Architecture of a tide-influenced river delta in the Frontier Formation of central Wyoming, USA

The Frewens sandstone is composed of two elongate tide-influenced sandstone bodies that are positioned directly above and slightly landward of a more wave-influenced lobate sandstone. The 20-km-long, 3-km-wide Frewens sandstone bodies coarsen upwards and fine away from their axes, have gradational bases and margins and have eroded tops abruptly overlain by marine shales. These sandstones are superbly exposed in large cliffs on the banks of the South Fork of the Powder River in central Wyoming, USA. The deposits change upwards from thinly interbedded sandstones and mudstones to metre-thick heterolithic cross-strata and, finally, to metres-thick sandstone-dominated cross-strata. There is abundant evidence for tidal modulation of depositional flows; however, palaeocurrents were strongly ebb-dominated and nearly parallel the trend of sandstone-body elongation. Detailed mapping of stratal geometry and facies across these exposures shows a complex internal architecture. Large-scale bedding units within sandstone bodies are defined by alternations in facies, bed thickness and the abundance of shales. Such bedsets are inclined (5°–15°) in walls oriented parallel to palaeoflow and gradually decrease in dip over hundreds of metres as they extend from the sandstone-dominated deposits higher in a sandstone body to muddier deposits lower in the body. Where viewed perpendicular to palaeoflow, bedsets are 100-metre-wide lenses that shingle off the sandstone-body axis towards its margins. The sandstone bodies are interpreted as sand ridge deposits formed on the shoreface of a tide-influenced river delta. Metres-thick cross-strata in the upper parts of sandstone bodies resemble deposits of bars (sandwaves) formed where tidal currents moved across shallows and the tops of tidal ridges. Heterolithic deposits lower in sandstone bodies record fluctuating currents caused by ebb and flood tides and varying river discharge. Erosion surfaces capping sandstone bodies record tidal ravinement. The tidal ridges were abandoned following transgression and covered with marine mud as waters deepened.     

Coeval versus reciprocal mixed carbonate–siliciclastic deposition, Middle Devonian Baltic Basin, Eastern Europe: implications from the regional tectonic development

The Middle Devonian Narva succession in the Baltic Basin represents a significant turnaround in the history of the basin. The detailed study of core and outcrop sections and the three‐dimensional correlations across the Baltic Basin reveal a carbonate‐dominated, mixed retrogressive succession, overlain by a siliciclastic‐dominated, progradational succession. The palaeogeographic reconstructions show how the shallow, tide‐influenced basin expanded from south‐west to north‐east and, later during the transgression, also to the north, south and east. The transgressive portion of the basin fill is dominated by carbonate‐rich sabkha and supratidal to intertidal deposits on the basin margins, and subtidal carbonates in the basin centre. Siliciclastic material was derived by tidal currents and storm waves from the south‐west through a tidal inlet and flood‐tidal delta complex. This initial transgressive phase is characterized by the lack of subsidence or even episodic uplifts in the northern/north‐western part of the basin margin, shown by convergence of timelines and the thin (30 m) transgressive succession. In contrast, on the southern margin, the facies associations stack vertically into a 70 to 80 m thick succession, indicating significantly higher subsidence rates. The upper part of the transgressive phase indicates subsidence across the whole basin. The upper, progradational portion of the basin fill is dominated by coarse, siliciclastic, tide‐influenced deltaic deposits that rapidly prograded from north‐west to south‐east. This detailed study on the Narva succession shows that siliciclastic and carbonate deposition was coeval and that mixing occurred at different temporal and spatial scales. The mixing was controlled by grain‐size, volume and location of siliciclastic input rather than relative sea‐level changes as suggested in widely used reciprocal mixing models. It is suggested that the forebulge of the Scandinavian Caledonian fold‐and‐thrust belt migrated to the north‐western margin of the Baltic Basin during the earliest Eifelian, as indicated by the lack of subsidence and probable uplift in the northern/north‐western margin during the early transgressive phase. The forebulge migration ceased although the forebulge had already started to subside during the later stages of the transgressive phase. The deltaic progradation is interpreted to be associated with the orogenic collapse and uplift in the Scandinavian Caledonides that caused the erosion of the foreland basin fill and the coarse sediment transport into the Baltic Basin.     

