太湖梅梁湾水体中初级生产力的光学检测

研究了1998年5月,10月,12月。1999年8月以及2001年7月和9月的太湖梅梁湾的初级生产力和光照时发现,在不同水层中,20cm左右的水深处初级生产力最大,最大初级生产力与叶绿素a的关系是Pm=0.012[Chla]-0.028[Chla](n=30）,在叶绿素a与光谱之间关系以及初级生产力与光强之间关系的基础上,建立了初级生产力与光谱之间的关系,在蓝光光谱波段和红光光谱波段的Kd较大,较大,而550nm的Kd最小。     

青藏高原典型湖库光学吸收特性与光合有效辐射衰减系数初步研究

青藏高原地区分布的湖泊数量众多、面积较大、分布范围广泛.受制于恶劣的自然条件,对该地区湖泊的光学吸收特性以及光合有效辐射衰减系数(Kd(PAR))的研究鲜有成果.本文依据2014和2015年间采集的13个典型高海拔、湖泊面积较大的湖库的现场实测数据和实验室测定数据,分析了采样湖库各个采样点的Kd(PAR)特征以及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、藻类颗粒物吸收及非色素颗粒物吸收特性,计算并分析了Kd(PAR)与透明度以及光学活性物质的关系.研究结果表明:青藏高原地区各湖库平均各项颗粒物吸收系数均较低,总颗粒物吸收系数在400~700 nm波段内不超过0.14 m~(-1)、CDOM吸收系数在355 nm波长处最高,为1.23 m~(-1)、最低接近于0、藻类颗粒物吸收特性不明显;实验数据完整的巴木错、格仁错和班公错的主导吸收组分各异,其中巴木错为CDOM吸收主导,格仁错与班公错为非色素颗粒物吸收主导;青藏高原采样湖泊总体Kd(PAR)平均值较小,仅为0.26 m~(-1),样点最大值出现在可鲁克湖(1.17 m~(-1)),最小值出现在普莫雍错(0.10 m~(-1));在采样湖泊中Kd(PAR)与透明度呈显著相关;Kd(PAR)与CDOM的相关性最强,叶绿素a浓度次之,与总悬浮颗粒物浓度的相关性最不显著.     

基于Landsat 8 OLI影像反演的湖北大冶湖水体光学衰减特性

水体光学衰减特性直接影响湖泊的清澈程度和沉水植被的生存,利用遥感技术获取湖泊光学衰减分布特性能极大提高效率.基于2017-2019年的原位调查数据,利用Landsat 8 OLI影像开发了大冶湖水体光学衰减系数(Kd)的遥感反演模型,并分析大冶湖水体Kd的多年时空分布特性与驱动机制,以期为大冶湖流域的修复与管理提供参考...     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物再悬浮对水下光场的影响研究--以龙感湖和太湖为例

基于2003年7月在龙感湖、太湖梅梁湾以及2004年7月在太湖站栈桥的连续不同风浪条件下水下光场原位观测资料,分析风浪作用引起的沉积物再悬浮对PAR衰减,吸收系数及真光层深度的影响.结果表明,在龙感湖,小风浪、中风浪和大风浪的PAR衰减系数分别是1.74,2.02,2.45 m-1,400～700 nm光谱衰减系数变化范围分别为0.98～2.97,1.34～3.95,1.82～5.40 m-1;在太湖梅梁湾,小风浪、中风浪和大风浪PAR衰减系数分别是2.63,3.72,4.37 m-1,从小风浪到、中风浪、大风浪衰减系数分别增加了41％,66％;太湖站栈桥边PAR波段积分CDOM吸收系数在中风浪和大风浪的值分别为0.26,0.28 m-1,浮游植物吸收系数从中风浪到大风浪反而由0.76降低到0.49m-1,沉积物再悬浮引起非藻类颗粒物的吸收则由0.94增加到1.73 m-1,增加了84％,总悬浮物颗粒物吸收由1.70增加到2.22 m-1,增加了30.6％.非藻类颗粒物吸收对总吸收系数贡献最大,中风浪、大风浪下贡献率分别达44.14％,65.05％.龙感湖,梅梁湾,栈桥边3站点从中风浪到大风浪,PAR真光层深度分别降低0.40,0.19,0.20 m.透明度、PAR衰减系数、真光层深度与悬浮物浓度、风速、波高等均存在显著性线性相关,并且与悬浮物中无机颗粒物相关性最好,而与叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素及溶解性有机碳相关性很低.由此可见,在龙感湖和太湖等长江中下游浅水湖泊,风浪扰动引起悬浮物浓度的增加尤其是无机颗粒物的增加是影响水下光场的主导因素.     

