放射诱导的六株细胞系细胞周期和细胞凋亡变化的观察

目的:探讨放射诱导的6株细胞系细胞周期和细胞凋亡的变化特点.方法:正常肝细胞系HL-7702,肝癌细胞系HepG2和SMMC-7721,肺小细胞癌HCI-H460,肺腺癌A549和宫颈癌细胞系Hela常规培养48 h后接受4 Gy X射线照射;收获受照前(0h)和受照后6、12、24、36和48h的细胞,采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测各细胞系细胞凋亡和细胞周期.结果:在4 Gy X线照射前,SMMC-7721和HCI-H460细胞凋亡率明显高于其他4株细胞系,两者差异有统计学意义(t=20.98,P<0.005);在照射后12 h,与照射前相比6株细胞系细胞凋亡率均有显著增加(t=5.27,P<0.05),SMMC-7721、HCI-H460和A549同时伴有S期和G2～M期细胞比率的降低;在照射后36h HCI-H460出现第2个细胞凋亡峰,伴有极低比例的S期和G2～M期细胞;HepG2在照射后12h、HL-7702和Hela在照射后24h均有明显的G2/M期阻滞.结论:4 Gy X线诱导的细胞凋亡主要发生在射线照射后12～36h,6株细胞系可能均发生了"有丝分裂前凋亡";每株细胞还呈现了不同的细胞凋亡和细胞周期变化特点,具有组织细胞特异性.     

6MV-X射线对肝癌细胞凋亡及周期分布的影响

目的:研究人肝癌细胞接受不同剂量或时间的6MV-X线照射后,对细胞凋亡和周期进程的影响。方法:用流式细胞术检测6MV-X线照射4Gy后不同时间以及不同剂量6MV-X线照射后24h HepG2和PLC/PRF/5两种细胞的细胞凋亡和周期分布状况。结果:4Gy 6MV-X线照射后24h,HepG2细胞凋亡率高于PLC/PRF/5细胞,分别为(7.61±0.77)%和(5.63±0.87)%(P<0.05),且随时间和剂量增加,差异越显著;HepG2细胞受4Gy照射后12h,G0/G1期比例下降,为(40.56±1.59)%,后逐渐上升,G2/M期比例增高,为(13.28±1.02)%,随后逐渐下降;2-6Gy照射24h后,G0/G1期比例逐渐上升,G2/M期比例逐渐下降;PLC/PRF/5细胞G2/M期比例在照射后24h阻滞最明显(22.11±1.48)%,后逐渐降低,随照射剂量增加而增大。结论:2-6Gy 6MV-X线照射可诱导HepG2与PLC/PRF/5细胞凋亡,并改变周期进程,HepG2细胞发生G1和G2期阻滞,PLC/PRF/5发生G2期阻滞。     

电离辐射对食管癌细胞周期及MDC1、53BP1蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察60Co γ射线照射后食管癌细胞周期、细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的变化,为食管癌放射治疗、靶向治疗提供理论依据。方法 食管癌细胞株TE 13进行不同剂量（0、1、2、5、10、15Gy）照射后,应用流式细胞术分别检测照射后1、2、12、24和48h细胞周期和凋亡指数的变化;同时采用Western blot方法检测MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达情况。结果 TE 13细胞照射后12、24、48h,TE 13细胞的G0/G1期、G2/M期和S期的变化呈现明显剂量依赖性,1Gy和2Gy照射后12h,细胞G2/M期阻滞开始出现;5、10、15Gy照射后24h,细胞G2/M期阻滞最为明显,与对照组（0Gy组）相比,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;15Gy照射后12h、24、48h,TE 13细胞的凋亡增加非常显著（P<0.01）;不同剂量照射后1、2、24h,TE 13细胞MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达未见明显变化（P>0.05）。结论 TE 13细胞经不同剂量放射线照射后,细胞周期出现明显的G2/M期阻滞,细胞凋亡指数明显增加,但对MDC1和53BP1蛋白表达未见明显影响。     

