HP40Nb型乙烯裂解管的高温真空渗碳行为北大核心CSCD

采用乙炔真空渗碳方式对未服役和服役5年的乙烯裂解炉管耐热钢HP40Nb进行了加速渗碳处理,并利用SEM和定量电子探针对渗碳前后炉管内壁的渗碳行为进行了系统分析。结果表明,未服役HP40Nb炉管内壁在渗碳前分布在晶界上的主要是以M7C3和Nb C为主的链状一次碳化物。真空渗碳之后,强烈渗碳区域的碳化物形貌随着深度增加发生较大的变化,碳化物种类随深度增加也逐渐发生由M3C2、M7C3到M23C6的转变。渗碳造成表面硬度升高,脆性增加。服役态HP40Nb炉管的内壁横截面分为表面的氧化层、亚表层的贫碳化物区和内部的渗碳区3个区域,表面氧化层区又可以分为Cr2O3和Si O2两个区域。表面氧化层对于抗渗碳性能具有较大的影响。Cr2O3具有一定的抗渗碳能力,但在高碳活度下较长时间后Cr2O3会逐渐不稳定发生碳化。晶间氧化区主要以Si O2为主,Si O2在高碳活度下比较稳定,难以碳化,因而造成渗碳速率下降。     

HP40Nb型乙烯裂解管的高温真空渗碳行为

采用乙炔真空渗碳方式对未服役和服役5年的乙烯裂解炉管耐热钢HP40Nb进行了加速渗碳处理,并利用SEM和定量电子探针对渗碳前后炉管内壁的渗碳行为进行了系统分析。结果表明,未服役HP40Nb炉管内壁在渗碳前分布在晶界上的主要是以M7C3和Nb C为主的链状一次碳化物。真空渗碳之后,强烈渗碳区域的碳化物形貌随着深度增加发生较大的变化,碳化物种类随深度增加也逐渐发生由M3C2、M7C3到M23C6的转变。渗碳造成表面硬度升高,脆性增加。服役态HP40Nb炉管的内壁横截面分为表面的氧化层、亚表层的贫碳化物区和内部的渗碳区3个区域,表面氧化层区又可以分为Cr2O3和Si O2两个区域。表面氧化层对于抗渗碳性能具有较大的影响。Cr2O3具有一定的抗渗碳能力,但在高碳活度下较长时间后Cr2O3会逐渐不稳定发生碳化。晶间氧化区主要以Si O2为主,Si O2在高碳活度下比较稳定,难以碳化,因而造成渗碳速率下降。     

基于原位拉伸的ERNiCrFe-13焊丝熔敷金属断裂机制分析

针对ERNiCrFe-13焊丝熔敷金属拉伸过程中的微观组织演变规律和微裂纹的萌生扩展机制，采用SEM原位拉伸结合扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察和能谱(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)分析对熔敷金属组织及断裂行为等进行分析.结果表明，ERNiCrFe-13焊丝熔敷金属组织主要由柱状晶γ相(NiCrFe固溶体)、枝晶间富Nb和Mo元素的Laves相(Cr,Fe,Ni)₂(Nb,Mo)、MC碳化物与共晶组织组成，Laves相的形成主要与凝固过程中Nb和Mo元素的偏析有关，且具有尺寸效应，水平方向Laves相尺寸大于4μm易发生开裂，断裂机制为枝晶间析出相在切应力作用下本体断裂萌生微裂纹，在轴向拉应力的作用下进一步沿晶界扩展连通至断裂失效，断口呈韧性断裂，碳化物偏析(NbC、TiC)和大尺寸Laves相是晶界裂纹产生的主要原因.     