三峡水库水体漫衰减系数光学特性及其遥感反演

根据2009年8月22-24 日实测的三峡水库水体的光谱数据以及水质参数,对三峡水库漫衰减系数的光学特性及影响因子进行分析研究,构建了490nm处漫衰减系数的Kd(490)反演模型,并利用环境一号卫星CCD数据对2009年7月21日的三峡水库Kd(490)进行反演.结果表明:由于水体中非色素颗粒物的含量较高,使得研究区...     

长江中下游大型湖泊水体固有光学特性:Ⅰ.吸收

吸收系数是水体固有光学特性的重要组成部分,也是构建水色参数高精度遥感模型的基础,具有重要的研究意义.本文针对长江中下游三大淡水湖——鄱阳湖(2010 10、2011 08)、太湖(2008 10、2011 08)和巢湖(2009 10)进行5次野外实验,以International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group(IOCCG)2000年报告"Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal,and Other Optically-Complex,Waters"为基础,对水体不同光学主导类型进行分类;并根据a_d(非色素颗粒物吸收)、a_ph(浮游植物色素吸收)、a_g(有色可溶性有机物吸收)等不同主导类型光谱曲线特征差异,引入a_d-g(主导类型a_d、a_g、a_d-a_g的合并类型)和a_ph-related(主导类型a_d-a_ph、a_d-a_ph-a_g的合并类型)类型,对主导类型进行归纳合并.结果显示:秋季,鄱阳湖、太湖、巢湖的主导类型较为单一,分别为a_d、a_d-a_g、a_d-a_ph-a_g;夏季,鄱阳湖和太湖同为两种类型共同主导,分别为a_d、a_d-a_g,a_d-a_ph-a_g、a_d-a_ph.总体来说,鄱阳湖夏、秋季和太湖秋季主导类型都属于a_d-g类型,而太湖夏季和巢湖秋季则属于a_ph-related类型.另外,分别针对Gons和Gitelson叶绿素a模型假设条件进行验证,发现不同湖泊水体及不同主导类型下其适用性程度不一致.     

太湖螺类的实验生态学研究——以环棱螺为例

通过室内实验探讨环棱螺营养盐释放的影响因子及环棱螺对水体悬浮物、透明度及浮游植物的影响等生态特性．结果表明:温度及进食状况对环棱螺的营养盐释放均有显著影响．15℃时,环棱螺氨氮的释放速率约为55．60±4．95μg／(g·d),磷酸根的释放速率约为2．073±0．120μg／(g·d);而25℃时,环棱螺磷酸根的释放速率是2 819±0．075μg／(g·d),表明在一定温度范围内,环棱螺营养盐的释放速率随温度升高而增加,且进食状态下环棱螺的营养盐释放速率高于饥饿状态．此外,环棱螺虽在短时间内可提高水体的透明度,但其释放的营养盐可引起局部水体溶解态氮磷含量的增加,在没有其它初级生产者争夺营养盐和光照等资源的情况下,水体中藻类的再生速率会加快,环棱螺难以对藻类的增殖起到抑制作用．南此建议在利用螺类进行生态调控的过程中,必须与沉水植物的恢复紧密结合,通过合理的空间搭配,实现水生态系统的恢复与健康发展．     

春季巢湖水温和水体叶绿素a浓度的变化关系

根据2007年3-6月的巢湖逐时气象观测资料和水环境监测资料,分析了水体叶绿素a浓度、水温和气温的时间变化规律以及相互之间的关系.结果表明:水温日变化幅度小于气温日变化幅度,多项式拟合决定系数较高,为0.81;水温与水体叶绿素a浓度逐时变化关系不稳定,线性拟合决定系数变化范围为0到0.91,平均为0.35;水温日平均与...     