电离辐射对肺癌A549细胞凋亡及细胞周期的影响

[目的]阐明电离辐射对肺癌A549细胞凋亡、细胞周期及Fas蛋白的影响。[方法]采用流式细胞术检测X射线照射对A549细胞周期、细胞凋亡及Fas蛋白表达的影响。[结果]1．0-4．0GyX射线照射后,G0／G1期细胞数与对照组相比明显减少（P〈0．05）。0．5～4．0GyX射线照射后,G2／M期细胞数与对照组相比明显增多（P〈0．05）。各照射组细胞凋亡率和Fas蛋白表达与对照组相比均明显增高,其中均以4．0GyX射线照射后增高最为显著。[结论]X射线能诱导A549细胞周期发生G2期阻滞、细胞凋亡,并诱导Fas蛋白表达增高,且在一定范围内存在时间和剂量依赖关系。     

电离辐射对血管内皮细胞和PC-3细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量X射线照射对原代人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)和PC-3细胞周期和凋亡的影响,为临床放疗提供理论依据。方法 采用形态学观察和Annexin V-FITC联合PI双染法和ApO2.7单抗法流式细胞仪(FCM)定量检测原代HUVEC和PC-3细胞在0-10 Gy的6MV-X射线照射后细胞周期和凋亡的变化。结果 照射后24 h和48 h两种细胞均出现明显G0/G1期减少和G2/M期增加,但2 Gy照射时仅对PC-3细胞周期有影响;两种细胞照射后均未出现辐射相关的凋亡。结论 电离辐射可诱导两种细胞出现G2/M期阻滞但不引起凋亡发生,两种细胞均有一定的辐射抗拒性。     

电离辐射对血管内皮细胞和PC—3细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量X射线照射对原代人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）和PC-3细胞周期和凋亡的影响。为临床放疗提供理论依据。方法 采用形态学观察和AnnexinV-FITC联合PI双染法和Ap02.7单抗法流式细胞仪（FCM）定量检测原代HUVEC和PC-细胞在0-10Gy的6MV-X射线照射后细胞周期和凋亡的变化。结果 照射后24h和48h两种细胞均出现明显G0/G1期减少和G2/M期增加，但2Gy照射时仅对PC-3细胞周期有影响，两种细胞照射后均未出现辐射相关的凋亡。结论 电离辐射可诱导两种细胞出现G2/M期阻滞但不引起凋亡发生，两种细胞均有一定的辐射抗拒性。     

低剂量照射对细胞周期和修复基因表达的影响

目的观察低剂量照射对A549(肺癌细胞)和2BS细胞(人胚胎肺成纤维细胞)细胞周期及修复基因表达的影响.探讨肿瘤细胞与正常细胞在诱导修复基因表达方面的差异,并结合细胞周期变化,进一步阐明适应性反应形成机制.方法(1)应用流式细胞技术,对不同剂量照射后A549和2BS细胞周期进行分析;(2)应用Northern-blot检测不同照射剂量DNA修复基因hR24L、bRAD6和bRAD52转录水平的变化.结果(1)2BS细胞经75mGy X线照射组,及低剂量加高剂量照射组于照后30分钟即出现明显的G2期阻滞,且细胞周期于24小时内恢复.A549细胞在75mGy X线照射后,细胞周期未发生变化;(2)2BS细胞在75mGy X照射下,hR24L、hRAD6表达增强,bRAD52无变化.A549细胞低剂量照射修复基因表达未见显著变化.结论低剂量照射后2BS细胞与A549细胞周期改变存在差异,且细胞周期的调控与DNA修复基因的表达有着密切的关系.     

健择对人鼻咽癌细胞系放射增敏机制的实验研究

目的：观察单纯放射及放射联合健择（gemcitabine）对人鼻咽癌细胞系（CNE-2）细胞周期改变的影响，探讨健择对CNE-2细胞的放射增敏机制。方法：用流式细胞仪技术分析^60Coγ射线单纯照射和照射联合健择对CNE-2细胞周期的影响。结果：单纯照射导致CNE-2细胞G1期阻滞，照射剂量〈6Gy时与照射剂量呈正相关，〉6Gy时G1期阻滞基本稳定在一定水平。5mg／L、10mg／L、15mg／L健择与CNE-2细胞共育24h后照射2Gy，以S期阻滞为主；随着单次照射剂量的提高，以G1阻滞明显。CNE-2细胞与健择15mg／L共育12h后照射2Gy，开始时以G1阻滞为主，但24h后以S期阻滞明显。且至少维持36h以上。结论：健择对CNE-2细胞有中度放射增敏作用；其机制可能与健择引起S期或G1期阻滞有关。     

