Management of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) by mating disruption

Abstract Field trials were conducted in China in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the efficacy of mating disruption (MD) on diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Effectiveness was positively correlated with the MD dispenser density in the field. A density of 167 MD dispensers per ha produced an average population decrease of about 50% compared to the conventional‐practice field. Significant fewer males were captured in pheromone‐treated and conventional‐practice fields than in the blank control field, but the difference was not significant between the pheromone‐treated and conventional‐practice fields. In addition, fewer eggs and larvae were observed in pheromone‐treated fields. Our results suggest mating disruption coupled with minimal insecticidal supplements is a promising solution for resistance management and control of diamondback moth infestation.     

羧酸酯酶介导的小菜蛾对氟虫腈的抗性

【目的】羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterases, CarEs）是昆虫重要的解毒代谢酶之一,可以介导靶标昆虫对多种杀虫剂的代谢抗性。本研究检测了羧酸酯酶对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella 抗药性的介导功能,旨在阐明羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾代谢解毒中的生理生化和分子机理。【方法】采用点滴法测定氟虫腈对小菜蛾敏感种群和抗氟虫腈种群的毒力,以及羧酸酯酶抑制剂磷酸三苯酯（triphenyl phosphate, TPP）对氟虫腈的增效作用;以LC₃₀和LC₅₀浓度的氟虫腈处理抗性小菜蛾,测定药剂处理后CarEs酶活性的变化;利用qRT-PCR技术分析Pxae22和Pxae31两个基因在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、组织和种群的表达模式;利用dsRNA干扰Pxae22和Pxae31后观察基因的表达变化和小菜蛾3龄幼虫对药剂敏感性的变化。【结果】TPP可以削弱小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的抗性,增效倍数约为6倍;使用较低剂量（LC₃₀和LC₅₀）氟虫腈处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,处理组CarEs比活力明显高于对照,提示氟虫腈对小菜蛾CarEs活性具有诱导作用。对羧酸酯酶基因Pxae22和Pxae31在小菜蛾不同发育阶段、4龄幼虫不同组织和不同种群3龄幼虫中的表达模式分析发现,这两个基因在小菜蛾4龄幼虫中的表达量最高;在4龄幼虫中以中肠组织中的表达量较高,头、表皮、脂肪体中的表达量很低; 抗性种群中的表达量显著高于敏感种群。通过干扰 Pxae22和 Pxae31后的qRT-PCR验证,两个基因的表达量均显著降低,进一步的氟虫腈毒力测定发现,干扰P xae22和 Pxae31后的小菜蛾3龄幼虫对氟虫腈的敏感性分别增加了1.63倍和1.73倍。【结论】羧酸酯酶在小菜蛾对氟虫腈解毒代谢中具有重要作用;Pxae22和Pxae31是小菜蛾的两个抗性相关基因,其表达水平的变化直接影响小菜蛾对氟虫腈的敏感性。     

小菜蛾鞣化激素基因克隆及其功能分析

鞣化激素是调节昆虫表皮骨化和翅膀发育的一种神经激素, 尽管已经在许多不同种昆虫上克隆了鞣化激素基因, 但是关于小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella鞣化激素及其基因的研究至今未见报道。本研究克隆了两个小菜蛾鞣化激素基因Pxbursα和Pxbursβ （GenBank 登录号分别为KF498645和KF498646）全长cDNA, 其序列长度分别为537 bp和360 bp, 与已报道的其他昆虫的鞣化激素氨基酸序列一致性分别为51%~68% 和37%~57%。实时定量PCR分析发现Pxbursα和Pxbursβ均在蛹期表达量高, 而在幼虫期和成虫期的表达量低。以Pxbursα部分序列的双链RNA（dsRNA）饲喂小菜蛾4龄末期幼虫, 发现蛹期Pxbursα的表达受到了显著抑制, 小菜蛾的发育停滞在蛹期而无法正常羽化, 并最终死亡。由此推测, 小菜蛾鞣化激素基因在蛹期的大量表达对其生长发育和羽化具有重要的作用。     

氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群的亚致死效应(英文)

在实验室条件下采用生命表技术研究了氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella阿维菌素抗性（AV-R）和敏感（AV-S）种群的亚致死效应, 旨在为小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性治理提供理论基础。结果表明： 氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾3龄幼虫抗性种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.24 mg/L和0.09 mg/L; 对敏感种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.20 mg/L和0.07 mg/L。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量0.09 mg/L 处理小菜蛾后, 对处理代的影响表现为显著降低处理种群的化蛹率、 蛹重、 羽化率、 繁殖力; 明显延长蛹期, 缩短成虫产卵期和寿命; 对子代种群的影响表现为显著降低卵的孵化率、 幼虫各龄期的存活率, 延长发育历期。处理种群的内禀增长率（r_m）、 周限增长率（λ）和净增值率（R₀）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。亚致死剂量的氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾抗性种群的影响大于敏感种群, 对处理代种群的影响大于子代种群。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量可以极大地影响小菜蛾尤其是阿维菌素抗性种群的种群动态, 因此氰氟虫腙对于小菜蛾的抗性治理具有积极的作用。     

小菜蛾普通气味受体基因PxylOR9的鉴定及功能研究

【目的】克隆小菜蛾Plutella xylostella一普通气味受体基因,明确其在不同组织中的表达分布,并鉴定其功能,为了解小菜蛾对寄主植物的识别机制提供理论基础。【方法】在小菜蛾成虫触角转录组测序和分析的基础上,通过PCR技术克隆得到一气味受体基因的全长序列,利用半定量RT-PCR研究其在雌雄蛾不同组织中的表达,并通过爪蟾卵母细胞体外表达结合双电极电压钳技术测试该受体对59种植物挥发物刺激的反应。【结果】在前期研究中,通过转录组测序和生物信息学分析,预测获得了多条小菜蛾气味受体基因序列。本研究中,我们克隆得到了其中一小菜蛾气味受体基因Pxyl OR9的c DNA全长序列(Gen Bank登录号:KP757898)。Pxyl OR9包括6个跨膜结构域,N末端位于胞内,符合昆虫气味受体的典型特征。与其他鳞翅目昆虫气味受体构建的进化树分析结果显示,Pxyl OR9与性信息素受体具有明显的分离,并与普通气味受体聚集在一起。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Pxyl OR9仅在雌雄触角中表达且无雌雄差异。双电极电压钳记录结果显示,在测试的植物挥发物中Pxyl OR9只对植物挥发物!-紫罗兰酮的刺激具有反应。【结论】本研究从小菜蛾中克隆得到Pxyl OR9的全长序列,其编码产物具有气味受体的典型特征并且属于普通气味受体。该基因在仅在小菜蛾成虫触角中高表达。体外功能研究证明Pxyl OR9对植物挥发物!-紫罗兰酮具有特异反应,推测其参与了小菜蛾对植物的识别。     

小菜蛾对苦皮藤素抗性选育及交互抗性测定

敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)经苦皮藤素20代的抗性选育,其抗性增长21.57倍。选育的小菜蛾抗性品系对杀虫双、杀螟丹和叶蝉散分别有4.63、4.11和3.71倍的交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯分别有0.22、0.01和0.26倍的负交互抗性。高抗杀螟丹、杀虫双小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素无明显交互抗性,而高抗溴氰菊酯小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素有3.61倍的交互抗性。     