Lee生物光学模型在不同水体组分特性下的适用性

辐射传输模型和生物光学模型均可用于模拟水体遥感反射率.前者模拟精度高,但计算复杂.不利于水质参数的反演;后者简便易反演,但在浑浊水体中的模拟精度还有待进一步检验.本文通过设计大量不同组分浓度组成的水体,以辐射传输模型(即Hydrolisht模型)模拟结果为真值,对生物光学模型(即Lee模型)模拟二类水体遥感反射率的精度...     

太湖梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物的空间分布及光学行为

2004年3月对太湖梅梁湾有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸收和荧光等光学行为进行研究,并由此探讨了CDOM的空间分布．结果表明,溶解性有机碳(DOC)的浓度在10．48-19．72 mg／L间变化,其均值为13．20±2．79 mg／L;CDOM在280 nm,355 nm和440 nm的吸收系数分别为18．73-31．91 m-1(平均值23．19±4．36 m-1)、4．63-7．14 m-1(平均值5．76±0．91 m-1)、1．45-2．99 m-1(平均值1．92±0．40 m-1);355 nm波长处CDOM的比吸收系数为0．34-0．57 L／(mg·m),平均值0．44±0．06 L/(mg·m);表征CDOM分子大小的比值a(250)／a(365)变化范围为5．05-7．55;355 nm的激发波长、450 nm的发射波长处的荧光值的变化范围0．79-3 04 nm-1(平均值1．69±0．77 nm-1)．CDOM吸收系数、DOC浓度、荧光强度的分析显示CDOM浓度呈现从河口往湾内、湾口递减的趋势．CDOM吸收与DOC浓度的相关性随波长的降低而增加,在短波部分存在明显的正相关．355 nm处的荧光值、DOC浓度与CDOM吸收系分别存在如下显著性正相关关系:Fn(355)=0．692(±0．135)a(355)-2．297(±0．786),a(355)=0．233(±0．061)DOC 2．690(±0．816)．280 -500 nm、280-360 nm、360-440 nm指数函数斜率S值分别为13．86±0．91、18．54±1．11、12．93±0．92μm-1,S值与比吸收系数之间存在显著的负线性相关关系,而与a(25)／a(365)值则存在显著的正线性关系．比吸收系数越大,a(250)／a(365)值和S值就越小,对应的CDOM分子量就越大,腐质酸的比例就越高．     

湖泊中有色可溶性物质对近紫外及蓝光衰减的影响

研究巢湖(藻型湖泊)和龙感湖(草型湖泊)的有色可溶性物质(CDOC)对近紫外及蓝光衰减的影响时发现：巢湖水体中可溶性有机碳含量比龙感湖大。2个湖泊中来源不同的可溶性有机碳对光的吸收极其相似,只是在量上有差异。在巢湖水体中,光的衰减曲线在355—400nm之间有一个峰,且Kd值较大,而在龙感湖水体中,光的衰减曲线在500nm以下时随着波长的递减而增加。从CDOC对Kd的贡献来看,它们之间最大的相关是在355nm左右,这是悬浮质、叶绿素以及CDOC共同作用的结果。     

Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m-1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m-1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m-1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m-1; 0.76, 0.49 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m-1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended paniculate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended paniculate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended paniculate matter, especially inorganic suspended paniculate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.     