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组紫红色白云岩成因初探

川西北地区泥盆系观雾山组是新发现的重要天然气产层。在青川何家梁以及葛底坝等地区,泥盆系观雾山组存在一种特殊紫红色调的白云岩,目前对该白云岩成因及形成环境的研究较为薄弱。本次研究采用宏观与微观、矿物学与地球化学相结合的方式对该白云岩进行了系统分析。该类白云岩呈紫红、肉红等色调,单层厚度3~50cm,显微镜下岩石本身呈晶粒结构。对其成因初步分析认为：白云岩中的紫红色、肉红色是一种次生色,是铁元素富集后被氧化的颜色;白云岩存在暴露、岩溶、垮塌现象,指示其形成于古地貌相对较高的局限蒸发环境;只有白云石核心变色,说明其形成时间较早,应为准同生期在相对局限的环境下,颗粒被富含铁元素的水体浸泡侵染所致,随后颗粒外继续形成白云石胶结物将其包裹。紫红色白云岩相对发育的地层往往白云岩的储层厚度大,物性好,岩溶现象发育,储集空间类型多样,是该地区油气勘探的一种重要指示标志。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组海相沉积环境分析

以地球化学指标为主,结合地层古生物和原生沉积构造等各方面的证据,进一步分析了鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组的沉积环境。泥岩样品的地球化学特征表明,由于受潮汐和海侵作用的影响,整个山西期盆地东部的沉积水体以混合水为主,其中硼元素反映了基准面长期旋回的变化特征,而Sr/Ba则是超长期的变化指标;从沉积构造和海相化石分布特征可知,在山西早期中等强度的潮汐作用直接影响了研究区的东南部,对三角洲沉积进行改造,到了山西中晚期三角洲进积作用增强,潮汐作用范围逐渐退至研究区东南缘;此外,地层的分布特点和沉积相也说明在整个山西期盆地东部地层和晋西地层联片沉积且属于同一三角洲沉积体系,东部的水下隆起还不足以阻隔水体形成湖盆,所以鄂尔多斯盆地东部山西组是发育在浅海陆棚基础上的三角洲沉积。     

塔里木盆地西南部叶城凹陷下白垩统克孜勒苏群扇三角洲沉积特征及模式

以野外露头、岩心观察为基础,结合录井、测井及粒度分析,认为叶城凹陷下白垩统克孜勒苏群发育进积型扇三角洲,划分出扇三角洲平原与扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、分流间湾与河口坝。扇三角洲平原受重力流作用明显;扇三角洲前缘主要受牵引流作用,在盆地的短轴方向延伸范围较小,而在长轴方向延伸范围较大,与相邻扇三角洲前缘朵叶叠置连片。扇三角洲由山前向断陷湖盆进积,在盆地的短轴方向构成一侧为陡坡、另一侧为宽缓斜坡的单断式断陷盆地充填模式。这种沉积模式不仅控制了扇三角洲各亚相单元的发育特征,而且对微相类型与砂体分布有控制作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9油层组三角洲砂岩沉积特征

通过钻井、录井、测井及岩心等资料的综合分析,识别出辫状河三角洲和曲流河三角洲是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长9油层组主要的三角洲沉积相类型。辫状河三角洲分布于盆地西部,辫状分流河道和辫状水下分流河道发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和平行层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式。曲流河三角洲分布于盆地东部,陆上分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理和砂纹层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,也可见向上变粗的逆粒序,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式,可见四段式。进一步的对比分析表明,盆地内长9油层组辫状分流河道、辫状水下分流河道和陆上分流河道中砂体最发育,水下分流河道和河口坝砂体次之。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛北地区百口泉组扇三角洲沉积模式