利用RNAi技术沉默小菜蛾类钙粘蛋白基因

RNA干扰（RNA interference, RNAi）是一种调控基因表达的方法, 其通过体外合成一段与内源靶基因同源的双链RNA（dsRNA）或siRNA, 导入生物体内, 使内源靶基因中同源mRNA降解, 从而达到阻抑基因表达的目的。类钙粘蛋白（cadherin-like protein）是位于昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊(brush border membrane vesicles, BBMV)上与钙粘蛋白(cadherin)结构相似的物质, 是多种昆虫体内Bt杀虫蛋白的受体。本研究利用基因特异引物通过RT-PCR扩增了小菜蛾类钙粘蛋白基因的2个片段（CAD1和CAD2）, 合成相对应的双链RNA（double-stranded RNA, dsRNA）; 并将dsRNA通过显微注射导入小菜蛾3龄幼虫体内, 测定了不同靶位点、不同剂量、不同检测时间对目的基因mRNA表达量的影响。结果表明: 将70 nL CAD1对应的dsRNA注射到幼虫体内48 h后, 基因表达量显著下降, 72 h后恢复。免疫印迹检测结果表明, 类钙粘蛋白在注射dsRNA 48 h后幼虫BBMV中的含量明显下降。本实验成功实现了小菜蛾类钙粘蛋白基因的沉默, 该体系的成功建立为利用RNAi技术分析小菜蛾及其他鳞翅目昆虫基因的功能提供了参考。     

中国小菜蛾群体遗传变异的时空动态

【目的】小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella 是十字花科蔬菜最重要的迁移性害虫之一,在中国越冬区(OR)的群体和季节性繁殖区(SBR)的群体之间具有“源-汇”关系和复合群体的特征。本研究旨在揭示中国小菜蛾群体遗传变异的时空动态,以期进一步阐明该虫的迁移特性及其对区域灾变的影响。【方法】基于已经发表的4组不同采样时间中国小菜蛾 COI 序列(共1 567条)数据,将每个数据集细分为3组:OR群体、SBR群体以及特定采样时间(ST)的群体。对不同组(群体)进行遗传多样性、遗传分化、单倍型相似性和群体演化史的分析。【结果】基于 COI 序列的小菜蛾群体遗传变异分析结果表明,同一采样时间内,OR群体和SBR群体遗传多样性水平相当。虽然SBR群体在单倍型频率上不稳定,导致包含SBR的群体间遗传分化较大,但SBR群体单倍型均能够在同一采样时间的OR群体中找到,或SBR单倍型仅与OR单倍型相差2个碱基以内;SBR群体中单倍型频率在不同年份间变化大,遗传分化最大,而ST群体之间遗传分化的变异水平最低。不同采样时间样品 COI 序列的碱基错配分布图呈现相同的单峰状,且不同采样时间样本主要是由几种相同的单倍型构成。【结论】这些结果表明:迁移是影响中国季节性繁殖区小菜蛾群体遗传变异的主要因素;中国不同区域的小菜蛾群体遗传变异在时间尺度上具有稳定性和相关性。小菜蛾复合群体特征为阐明其季节性迁移特性提供了重要的生态学依据。     

小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性与田间防治效果的相关性研究

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性变化与田间防治效果的相关性。【方法】2011—2015年在田间进行了氯虫苯甲酰胺防治小菜蛾田间药效试验,并测定了该地小菜蛾田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺在相同剂量下对小菜蛾田间防治效果从2011的97.74%下降到2015年的63.53%;而小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的相对毒力指数从2011年的1上升到2015的11.93。【结论】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性与其抗药性总体上呈现负相关。     

小菜蛾幼虫肠道细菌桃色欧文氏菌的代谢表型组学分析

[目的]肠道细菌桃色欧文氏菌Erwinia persicina是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫肠道的优势细菌,本研究旨在阐明桃色欧文氏菌的代谢表型特征.[方法]采用BIOLOG细胞表型芯片技术系统研究了桃色欧文氏菌的细胞表型;采用PM l-10代谢板,对桃色欧文氏菌的950种代谢表型进行了测定.[结果]桃色欧文氏菌能代谢39.47％的碳源、89.74％的氮源、100％的硫源和100％的磷源;高效代谢的碳源为有机酸类和碳水化合物类,高效代谢的氮源为氨基酸类.该肠道细菌表现出261种不同的氮源代谢通路和95种生物合成通路.桃色欧文氏菌具有广泛的适应性,能在分别具有高达9％氯化钠、4％氯化钾、5％硫酸钠、20％乙二醇、6％甲酸钠、2％尿素、6％乳酸钠、200mmol/L磷酸钠(pH 7.0)、20 mmol/L苯甲酸钠(pH 5.2)、100 mmol/L硫酸铵(pH 8.0)、100 mmol/L硝酸钠和100 mmol/L亚硝酸钠的渗透溶液中正常代谢;其适应pH值范围为4.5 ～10,最适7.0.在多种氨基酸的作用下,桃色欧文氏菌均表现出脱羧酶和脱氨酶活性.[结论]桃色欧文氏菌的代谢特征增加了我们对该肠道细菌,特别是其与宿主昆虫的互作及其在肠道环境中的适应性的认识,同时表明通过降低桃色欧文氏菌密度来防治小菜蛾的可能性.     