Study on the nutrient evolution and its controlling factors of Longgan Lake for the last 200 years

Based on the total phosphorous (TP) concentration in sediment core, the TP concentration in lake water quantitatively reconstructed from fossil diatoms and diatom-TP transfer function in the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years, the temperature and precipitation data from meteorological observation for the last 50 years, the temperatures and precipitation sequences of climate simulation for the last 200 years, as well as the amount of the agricultural phosphate fertilizer in Longgan area for nearly 50 years, the characteristic and the law of the nutrient status evolution were analyzed, and the influence of the climatic factor, the anthropologic factor and the aquatic biology factor on the nutrient status evolution and its mechanism were discussed for the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years. The results showed that, in the nearly 200 years, the TP concentration in the sediment core of the Longgan Lake gradually increased, its range of variation was situated between 330-580 mg/kg, the mean value was 388 mg/kg, a nearly 30-year vibration adjustment period existed at 1950 around. The TP concentration in lake water changed in a different way. Before 1950, it had a slow increasing tendency in fluctuated background, to 1950 around it reached up to the mean value (52.18μg/L), and vibrated and adjusted around the mean value, then it fast declined, its change range was situated between 37.75-62.33μg/L. The analyses indicated that, in the centennial time scale, the climate change was the main controlling factor, while in the decadal time scale in the recent 50 years, human activities were the leading factors for the nutrient status evolution of the Longgan Lake. 60% of the variability of the TP concentration in the sediments and 57% of that in lake water were due to human activities. The differentiation between phosphorus concentration in the sediment and in the lake water reflected the response processes and the adjustment abilities of the lake aquatic ecosystems to the lake nutrient level, implying the maintenance and the destruction of the balances between the algae and the aquatic plants, as well as the corresponding accumulating characteristics of the phosphorus.     

Time series analysis of long‐term river dissolved organic carbon records

Two long records of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in river water were examined by a detailed time series analysis in order to shed light on the mechanisms generating observed increases in DOC concentrations across the UK. The records date back as far as 1962 and come from catchments 589 and 818 km² in area. The DOC records were compared with others taken simultaneously for flow, pH, alkalinity, air temperature and rainfall, and in one of the catchments also for turbidity and conductivity. All records were examined by the seasonal Kendall test; frequency distributions of daily DOC measurements were examined; annual cycles were calculated, Autoregressive and impulse functions were derived for DOC against flow records. The time series analysis shows that: (i) DOC trends cannot be readily explained by trends in flow, pH, alkalinity, turbidity or conductivity; (ii) there is a significant increase in carbon flux from these catchments; (iii) maximum and minimum components of the annual distribution of daily readings both show increases in DOC, implying that DOC flux is increasing for differing hydrological pathways; (iv) increases in DOC concentrations coincide with increases in temperature, though the biggest increases in temperature are in the winter months when such increases might be expected to have less effect on DOC production; (v) change in trend, and therefore flux, was observed to occur after a severe drought in 1976. The study suggests that there are real, significant increases in carbon loss from upland peat catchments and that climate is a major driver, especially a severe drought. Severe drought triggering changes in the DOC flux might be attributed to enzymic latch mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同丰枯情景下长江三角洲非通江湖泊(滆湖、淀山湖和阳澄湖)有色可溶性有机物组成特征

长三角地区大部分湖泊为非通江湖泊,地势低平,港汊及闸坝众多,水流宣泄不畅,水力滞留时间较长,加之周边地区城镇人口稠密.因此与水滞留时间短的通江湖泊相比,非通江湖泊的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)来源和组成具有差异性.本文选取了3个重要的中型非通江供水湖泊——滆湖、淀山湖和阳澄湖,对枯水期、平水期、丰水期3种水文情景下CDOM组成结构变化特征进行分析,从而进一步揭示该类湖泊CDOM来源和对水文情景响应的内在机理.结果表明:滆湖、淀山湖和阳澄湖通过平行因子分析法得到2种类腐殖质(C1和C4)和2种类蛋白质(C2和C3),湖泊CDOM结构受到降雨事件和人类活动的双重影响.三个湖泊类蛋白质的高值在空间上主要集中在人类活动频繁的湖区,并且类蛋白质平均荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度相关性较差,说明湖泊类蛋白质组分受到内源藻类降解、外源人类生产生活排放双重作用的影响.三个湖泊类蛋白质的平均荧光强度和总氮浓度均在枯水期显著高于丰水期,说明降雨量的增加可以稀释湖泊有机质浓度;同时,陆源类腐殖质C1与溶解性有机碳、总氮、总磷、叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关,并且随着降雨量增加,类蛋白质的占比逐渐降低,滆湖从86.84%降低至62.49%,淀山湖从96.53%降低至90.56%,阳澄湖从98.40%降低至96.26%,说明降雨事件也可以增强径流的冲刷作用,携带更多腐殖化程度高的陆源有机质进入湖泊.本研究发现降雨过程和人类活动共同作用于滆湖、淀山湖和阳澄湖CDOM库,研究结果可以为进一步保障太湖流域人类用水安全提供参考依据.     