准噶尔盆地西北缘二叠纪-三叠纪强烈的同生断裂活动和逆冲推覆构造使西北缘三叠系为大型内陆坳陷湖盆沉积, 发育多级坡折, 大型坳陷湖盆坡折带控制了玛北地区扇体的发育。通过岩芯、铸体薄片及测井资料, 结合地层超覆叠置、岩性纵向组合及砂体的展布分析可知玛北地区三叠系百口泉组发育典型的扇三角洲沉积, 根据沉积相标志和扇三角洲内部成因沉积单元的精细刻画, 识别出3种亚相和11种微相:即扇三角洲平原亚相的水上泥石流砾岩微相、辫状河道砂砾岩微相、平原河道间砂泥岩微相;扇三角洲前缘亚相的水下主河道砾岩微相、水下河道砂砾岩微相、水下泥石流砂砾岩微相、水下河道间砂泥岩微相、水下河道末端砂岩微相、河口坝-远砂坝砂岩微相;前扇三角洲亚相的前扇三角洲粉砂岩微相和前扇三角洲泥岩微相。玛北地区三叠系是在湖侵背景下多级坡折控制的扇体, 扇三角洲是重力流与牵引流综合沉积作用的结果, 向北东物源方向呈退积沉积, 是一种典型的湖侵退积型扇三角洲。     

塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区泥盆系储层特征及影响因素

通过钻井岩芯、岩石薄片及铸体薄片观察,结合压汞分析等手段,分析了塔里木盆地巴楚—麦盖提地区泥盆系储层岩石学特征及物性演化特征。研究结果表明:泥盆系储层岩性以石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩为主。泥盆系东河塘组沉积环境为滨岸沉积,前滨滩砂物性最好,原生孔隙发育,属于特低孔特低渗储层;克孜尔塔格组为三角洲--潮坪沉积,以水上分流河道砂体物性最好,次生孔隙发育,属于特低孔特低渗--低孔低渗储层。储层砂体中压实作用、硅质胶结作用十分普遍,硅质胶结多以加大边形式存在;碳酸盐胶结在储层中相对发育,充填于岩石孔隙或交代其他碎屑颗粒,降低储层孔隙度与渗透率,表现为破坏性成岩作用;溶解作用对储层影响较大,有助于提高储层物性,表现为建设性成岩作用。     

滇东北地区中泥盆统缩头山组石英砂岩特征及其沉积环境

滇东北地区具有丰富的石英砂岩矿产资源,主要赋存于中泥盆统缩头山组,矿体厚度大,矿石质量好。本文在大关-彝良地区1:5万矿产地质调查的基础上,对区内缩头山组石英砂岩的岩石特征、粒度分布、沉积环境进行了详细研究。岩性统计表明,缩头山组含矿层几乎全由石英砂岩(95%)组成,仅含少量的粉砂岩(3%)和泥岩(2%)。粒度分析结果显示,石英砂岩样品分选系数(S0)介于0.65~0.87之间,粒度集中分布于1~4"之间,为0.0625~0.5mm,缺少拖移总体和悬移总体,跃移总体含量占97%,为典型的前滨带沉积粒度分布特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组—太原组扇三角洲沉积与油气聚集的关系

利用盆地北部大量钻井资料、岩心及露头观察结果,结合古地质背景,以及粒度、岩矿等分析资料,对晚石炭—早二叠世广泛分布的含砾砂岩体沉积特征进行了深入的分析。结果表明:它们属于扇三角洲体系,并以河道化冲积的形式前积到陆表海盆地中,平面上分带性和纵向上退积结构较清楚,重力流沉积特征不明显,而水道化的牵引流成因沉积特征明显。以高能辫状水道、水下分流河道砂砾岩为主要骨架,河口坝不发育。而且,这些水道作用居重要地位的扇三角洲高能水道砂体因受物源、古地貌及潮汐等影响,往往被潮汐改造而形成障壁砂坝,也是有利储集体。它们之间因沉积特征不同,储集空间、储集性能和含油性也各具特色,但都以高能化水道形成的厚石英砂带为有利相带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组沉积环境模式