服役态Cr35Ni45Nb合金高温真空渗碳行为及相演化机理研究

采用乙炔真空渗碳方式对服役6 a的乙烯裂解炉管合金Cr35Ni45Nb进行了加速渗碳处理,并利用SEM,XRD及定量电子探针等手段对渗碳前后炉管内壁的渗碳行为及相演化机理进行系统研究.结果表明,炉管内表面形成了较厚的Cr2O3/Si O2复合氧化层.复合氧化层表现出良好的抗腐蚀能力,是阻止C渗入炉管内部的有效障碍.材料的抗渗碳能力主要取决于表层Cr2O3的连续性、致密性和亚表层Si O2的稳定性.在低氧分压且具有还原性的气氛中,表层的Cr2O3层逐渐碳化为Cr3C2,并且Cr3C2逐渐剥离和脱落,使得保护性Cr2O3膜的抗渗碳能力逐渐减弱甚至消失.亚表层的Si O2虽具有优良的热力学稳定性,但Si较低的活度使得Si O2层不够连续,仍有部分C从氧化层空隙间渗入.当移除该复合氧化层或者渗碳时间足够长使得复合氧化层抗渗碳能力急剧减弱时,炉管材料内部由于发生严重的内部渗碳使得组织结构发生了显著变化:枝晶间碳化物严重合并和粗化,并原位发生由M23C6到M7C3的转变,同时在碳化物内部析出类似于离异共析状的蠕虫状g相.距表面越近,C活度越高,导致在约0.5 mm深的范围内发生以大量石墨析出为特征的金属尘化现象.碳化物的严重合并粗化以及金属尘化现象会造成炉管组织的严重弱化、宏观裂纹的产生以及炉管服役寿命的降低.     

高温再热器SA-213TP347H钢管裂纹原因分析

通过结构分析、断口检查、硬度测试、抗拉试验、显微组织观察及能谱分析,对电厂高温再热器SA-213TP347H钢管进行裂纹原因分析。结果表明:高温再热器在运行中容易晃动,裂纹处于管夹挤压的凹坑;裂纹处管材的拉伸性能、硬度均符合ASME A213/A213M对SA-213TP347H钢的要求;显微组织为奥氏体和沿晶界分布的含Cr碳化物,裂纹是沿晶裂纹,由管外壁向管内扩展;裂纹处腐蚀产物均含有O、S等非金属元素。分析表明:产生裂纹的原因是由于管夹挤压管道,同时管道结构易晃动,增加了挤压变形处的应力,促进了含Cr碳化物沿晶界析出,形成贫Cr区而导致晶界弱化,并在腐蚀性介质的作用下,导致晶间应力腐蚀开裂。     

缺口取向和再结晶对一种定向凝固钴基高温合金热疲劳性能的影响

在定向凝固钴基高温合金中采用V型缺口分别垂直和平行于凝固方向的板状热疲劳试样,并在缺口位置预制再结晶组织,研究了在最高温度为1000℃,最低温度为室温的冷热循环下,缺口取向和再结晶对定向凝固钴基高温合金热疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,缺口取向垂直于凝固方向时,基体在应力作用下循环氧化开裂;缺口平行于凝固方向时,热疲劳性能下降,裂纹沿枝晶间扩展.再结晶降低定向凝固钴基高温合金的热疲劳性能,再结晶晶界氧化开裂,晶界析出的M23C6型碳化物氧化脱落后形成的孔洞加速了裂纹扩展;连接枝晶间碳化物的再结晶晶界成为缺口平行于凝固方向时热疲劳裂纹的优先扩展通道.     

块状碳化物的形态演化及对镍基合金蠕变性能的影响

通过不同工艺热处理、蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了固溶温度对一种定向凝固镍基合金中碳化物形态演化与蠕变性能的影响。结果表明:铸态DZ125合金中存有粗大块状MC型碳化物,热处理期间合金中MC型碳化物可发生分解和形态演化,逐步转变成粒状M23C6型碳化物。随固溶温度提高、时间延长,碳化物发生分解及形态演化的几率增加,并使细小粒状M23C6型碳化物沿晶界不连续析出。与低温固溶处理合金相比,高温固溶处理合金在780℃具有良好的蠕变抗力。其中,以共格方式嵌镶在?基体中的立方γ′相均匀分布在枝晶干和枝晶间区域,并有细小粒状碳化物沿晶界弥散析出,可抑制晶界滑移,是大幅度提高合金蠕变抗力的主要原因。在近780℃蠕变后期,与应力轴呈45?角的晶界承受较大的剪切应力。裂纹在沿与应力轴呈45?角的晶界处萌生与扩展,直至断裂是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

314耐热不锈钢炉管焊缝处开裂原因分析

为分析某厂314耐热不锈钢炉管焊缝处产生横向裂纹的原因,采用光学显微镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜、扫描显微镜和能谱分析等手段对炉管焊缝处的组织和成分进行表征和分析。试验结果表明:不锈钢焊缝处的组织呈树枝晶分布,枝晶一次臂定向排布,基本平行与传热方向,一次臂长度200~400μm。热影响区母材奥氏体晶粒大小呈等轴晶,大小不均匀,晶界上有含Cr碳化物析出;焊缝为沿晶界横向开裂,裂纹沿枝晶扩展,深度约为2μm,为结晶裂纹。分析认为,焊接接头处热应力是产生裂纹主要原因。焊接速度快慢是一个重要因素,焊接速度过大,焊接接头部位的温度梯度就很大,同时冷却速度很快,则引起的热应力就很大,致使焊缝极易产生裂纹。     