抑制ATM表达致鼻咽癌细胞CNE1辐射增敏的细胞周期阻滞研究

背景与目的:细胞周期调控是决定细胞辐射敏感性的决定性因素之一。共济失调毛细血管扩张症突变基因(ataxia-telangiectasia mutant,ATM)功能与细胞DNA损伤修复、细胞周期检查点调控密切相关。我们前期研究通过反义RNA抑制ATM基因表达可增加鼻咽癌细胞系CNE1辐射敏感性,本研究拟探讨其辐射增敏的细胞周期阻滞调控机制。方法:ATM反义组细胞CNE1/pDOR-atm及对照组细胞CNE1/pDOR经2Gy、5GyX线照射后不同时间点(1h、4h、8h、24h、48h)收获,应用流式细胞仪(flowcytometer,FCM)检测各细胞周期百分比及凋亡率。结果:两组细胞X线照射后均未出现明显G1期阻滞和细胞凋亡,但分别在照射后1h、4h、8h出现明显S期阻滞,24h、48h出现明显G2期阻滞,其中反义组S期细胞百分率总均数水平低于对照组(P<0.05),而G2/M期细胞百分率总均数水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:反义RNA抑制ATM表达致CNE1辐射增敏的细胞周期调控机制可能与减少S期细胞比例,增加G2/M期细胞比例有关,与G1期阻滞和细胞凋亡的调控无关。     

食管癌细胞照射后细胞周期及相关蛋白表达的变化

目的：探讨食管癌细胞照射后细胞周期、细胞凋亡及其相关蛋白表达的变化。方法：食管癌细胞株TE-1和TE-13照射2、5、10、15Gy后，应用流武细胞仪分别检测照射后6、24和48h细胞周期和凋亡指数变化、Western blot检测细胞周期相关蛋白的表达。结果：2、5、10、15Gy照射0～48h，TE-1和TE-13细胞均出现明显剂量依赖性的G2／M期阻滞和解除变化；5～15Gy照射后48h，TE-13细胞在G2／M期阻滞逐渐解除时伴随着细胞凋亡的明显增加，而TE-1细胞凋亡不增加。2株细胞胞浆CHK2-p68磷酸化水平均呈随照射后时间延长而出现时相性变化，但与照射剂量无关；而CHK1、CHK2、CHK1-p345和CDK1蛋白表达均无明显变化。15Gy照射后24h，TE-13细胞胞浆中eyelin B1表达下降而TE1细胞中无明显变化。结论：病理不同分化的食管癌细胞照射后细胞周期、细胞凋亡以及细胞周期相关蛋白表达变化不尽相同。     

The late effects of proton irradiation on cell growth, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a human melanoma cell line

The aim of this work is the in vitro study of the late effects of single proton irradiation on HTB63 human melanoma cell growth, cell cycle and cell death. The experimental conditions were focused on analyzing the effects of irradiation on the periphery of tumour that can be, in clinical practice, close to critical organs. Confluent cell monolayers were irradiated with single doses ranging from 1 - 20 Gy, using proton beams having an energy of 22.6 MeV at the target. Antiproliferative effect of protons, cell cycle analysis and initiation of cell death, were followed 48 hours after irradiation. The inhibition of melanoma cell growth was observed, especially after single application of 12 and 16 Gy. Cell cycle analysis and cell viability have shown the G2/M and G1/G0 arrest of irradiated cells correlating with the increase of the applied dose. The flow cytometric analysis has shown presence of apoptotic nuclei. These data demonstrate that irradiation with protons, under the chosen experimental conditions, have significant effects on melanoma cell growth inhibition being dose dependent, G2/M cell cycle arrest and appearance of apoptotic nuclei, even 48 hours after irradiation. The results obtained may help the understanding of the relationship between cell proliferation, death and cell cycle regulation of melanomas after proton irradiation.     

Response of glioblastoma cell lines to low dose rate irradiation

Glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells irradiated with single fraction high dose rate radiation (1.1 Gy/min) were relatively insensitive to inactivation of colony forming ability, similar to other glioblastoma cell lines. Initial rates of cell kill with continuous low dose rate irradiation (0.075 Gy/hr to 0.49 Gy/hr) were low, but at times greater than 20 hours and with dose rates of 0.25 Gy/hr or higher, the rate of cell kill increased. Population doubling times for these cell lines were about 24 hours, suggesting that cell cycle redistribution may be responsible for the increased sensitivity. DNA histograms obtained by flow cytometry support this hypothesis, with cells accumulating in the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. These results suggest that low dose rate irradiation may be effective in treating glioblastomas. Optimization of time intervals between radiation treatments as well as dose rates used for glioblastoma patients may be influenced by these findings, resulting in better integration of continuous low-dose-rate irradiation (radioactive antibodies and implants) and high-dose-rate irradiation (fractionated external beam) into therapeutic programs.     