Response characteristics of DOC flushing in an alpine catchment

The spatial distribution of source areas and associated residence times of water in the catchment are significant factors controlling the annual cycles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in Deer Creek (Summit County, Colorado). During spring snowmelt (April–August 1992), stream DOC concentrations increased with the rising limb of the hydrograph, peaked before maximum discharge, then declined rapidly as melting continued. We investigated catchment sources of DOC to streamflow, measuring DOC in tension lysimeters, groundwater wells, snow and streamflow. Lysimeter data indicate that near-surface soil horizons are a primary contributor of DOC to streamflow during spring snowmelt. Concentrations of DOC in the lysimeters decrease rapidly during the melt period, supporting the hypothesis that hydrological flushing of catchment soils is the primary mechanism affecting the temporal variation of DOC in Deer Creek. Time constants of DOC flushing, characterizing the exponential decay of DOC concentration in the upper soil horizon, ranged from 10 to 30 days for the 10 lysimeter sites. Differences in the rate of flushing are influenced by topographical position, with near-stream riparian soils flushed more quickly than soils located further upslope. Variation in the amount of distribution of accumulated snow, and asynchronous melting of the snowpack across the landscape, staggered the onset of the spring flush throughout the catchment, prolonging the period of increased concentrations of DOC in the stream. Streamflow integrates the catchment-scale flushing responses, yielding a time constant associated with the recession of DOC in the stream channel (84 days) that is significantly longer than the time constants observed for particular locations in the upper soil. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Controls on fluvial carbon efflux from eroding peatland catchments

Global peatlands store an unparalleled proportion of total global organic carbon but it is vulnerable to erosion into fluvial systems. Fluvial networks are being recognized as areas of carbon transformation, with eroded particulate organic carbon processed to dissolved organic carbon and CO₂. Existing studies indicate biodegradation and photodegradation as key processes controlling the transformation of organic carbon in fluvial systems, with initial concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) identified as a control on the rate of carbon mineralization. This study manipulates temperature and incident light intensity to investigate carbon mineralization rates in laboratory simulations of peatland sediment transport into fluvial systems. By directly measuring gaseous CO₂ emissions from sampled stream water, the relationship of temperature and light intensity with carbon efflux is identified. In simulations where sediment (as particulate organic matter, POM) is absent, temperature is consistently the dominant factor influencing carbon efflux rates. This influence is independent of the initial DOC concentration of the water sample. In simulations where POM was added, representing a peatland river receiving eroded terrestrial sediment, initial DOC concentration predicts 79% of the variation in total gaseous carbon efflux whereas temperature and light intensity predict 12% and 3%, respectively. When sampled stream water's mineralization rates in the presence of added POM are analysed independently, removing DOC as a model variable, the dominant variable affecting CO₂ efflux is opposite for each sample. This study presents novel data suggesting peatland erosion introduces further complexity to dynamic stream systems where rates of carbon transformation processes and the influence of specific environmental variables are interdependent. Anthropogenic climate change is identified as a leading risk factor perpetuating peatland erosion; therefore, understanding the fate of terrestrial sediment in rivers and further quantifying the benefits of protecting peatland soils will be of increasing importance to carbon budgeting and ecosystem function studies.