中奥陶统马家沟组是鄂尔多斯盆地的主要天然气储集层之一。奥陶纪由于西边贺兰裂谷和南面秦岭裂谷发生扩张裂离,在盆地西缘和南缘产生裂谷肩翘升,形成 L 形隆起带。在均衡补偿作用下,隆起带东侧伴生一西缓东陡不对称的(内)陆架盆地。研究建立的东西向穿越(内)陆架盆地中心的沉积模式表明:当高海平面时期,L形隆起带沉没于海平面之下,(内)陆架盆地海水环境正常,气候湿润,石灰岩沉积遍及整个盆地;包括隆起带上,仅(内)陆架盆地风暴浪基面之下中心位置有少量灰质白云岩和白云岩沉积。低海平面时期,气候干旱,L 形隆起带接近或有时出露海平面之上,(内)陆架盆地海水补给主要来自东方,(内)陆架盆地处于半局限和局限环境,盆地中心沉积了硬石膏岩和白云岩,盆缘硬石膏岩白云岩坪为白云岩沉积区。极低海平面时期,气候极为干旱,L 形隆起带成为剥蚀区,(内)陆架盆地仅能从东面获得少量已浓缩的海水补给,盆地海水中 CaSO_4和 NaC1高度浓缩,盆地中心沉积石盐岩,盆缘白云岩硬石膏岩坪则沉积硬石膏岩,夹石盐岩和白云岩。L 形隆起带以西毗邻贺兰海槽陡斜坡带,发育各类重力流碳酸盐岩沉积环境,海槽内沉积碳酸盐和硅质碎屑混积型浊积岩。L 形隆起带以南,即渭北隆起地区,整个马家沟期发育为末端变陡的缓坡沉积环境。     

川西北部泥盆系观雾山组沉积相新认识——以大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面为例

川西泥盆系观雾山组沉积相研究缺乏横向对比,沉积模式还存在争议。根据川西北部白家乡大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面实测成果,对中泥盆统观雾山组沉积相进行了分析,认为:大木垭剖面与何家梁剖面观雾山组为碳酸盐镶边台地沉积,期间发生短暂的碳酸盐缓坡化;桂溪剖面观雾山组同属碳酸盐台地边缘,观雾山组中段发育开阔台地深水沉积,并不是前人认为的潟湖沉积。研究区碳酸盐镶边台地包括台地边缘和前缘斜坡两种亚相,前缘斜坡亚相发育于何家梁剖面,以塌积岩沉积为标志。碳酸盐缓坡包括深水缓坡和浅水缓坡两种亚相。随着海平面变化,观雾山组碳酸盐岩发育三个沉积旋回,第一、第三沉积旋回为镶边台地沉积,第二沉积旋回为碳酸盐缓坡沉积。观雾山组沉积微相对储层的分布起控制作用:生物碎屑滩和上斜坡微相为有利储层发育相带;生物礁中在油气运移之前形成的溶蚀孔洞已被白云石和方解石充填,滩间微相泥质(泥晶)白云岩不利于溶蚀孔洞形成,这二者均不是有利储层发育相带。     

The response of lake margin sedimentary systems to climatically driven lake level fluctuations: Middle Devonian,Orcadian Basin,Scotland