Enhancement of Radiosensitivity by Eurycomalactone in Human NSCLC Cells Through G₂ /M Cell Cycle Arrest and Delayed DNA Double-Strand Break Repair

Radiotherapy (RT) is an important treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the major obstacles to successful RT include the low radiosensitivity of cancer cells and the restricted radiation dose, which is given without damaging normal tissues. Therefore, the sensitizer that increases RT efficacy without dose escalation will be beneficial for NSCLC treatment. Eurycomalactone (ECL), an active quassinoid isolated from Eurycoma longifolia Jack, has been demonstrated to possess anticancer activity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of ECL on sensitizing NSCLC cells to X-radiation (X-ray) as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ECL exhibited selective cytotoxicity against the NSCLC cells A549 and COR-L23 compared to the normal lung fibroblast. Clonogenic survival results indicated that ECL treatment prior to irradiation synergistically decreased the A549 and COR-L23 colony number. ECL treatment reduced the expression of cyclin B1 and CDK1/2 leading to induce cell cycle arrest at the radiosensitive G₂ /M phase. Moreover, ECL markedly delayed the repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In A549 cells, pretreatment with ECL not only delayed the resolving of radiation-induced -H2AX foci but also blocked the formation of 53BP1 foci at the DSB sites. In addition, ECL pretreatment attenuated the expression of DNA repair proteins Ku-80 and KDM4D in both NSCLC cells. Consequently, these effects led to an increase in apoptosis in irradiated cells. Thus, ECL radiosensitized the NSCLC cells to X-ray via G2 /M arrest induction and delayed the repair of X-ray-induced DSBs. This study offers a great potential for ECL as an alternative safer radiosensitizer for increasing the RT efficiency against NSCLC.     

放射线对鼻咽癌细胞周期阻滞、凋亡和抑癌基因p57^kip2表达的影响

目的：研究放射线对鼻咽癌细胞（CNE）周期阻滞、凋亡和抑癌基因p57^kip2蛋白表达的影响。方法：运用流式细胞术检测放射线诱导的细胞周期阻滞、凋亡；运用免疫组织化学法和Westernblot法检测抑癌基因p57^kip2蛋白的表达。结果：照射后，CNE细胞G1期无明显阻滞，S期出现短暂堆积，G2／M期阻滞强度具剂量和时间依赖性，随照射剂量增加，其阻滞程度增强，阻滞时间延长，G2／M期阻滞在12、24h与照射剂量呈正相关（P〈0．01），随照射后时间延长而增强，峰值出现于12Gy24h；凋亡发生率与照射剂量和照射后时间均呈正相关（P〈0．01）。p57^kip2蛋白表达在照射后随照射剂量的增加和照射后时间的延长均呈现上调（P〈0．01）。结论：放射线对鼻咽癌细胞G2／M期阻滞、凋亡率和抑癌基因p57^kip2蛋白表达均有明显的增强作用。     

p14~(ARF)对照射后肺癌细胞加速再群体化抑制效应

目的　探讨抑癌蛋白p14ARF功能恢复对照射后肺癌细胞加速再群体化的影响。方法　以ARF基因纯合缺失但表达野生型p5 3的人肺腺癌A5 49和H46 0细胞系为靶细胞 ,应用Fugene 6对照射后的细胞进行pCI neo p14ARF 表达载体基因转染 ,检测照射前后和转染前后细胞潜在倍增时间(Tpot)、细胞周期分布及克隆存活率变化。结果　 6GyX射线照射后 96h处 ,A5 49和H46 0细胞Tpot分别缩短 2 5 .4%和 2 9.2 % ,与照射前比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。此时进行p14ARF表达载体基因转染 ,恢复p14ARF功能 ,可使A5 49和H46 0细胞Tpot延长并接近照射前水平 ,同时伴随G0 G1 期和G2 M期细胞显著增加 ,S期细胞显著下降 ,克隆存活率下降。结论　A5 49和H46 0细胞照射后存在加速再群体化。p14ARF功能恢复对其照射后加速再群体化有抑制作用 ,该作用与p14ARF的G1 、G2 期阻滞功能密切相关     