EFFECT OF CREEP FRACTURE TOUGHNESS ON CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH

本文研究了蠕变断裂韧性对二种低合金耐热钢蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展的影响。试验表明:随着蠕变断裂韧性提高,抗蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展能力增加。材料呈韧性或脆性状态时,蠕变裂纹萌生和扩展过程不同。韧性状态时,裂纹为穿晶和晶界二种混合形式:穿晶裂纹可在晶内碳化物处发生,或在晶界上形核后向晶内扩展,晶界裂纹仍是由晶界上空洞形成和相互连接而成,裂纹可沿晶界和晶内扩展,但不连续。脆性状态时,裂纹沿晶界发生,它是由晶界形成空洞和相互连接而成,扩展仅沿晶界发生。     

蠕变断裂韧性对裂纹开裂和扩展的影响

本文研究了蠕变断裂韧性对二种低合金耐热钢蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展的影响。试验表明:随着蠕变断裂韧性提高,抗蠕变裂纹开裂和扩展能力增加。材料呈韧性或脆性状态时,蠕变裂纹萌生和扩展过程不同。韧性状态时,裂纹为穿晶和晶界二种混合形式:穿晶裂纹可在晶内碳化物处发生,或在晶界上形核后向晶内扩展,晶界裂纹仍是由晶界上空洞形成和相互连接而成,裂纹可沿晶界和晶内扩展,但不连续。脆性状态时,裂纹沿晶界发生,它是由晶界形成空洞和相互连接而成,扩展仅沿晶界发生。     

某余热锅炉20钢过热管开裂原因分析

某余热锅炉20钢过热管使用不足1月即发生开裂泄漏,通过宏观分析、化学成分测试、力学性能试验、显微组织观察、微观分析和断口分析确定开裂原因。结果表明：过热管为脆性开裂,显微组织中存在沿铁素体晶界析出的三次渗碳体和弥散分布的氧化物夹杂,导致晶界脆化,材料韧性不足。经冷弯加工,弯头表面萌生裂纹。带有裂纹缺陷的过热管服役后,在炉膛高温和蒸汽内压作用下,随着时间的推移,裂纹不断扩展,造成过热管开裂泄漏。     

超超临界锅炉水冷壁T23/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头焊后热处理裂纹分析

分析了T23/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头焊后热处理裂纹的宏观和微观特征、断口形貌及接头的显微组织,测试了接头的硬度分布,在此基础上讨论了裂纹的性质及形成原因,并提出了防止裂纹的措施。结果表明,裂纹启裂于T23钢侧焊趾部位,沿粗晶粒热影响区(CGHAZ)晶界扩展,为典型的再热裂纹。焊后热处理明显降低了异种钢焊接接头两侧热影响区的硬度,T23钢侧CGHAZ产生再热裂纹与其在焊后热处理过程中晶界析出碳化物有关,其析出促进了孔洞的形成。在焊后热处理前,对异种钢焊接接头进行一次550 ℃×1 h的中间热处理有利于抑制再热裂纹的产生。     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

Failure Analysis of Weld Cracking in a Thick-Walled 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Pressure Vessel

A crack in thick-walled 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessel girth weld was found during manufacturing. To investigate the cause of failure, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, and microhardness tester were used in this study. According to test results, the fracture is classified as reheat cracking with multiple origins. The cracking occurred during surfacing or final post-weld heat treatment process. Coarse-grains in the weld and bulk-carbides precipitated along grain boundaries induced by multiple heating are main causes of the fracture from material aspect, while high level of the hoop stress component and excess localized deformation in stress relief procedure are mechanical aspect causes of the cracking. The fracture surfaces present major intergranular feature with a small fraction of transgranular morphologies. Large numbers of M₃C and M₂₃C₆ carbides particles were found on the fracture surface, these carbides mainly precipitated on prior austenite-grain boundaries, columnar-grain boundaries, and sub-grain boundaries. Additionally, several proposals were also offered to reduce weld cracking of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessels.     