Lake margin sedimentary systems can provide highly sensitive records of sedimentary response to climate change. The Middle Old Red Sandstone of Northern Scotland comprises a thick succession of cyclic lacustrine sediments. Within this succession the deepest lake phase, the Achanarras fish bed, allows bed‐scale correlation over 160 km across the basin. This provides a unique opportunity to examine the character of synchronous lake margin deposits, and their response to climatically driven lake level fluctuations, across a large continental basin. Detailed characterization of two separate lake margin systems was carried out utilizing multiple sections in western Orkney, in the north, and Easter Ross, in the south. Seven facies have been recognized, which include upper and lower shoreface, deep lake, shallow lake, playa, turbidite and fluvial facies. Differences in vertical and lateral facies stacking patterns reflect the response of these systems to climatically driven fluctuations in lake level. Comparison of the northern and southern systems examined highlights the variable response of lake margin systems to the same climatic change and related lake level fluctuations. In the south, a greater fluvial influence is recognized on the development of the lake margin successions, whereas in the northern example, which lay on the downwind margin of the lake, shore zone facies are more commonly developed. The variability recognized can be accounted for by regional variations in sediment supply, coastal physiography, lake size, bathymetry and potential fetch. Lake level stability is also recognized as a major control on the development of lake margin sedimentary systems, as is the linked or unlinked relationship of the catchment and the lake basin climate for which a conceptual model is proposed.     

鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区下二叠统太原组浅水三角洲沉积特征

鄂尔多斯盆地神木地区太原组是在北隆南倾的古地形背景下形成的以浅水三角洲为主的充填沉积。携带沉积物的河流进入海水后,由于河水与海水之间存在着较大的密度差异、侧向扩散较少,其三角洲前缘沿着海底继续向前快速推进,使水下分流河道延伸较远。研究区地形坡度平缓、水体浅,三角洲平原向前推进并进一步降低了地形坡度,从而减弱了携带沉积物的流体的动能,使得大部分沉积物在三角洲平原的分流河道中沉积下来。同时因水体浅,河口坝、席状砂等前缘沉积物常遭受进积的水下分流河道的冲刷和侵蚀而难以保存。研究区三角洲平原分流河道沉积极为发育,前三角洲相对不发育,三角洲前缘也以水下分流河道沉积为主。分流河道、水下分流河道常对下伏沉积物强烈冲刷,切割先期的沉积物乃至包括海相沉积物在内的深水沉积物。在三角洲废弃期,三角洲前缘沉积物常被潮汐作用改造。三角洲平原分流河道及三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体呈带状分布,是天然气勘探的有利目标。     

柴达木盆地昆北油田路乐河组辫状三角洲沉积特征

柴达木盆地昆北油田路乐河组主要为砂砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩构成的陆源碎屑岩组合,通过详细的岩心特征和区域地质分析,将其确定为辫状三角洲沉积,其微相包括(水下)分流河道、河口坝、席状砂、泛滥平原、分流间湾和前三角洲泥等,其中以(水下)分流河道沉积为主体。该辫状三角洲的纵向岩石组合序列反映为典型的退积型三角洲,即发育于可容纳空间与沉积物补给速率比值(A/S比值)逐渐增大的湖侵环境。沉积旋回早期发育辫状三角洲平原,旋回中后期发育辫状三角洲前缘和前三角洲。辫状三角洲整体呈自南西向北东的扇形展布,平面上发育两期分支物源体系,分别位于Q6和Q16井区。实验分析测试、试油等资料揭示辫状三角洲(水下)分流河道砂体储集性能较好,它的发育控制路乐河组油气的纵向与平面分布。     

准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组辫状河三角洲沉积

准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组主要为砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩构成的一套碎屑岩组合,野外沉积特征研究确定为典型的辫状河三角洲沉积。通过对沉积相、亚相、微相的详细研究,认为辫状河三角洲具有类似曲流河三角洲的层序结构和微相类型,但两者间也存在很大的差别。与曲流河三角洲相比,辫状河三角洲的三角洲平原亚相不仅沉积物的粒度较粗,而且辫状河道沉积较发育,河道间洪泛平原沉积不发育。辫状河三角洲前缘亚相也可以识别出水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和水下分流河道间等微相,水下分流河道沉积为主体。根据野外露头的追索研究,建立了准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组辫状河三角洲的沉积模式。从沉积物的岩性特征看,辫状河三角洲砾岩和含砾粗砂岩体具有分布较稳定、展布较广、储集物性较好的特点。     