Seasonal population fluctuations of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) on different cauliflower cultivars

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) is one of the most important pests of cruciferous plants throughout the world. In recent years, it has been identified as a serious pest of the cauliflower fields in Tehran province. Resistance of P. xylostella to all main groups of insecticides has been recorded and it is ranked in the 20 most resistant pest species reported until now. According to many researchers, to solve the problem of pest resistance to chemical pesticides, an integrated pest management programme should be used. Despite this condition, it seems that the use of resistant cauliflower cultivars is an appropriate policy for integrated control of the pest in the field. In order to identify the most resistant cultivar in the field, eight cauliflower cultivars in a completely randomised design with five replicates were planted at the Shahed University research field (south of Tehran). Density of eggs, larvae and pupae of P. xylostella were measured every 10 days in these cultivars. The results showed that there is no significant difference between numbers of eggs per plant on different cultivars. But number of larvae and pupae per plant were significantly different among different cultivars. Smilla and Snow mystique cultivars had the highest number of larvae and pupae. On the other hand, Buris and Snow crown cultivars had the lowest number of pupae and Snow crown and SG cultivars had the lowest number of larvae per plant. According to the results, the Buris and Snow crown cultivars had the lowest infestation and had a kind of resistance to pest.     

Occurrence of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its larval parasitoids across Saskatchewan,Canada

The prevalence of the diamondback moth and its larval parasitoids, was explored across Saskatchewan, Canada. Higher numbers of diamondback moths were recorded early in the season than later and in the Mixed Grassland compared to three other ecoregions. The highest proportion of parasitism was observed in the Boreal Transition ecoregion in early season.     

小菜蛾触角结合蛋白PxylOBP31的鉴定与结合特性分析

【目的】触角结合蛋白(antennal binding proteins,ABPs)为昆虫气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins,OBPs)家族的一个亚类,是昆虫识别和响应外界环境中气味信号的载体之一,对昆虫的生存和繁衍有着重要的意义。明确触角结合蛋白在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)嗅觉识别中的作用,有助于揭示小菜蛾嗅觉识别分子机制。【方法】利用PCR技术克隆小菜蛾的一个触角结合蛋白基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在小菜蛾不同发育阶段和成虫不同组织中的表达量进行分析;利用荧光竞争结合实验测试该触角结合蛋白与39种配基化合物的结合特性。【结果】成功克隆了一个小菜蛾触角结合蛋白基因,命名为Pxyl OBP31(Gen Bank登录号:KT156676)。序列分析结果显示,其开放阅读框全长411 bp,编码136个氨基酸,N端自起始位置开始21个氨基酸为信号肽,含有气味结合蛋白家族的6个保守半胱氨酸残基,预测分子量为14.74 k D,等电点为4.41。表达谱分析表明,Pxyl OBP31主要在雄蛾中表达,且交配后的雄蛾中表达量明显降低;该基因在小菜蛾触角中有较高表达,在雄蛾触角中的表达量比雌蛾触角中高近2倍。结合特性实验结果显示,Pxyl OBP31与醛、酮、萜品油烯以及邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯等物质的结合能力较强,与3种性信息素及其他烯烃与酯类结合能力弱。【结论】本研究明确了Pxyl OBP31的核苷酸序列以及发育和组织表达谱。根据qRT-PCR和荧光竞争结合实验结果,推测Pxyl OBP31蛋白可能与小菜蛾觅偶、定位寄主植物等行为有关。     

Inheritance of resistance and cross resistance pattern in indoxacarb-resistant diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L.