Thermal fatigue behavior of K125L superalloy

The thermal fatigue behavior of K125 L superalloy at the peak temperature of 1,050 °C was investigated by optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The experimental results show that the crack initiation sites of tested alloys are at the V-notch tip and the V-notch tip propagates by way of continuous cracking along grain boundaries. The formation of high-temperature oxides and MC carbides accelerates the crack propagation, and no secondary carbides precipitate out. Oxides between cracks are mainly the Al2O3 as well as Cr_2O_3, and carbides are Ta-rich and Tirich MC carbides.     

奥氏体不锈钢-铜钎料钎焊界面反应行为分析

针对电弧钎焊奥氏体不锈钢时,易产生裂纹的问题,采用316LN不锈钢母材和多种铜基钎料,研究了电弧钎焊、炉中钎焊和真空钎焊316LN不锈钢和铜基钎料时的界面反应行为.结果表明,电弧钎焊条件下钎料对母材的润湿性随着电流的加大而提高,钎料沿母材晶界的扩散不明显,在电流较高时母材局部熔化,且易形成沿晶界裂纹.炉中钎焊过程中钎料沿母材晶界扩散明显,但不易形成裂纹;真空钎焊过程中钎料沿母材晶界扩散显著,形成较厚的界面层,但无裂纹出现.较大的焊接热应力以及钎料沿母材晶界扩散造成的晶界弱化是形成界面裂纹的必要条件.     

Effect of Intergranular Precipitation on the Internal Oxidation Behavior of Cr–Mn–N Austenitic Stainless Steels

The effect of intergranular precipitation on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N austenitic steels at 1000 °C in dry air atmosphere was investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that intergranular M23C6 carbide morphologies play an important role on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N steels. During the period of the oxidation, both discontinuous chain-shaped and continuous film-shaped intergranular M23C6 carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries. Internal oxides of silica preferentially intruded into the matrix along grain boundaries with discontinuous M23C6 carbide particles, while silica was obviously restricted at the interfaces between the external scale and matrix on the occasion of continuous film-shaped M23C6 carbides. It is seemed that reasonable microstructure could improve the oxidation resistance of Cr–Mn–N steels.     

划伤690TT合金在高温含氧水中应力腐蚀裂纹萌生的研究

利用划伤技术研究了690TT合金在325 ℃高温含氧硼锂水中的裂纹萌生和生长情况。试样表面和截面显微分析的结果表明,划伤沟槽底部局部萌生了典型的沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹。由于应力集中,在慢速率拉伸阶段划伤沟槽底部产生了机械裂纹,而机械裂纹成为恒载过程中690TT合金沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹萌生和生长的先导。尖端非常接近晶界或者沿着晶界的机械裂纹可继续形成沿晶应力腐蚀裂纹。690TT合金在恒载荷条件下对应力腐蚀开裂仍有一定的敏感性。     

GH536高温合金焊接接头疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展原位试验研究

采用原位疲劳试验方法,实时观察了GH536焊接接头疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展行为,从而揭示了GH536焊接接头疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展机制:疲劳加载过程中,位错沿滑移带在晶界前沿塞积,晶界阻碍位错运动,裂纹沿滑移带开裂,萌生疲劳裂纹;疲劳裂纹扩展初期,受单滑移的交替作用,裂纹呈“Z”字型向前扩展,随后裂纹的扩展逐渐以主应力控制为主,垂直于加载方向、平直向前扩展;GH536合金焊接接头组织中的晶界和碳化物会阻碍疲劳裂纹的扩展。     

Mechanism of Stress Relief Cracking in a Granular Bainitic Steel

Coarse-grained heat-affected zone(CGHAZ) of a low alloyed,granular bainitic steel T24 was simulated in a Gleeble apparatus.The stress relief of the CGHAZ was analyzed by annealing the samples.The morphology and behavior of the microstructure near the grain boundaries during stress relief were investigated by means of focused ion beam,in situ tensile testing,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction.It was observed that there were large martensite/austenite islands distributed along the grain boundaries of CGHAZ.During stress relief at elevated temperature,the retained austenite at the grain boundaries decomposed into M_3C carbides and a ferrite forming softening zone.Together with the stress relief,piled up of dislocations occurred within the ferrite in the area adjacent to the ferrite/M_3C interface,which resulted in high level of stress accumulation and caused crack initiation along the grain boundaries.These results indicate that the stress relief induced the grain boundary crack is controlled by other mechanisms rather than the creep-like grain boundary sliding.