysts. At the starting of the treatment, the suspensions were at their “natural” pH. An increase in the efficiency in the water disinfection was obtained when some advanced oxidation processes such as UV–vis/TiO₂, UV–vis/TiO₂/H₂O₂, UV–vis/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂, UV–vis/H₂O₂ were applied. The presence of H₂O₂ accelerates the rate of disinfection via TiO₂. The addition of Fe³⁺ (0.3 mg/l) to photocatalytic system decreases the time required for total disinfection (<1 CFU/ml), for TiO₂ concentrations ranging between 0.05 and 0.5 g/l. At TiO₂ concentrations higher than 0.5 g/l the addition of Fe³⁺ does not significantly increase the disinfection rate. The systems: Fenton (H₂O₂/Fe³⁺/dark), H₂O₂/dark, H₂O₂/TiO₂/dark showed low disinfection rate. The effective disinfection time (EDT₂₄) was reached after 60 and 30 min of illumination for the Fe³⁺ and TiO₂ photoassisted systems, respectively. EDT₂₄ was not reached for the system in the absence of catalyst (UV–vis). The effect on the bacterial inactivation of different mixture of chemical substance added to natural water was studied.     

Fe/Fe cycling promoted by Ta3N5 under visible irradiation in Fenton degradation of organic pollutants

Ta₃N₅ was synthesized by nitridation of Ta₂O₅ under NH₃ flow at 700 °C. The catalyst was pure Ta₃N₅ according to X-ray diffraction (XRD), and was about 5 nm in size with a BET specific surface area 52.8 m²/g. When Ta₃N₅ was added to Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ solution (known as Fenton-like system), most Fe³⁺ were adsorbed on the Ta₃N₅ surface and could not react with H₂O₂ in the dark, which is different from the general Fenton reaction. Under visible light irradiation, adsorbed Fe³⁺ ions were reduced to Fe²⁺ rapidly and Fe²⁺ were reoxidized by H₂O₂ on the Ta₃N₅ surface, thus a fast Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ cycling was established. Kinetics and ESR measurements supported this mechanism. The Ta₃N₅/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ system could efficiently decompose H₂O₂ to generate hydroxyl radicals driven by visible light, which could accelerate significantly the degradation of organic molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). A mechanism was proposed for iron cycling on the basis of experimental results.     

氯化聚氯乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及其在模拟RB5染料废水处理中的应用

以氯化聚氯乙烯（CPVC）超滤膜为基膜,采用单宁酸（TA）和哌嗪（PIP）在CPVC膜表面共沉积后与交联剂均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）进行界面聚合得到PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜,采用扫描电镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、红外光谱及接触角对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜进行了表征,并探讨了干燥时间、TA/PIP浓度比、TA+PIP总浓度、TMC浓度对PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜微观结构与性能的影响。结果表明,TA/PIP浓度比最佳为7/3,TA/PIP层的最佳干燥时间为20min,PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜的纯水通量随着TA+PIP总浓度的增加和TMC浓度的增加而减少,对PEG1000的截留率均在90%以上。PA/TA/CPVC复合纳滤膜纯水通量最大值为4.5L/(m² · h · bar),此时PEG1000的截留率达到95.8%。对模拟RB5染料废水的最大通量为4.3L/(m² · h · bar),此时RB5的截留率为95.4%,对模拟RB5染料废水的稳定性较好。     

Absence of E. coli regrowth after Fe and TiO2 solar photoassisted disinfection of water in CPC solar photoreactor

Field disinfection of water in a large solar compound parabolic collector (CPC) photoreactor (35–70 l) was conducted at 35 °C by different photocatalytic processes: sunlight/TiO₂, sunlight/TiO₂/Fe³⁺, sunlight/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ and compared to the control experiment of direct sunlight alone. Experiments were carried out using a CPC and natural water spiked with E. coli K 12. Under these conditions, total disinfection by bare sunlight irradiation was not reached after 5 h of treatment; and bacterial recovery was observed during the subsequent 24 h in the dark.

The addition of TiO₂, TiO₂/Fe³⁺ or Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ to the water accelerates the bactericidal action of sunlight, leading to total disinfection by solar-photocatalysis. No bacterial regrowth was observed during 24 h after stopping sunlight exposure. For some samples, the decrease of bacteria continues in the dark. A “residual disinfection effect” was observed for these samples before reaching the total inactivation. The effective disinfection time (EDT₂₄), defined as the treatment time required to prevent any bacterial regrowth during the subsequent 24 h in the dark, after stopping the phototreatment, was reached in the presence but not in the absence of different photocatalytic systems. EDT₂₄ was 2 h 30 min, 2 h and 1 h 30 min for sunlight/TiO₂, sunlight/TiO₂/Fe³⁺ and sunlight/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ systems, respectively. The post irradiation events observed when the phototreated water is poured into an optimal growth medium are also discussed.     

吸附法去除电解用氯化钠中微量碘离子

在离子膜法制碱过程中,盐水中的碘离子会在电解过程中被氧化成碘酸根或高碘酸根,与盐水中的钠离子、钡离子、钙离子、镁离子等形成碘酸盐沉淀或高碘酸盐沉淀,造成膜堵塞、膜使用寿命缩短、电解电流效率降低、电压升高等问题。本文采用溶胶凝胶法制备了有机胺类碘离子吸附剂,研究了动态吸附氯化钠中微量碘离子的去除性能和吸附柱循环再生性能,结果表明：吸附柱可将盐水中碘离子含量降至0.2mg/L以下,碘离子与氢离子物质的量比为1∶2、料液流速为6.4mL/（g·min）、碘离子含量为10mg/L时,采用0.01mol/L的Na₂CO₃洗脱再生循环5次,吸附剂处理盐水体积约在3.0～3.6L/g之间。同时,考察了盐水中共存离子对除碘性能的影响,结果表明：盐水中共存离子Br^-、SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺会使吸附柱可处理盐水体积降低,为保证吸附柱除碘效率,盐水除碘步骤应在精制除钙镁、除铁之后。