Leaf-dip assay of Plutella xylostella against indoxacarb showed that the concentration that produced 50% mortality (LC₅₀) of indoxacarb ranged from 20.1 to 11.9 ppm, with highest in Nasik and lowest levels in Coimbatore strains. In selection studies, the LC₅₀ of indoxacarb was 18.5 ppm at generation 1 (G1), which increased to 31.3-fold (167.8 ppm) resistance after ten exposed generations (G10) as compared to unexposed. The LC₅₀ of quinalphos was 74.4 ppm, which increased to 10.0-fold (631.5 ppm) resistance after G10. The LC₅₀ of cypermethrin resistant strain resulted in an 11.5-fold increase in resistance after G10. In P. xylostella , heritability (h²) after ten generations of selection was estimated at 0.4. The number of generations required for tenfold increase in LC₅₀ (1/R) were 6.7. The response to indoxacarb selection in P. xylostella was 0.2 and the selection differential was estimated as 0.4. The phenotypic standard deviation was 0.2. Reciprocal crosses between indoxacarb-resistant and susceptible strains showed that the inheritance of indoxacarb resistance was autosomal. The degree of heritability (D_LC) (0.4, 0.4) indicated incomplete recessive inheritance of indoxacarb resistance.     

Evidence for behavioural resistance by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

Abstract:  The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is an important pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost every synthetic insecticide applied in the field and consequently is often difficult to control in crucifer-growing areas. DBM oviposition behaviour was investigated in greenhouse and growth chamber conditions with seven cruciferous and one non-cruciferous plant varieties. In free choice tests, females deposited more eggs on the stem near the soil-stem interface than on leaves. Our findings suggest that DBM is capable of developing behavioural resistance through oviposition site selection to avoid lethal doses of foliar-applied insecticides in the field.     

Screening of oilseed rape cultivars relation to diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) in fields of Tehran

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is one of the most important pests of oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., in the world. In this study, resistance of oilseed rape cultivars to DBM was evaluated in fields of Tehran based on injury rate of the cultivars. To evaluate cultivar resistance, 19 cultivars of oilseed rape were planted in randomised complete-block design with three replications. Total experiments were conducted in experimental field of Shahed University. Results showed that DBM had activity on the plants during season and peak of the injury occurred on 27 May. Results indicated that the total of oilseed rape cultivar was spotty. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference among determined characteristics in all cultivars. The highest and lowest numbers of holes in the leaf were observed in Midas, Karaj3, Zarfam and Hyola420, Hyola308 cultivars, respectively, in sampling of the end growth. Opera and Midas cultivars have the highest percentage of leaf infestation and the lowest percentage of leaf infestation was observed in Hyola420 and Hyola308. Also, Karaj3 and Zarfam cultivars have the highest percentage of meristem infestation and the lowest percentage of meristem infestation was observed in Licard and Hyola420 cultivars. Based on peak of the injury rate and importance of meristem injury, Hyola420 and Hyola308 cultivars were relatively resistant to DBM, and Karaj3 and Zarfam were relatively sensitive to DBM.     

小菜蛾酪氨酸酶生物化学性质研究

采用时间动力学法对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella酪氨酸酶的最适反应条件、对抑制剂的敏感度以及发育期变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：小菜蛾酪氨酸酶反应的最适pH值为6.4,反应线性时间为0～2 min,在22℃和4℃下其活性分别可保持12 h 和72 h,在-20℃下至少可保持7 天。不同发育阶段小菜蛾酪氨酸酶活性的大小依次为预蛹＞4龄幼虫＞蛹＞1龄、2龄、3龄幼虫＞成虫。苯基硫脲（phenyl thiourea,PTU）对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性品系和敏感品系酪氨酸酶活性的抑制中浓度（I₅₀）值分别为1.1796 μmol/L和1.2795 μmol/L,二者无明显差异。