一个辫状河三角洲的沉积特征——以民和盆地朱家台组为例

本文论述了民和盆地朱家台组辫状河三角洲的主要沉积特征,及其与扇三角洲的异同点进行了重点讨论。对正确识别两类粗粒三角洲沉积,对盆地演化的研究及其储集性具有重要意义。     

浅水湖泊三角洲平原分流河道类型与叠置模式

浅水湖泊三角洲在中国许多陆相盆地中广泛发育,其中分流河道是三角洲平原最主要的砂体类型,它们大多呈现河道频繁改道、多级交叉及叠置的特点,往往形成极为复杂的地下储集层相互叠置的分布格局。基于松辽盆地浅水三角洲平原分流河道砂体的测井曲线特征,系统总结了浅水三角洲平原的分流河道河道类型与砂体叠置模式,并且分析了其对三角洲平原储集层砂体对比的约束作用。研究表明,分流河道河型可划分为3种基本类型:非典型辫流河型、非典型曲流河型和过渡型,其共同点是规模小、下切浅、分支快;而分流河道的叠置存在5种基本模式;河型与叠置特点决定了分流河道中泥质夹层分布存在2种基本类型,即平行分布式泥夹层与低角度侧积泥夹层。利用分流河道类型与叠置模式,可以分析河道发生变化的位置及井间砂体的连通情况,对储集层对比及连通关系分析具有约束作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇-泾地区中侏罗统延安组沉积体系及聚煤特征

在前人研究的基础上,结合大量新的钻井、测井资料,以鄂尔多斯盆地镇原-泾川地区中侏罗统延安组为例,运用沉积学的方法详细阐述了研究区目的层位的沉积体系,以及重点沉积微相的发育特征。延安组自下而上由河流沉积体系逐渐过渡为三角洲沉积体系。沉积微相主要发育有河流体系的心滩、边滩、河漫滩和岸后沼泽,以及三角洲体系的分流河道、洪泛平原和平原沼泽等。另对研究区延安组的聚煤特征给予了分析,并从构造、环境、气候及古地形等方面讨论了该区的成煤控制因素。     

Stratigraphic architecture of a tide‐influenced shelf‐edge delta,Upper Cretaceous Dorotea Formation,Magallanes‐Austral Basin,Patagonia

The Magallanes‐Austral Basin of Patagonian Chile and Argentina is a retroforeland basin associated with Late Cretaceous–Neogene uplift of the southern Andes. The Upper Cretaceous Dorotea Formation records the final phase of deposition in the Late Cretaceous foredeep, marked by southward progradation of a shelf‐edge delta and slope. In the Ultima Esperanza district of Chile, laterally extensive, depositional dip‐oriented exposures of the Dorotea Formation contain upper slope, delta‐front and delta plain facies. Marginal and shallow marine deposits include abundant indicators of tidal activity including inclined heterolithic stratification, heterolithic to sandy tidal bundles, bidirectional palaeocurrent indicators, flaser/wavy/lenticular bedding, heterolithic tidal flat deposits and a relatively low‐diversity Skolithos ichnofacies assemblage in delta plain facies. This work documents the stratigraphic architecture and evolution of the shelf‐edge delta that was significantly influenced by strong tidal activity. Sediment was delivered to a large slump scar on the shelf‐edge by a basin‐axial fluvial system, where it was significantly reworked and redistributed by tides. A network of tidally modified mouth bars and tidal channels comprised the outermost reaches of the delta complex, which constituted the staging area and initiation point for gravity flows that dominated the slope and deeper basin. The extent of tidal influence on the Dorotea delta also has important implications for Magallanes‐Austral Basin palaeogeography. Prior studies establish axial foreland palaeodrainage, long‐term southward palaeotransport directions and large‐scale topographic confinement within the foredeep throughout Late Cretaceous time. Abundant tidal features in Dorotea Formation strata further suggest that the Magallanes‐Austral Basin was significantly embayed. This ‘Magallanes embayment’ was formed by an impinging fold–thrust belt to the west and a broad forebulge region to the east.