Involvement of Cdc25c in Cell Cycle Alteration of a Radioresistant Lung Cancer Cell Line Established with Fractionated Ionizing Radiation

Cancer patients often suffer from local tumor recurrence after radiation therapy. Cell cycling, an intricatesequence of events which guarantees high genomic fidelity, has been suggested to affect DNA damage responsesand eventual radioresistant characteristics of cancer cells. Here, we established a radioresistant lung cancercell line, A549R , by exposing the parental A549 cells to repeated γ-ray irradiation with a total dose of 60 Gy.The radiosensitivity of A549 and A549R was confirmed using colony formation assays. We then focused onexamination of the cell cycle distribution between A549 and A549R and found that the proportion of cells inthe radioresistant S phase increased, whereas that in the radiosensitive G1 phase decreased. When A549 andA549R cells were exposed to 4 Gy irradiation the total differences in cell cycle redistribution suggested thatG2-M cell cycle arrest plays a predominant role in mediating radioresistance. In order to further explore thepossible mechanisms behind the cell cycle related radioresistance, we examined the expression of Cdc25 proteinswhich orchestrate cell cycle transitions. The results showed that expression of Cdc25c increased accompanied bythe decrease of Cdc25a and we proposed that the quantity of Cdc25c, rather than activated Cdc25c or Cdc25a,determines the radioresistance of cells.     

Radiation enhancement by gemcitabine-mediated cell cycle modulations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the exact dose dependency and time dependency of the radiation-enhancing effect of gemcitabine (2',2'difluoro desoxycytidine [dFdC]) in in vitro experiments (HeLa cells: cancer of the uterine cervix, #4197 cells: oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma), and to correlate this effect with the underlying changes in cell cycle distribution. Cell viability was determined fluorometrically after exposure to dFdC (0-20.0 micro mol/l), irradiation (0-37.5 Gy), and both modalities. Combining both therapies, cells were exposed to dFdC (0-10.0 micro mol/l) for 24 hours before further treatment and irradiated (0-30 Gy) immediately afterwards with or without removal of dFdC. For cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, cells were irradiated (0-40 Gy) or treated with dFdC (0.012-1.0 micro mol/l, 24-48 hours). Additionally, cells were exposed to dFdC (2.0 micro mol/l, 0-4 hours). Cell cycle kinetics were evaluated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (10 micro mol/l) S-phase labeling, given either 30 minutes before or in the last hour of dFdC treatment (2.0 micro mol/l, 0-6 hours). The fluorometric assay revealed that dFdC enhances radiation-induced cytotoxicity at marginally toxic or nontoxic concentrations (<37 nmol/l). Radiation resulted in the anticipated G2/M arrest already at 2 Gy. DFdC induced concentration and exposure time-dependent cell cycle changes that were better resolved using BrdU, demonstrating a pronounced S-phase arrest already at 12 nmol/l. BrdU-pulse labeling revealed that the cell cycle block occurred at the G1/S boundary. Our data reconfirm the already known radiation enhancement, the S-phase specific activities of dFdC, and the relevance of the synchronized progression of cells through the S-phase with regard to the radiosensitizing properties of low-dose dFdC. However, we could demonstrate that before progressing in the S-phase, cells were blocked and partially synchronized at the more radiosensitive G1/S boundary. Furthermore, cells progressing past the block might accumulate proapoptotic signals caused by both radiation and dFdC, which will also results in cell death.     

The Effect of Fractionated Irradiation on Cell Kinetics

The effects of single and split-dose irradiation were compared by in vitro experiments on HeLa cells. Changes in rate of cell proliferation were detected by flow cytometry, simultaneously determining the DNA content and the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation of individual cells. Cell cultures were irradiated with either a single dose of 1-6 Gy or with a corresponding dose divided into multiple fractions given at 1-6-h intervals. A dose-dependent accumulation of cells in G2/M phase was observed. The method was sensitive enough for the detection of G2/M block even after 1 Gy. The block disappeared completely within a 24-h follow-up time at dose levels up to 3 Gy. Interestingly, no differences in cell kinetics were observed between the single and split-dose regiments. This approach proves to be valuable in evaluating novel fractionation models and the effects of radiation on the cell kinetics of human tumor cells.