Study of the dynamics of psychic work capacity of hypertensive flight personnel for the purpose of predicting their professional activity]

One hundred members of the flying personnel with hypertensive disease (of the I and II stages), aged 35--50, were examined. The examinations included clinical and psychological observations which described functional and psychological potentialitites of the test subjects. Statistically significant differences in the average productivity of mental work were found in hypertensive and control test subjects. Individual characteristics of the prolonged and intensive mental activity was determined. This makes it possible to reveal consistent tendencies characterizing different disturbances in mental performance. Clinical and psychological investigations allow objectivization of qualitative features of disorders in mental capacity typical of the I and II stages of hypertension. They are helpful in predicting professional reliability of the flying personnel. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration in solving expertise problems.     

Cumulative effect of Coriolis acceleration on coronary hemodynamics

Time-course variations in coronary circulation and cardiac output were measured in 29 healthy test subjects who performed tests with a continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations and in 12 healthy test subjects who were exposed to Coriolis accelerations combined with acute hypoxia. Adaptive changes in coronary circulation were seen. It is recommended to monitor coronary circulation during vestibulometric tests as part of medical expertise of the flying personnel.     

State of microcirculation and cellular hemostasis in men with borderline arterial hypertension during thermoneutral "dry" water immersion

Platelet hemostasis, microcirculation, blood viscosity and lipid metabolism were examined in 18 men with borderline hypertension and 8 healthy men before, during and after 7-day immersion. The exposure to thermoneutral dry water immersion produced hypercoagulopathic changes of platelet hemostasis in the healthy and hypertensive subjects. Platelet hemostasis returned to the pretest level in the healthy subjects 2 days and in the hypertensive subjects only 5 days after exposure. Prior to immersion the hypertensive subjects showed signs of capillarotrophic insufficiency which increased after exposure. On immersion day 3 the hypertensive subjects exhibited a higher blood viscosity and a larger content of total lipids and free fatty acids. All the parameters returned to normal 2 days after immersion.     

畸变产物耳声发射在飞行员早期听力损失诊断中的应用

目的 了解噪声对飞行员畸变产物耳声发射的影响,以便及早发现听力损失,为空军卫生勤务保障提供参考.方法 采用纯音听力计和耳声发射测试仪,对30名低年龄段飞行员、7名高年龄段飞行员及30名健康青年分别进行纯音听阈和畸变产物耳声发射检查.结果 飞行员听力损失主要在3 ～8 kHz,可以出现单耳高频听力损失.随着年龄增加,逐渐出现双耳高频听力损失.低年龄段飞行员和健康青年两组受试者0.5～8 kHz平均纯音听阈差异无统计学意义.低年龄段飞行员1 kHz和6 kHz畸变产物耳声发射幅值低于健康青年,两组差异具有统计学意义（t=2.11,P＜0.05;t =2.41,P＜0.05）.低年龄段飞行人员2、3、4、8 kHz畸变产物耳声发射幅值与健康青年类似,两组差异无统计学意义.低年龄段军事飞行员高频纯音听阈异常率（13.3％）和健康青年（6.7％）的差别无统计学意义.低年龄段飞行人员高频畸变产物耳声发射异常率（33.3％）高于健康青年（6.7％）,两组差异具有统计学意义（x2 =5.10,P＜0.05）.结论 畸变产物耳声发射受噪声的影响较纯音听阈敏感,畸变产物耳声发射可早期发现飞行员的噪声性听力损失.     

Activity of oxidative enzymes during dosed exercise in healthy persons and in persons with neurocirculatory dystonia

In response to controlled exercise (50% and 75% of maximum workload) malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) varied similarly in healthy men and in patients with hypertensive and hypotensive type neurocirculatory dystonia. However, in neurocirculatory dystonia subjects MDH increase during exercise and normalization during recovery developed slower than in healthy people. The MDH distribution between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions remained unchanged.     

The resistance to information noise of flight personnel engaged in expert tasks

The purpose of the present investigation was to study mental activities of the flying personnel exposed to information noise. The test subjects were presented a black-and-red table and noise signals close to useful signals. They had to find the necessary figures and to discriminate between useful and noise signals. In terms of noise resistance three groups of test subjects were identified: Group 1 (54%) showed no changes, Group 2 (10%) showed a slight improvement, and Group 3 (36%) showed a degradation of mental activities. Several test subjects from Group 3 (9%) displayed complete disorder of their mental activities which led to their failure and refusal to work. These observations can be used in psychological expertise of the flying personnel.     

Use of the experimental-psychological methods for evaluation of psychomotor performance of the flying personnel with functional disorders and diseases of the central nervous system

The study of mental performance of the flying personnel during medical expertise with respect to complex sensory-motor and logical operations has shown that changes of psychic activity in subjects with early symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis are more marked than those in subjects with CNS functional disorders. They involve difficulties in attention control, delay in motor responses, deterioration in associative processes. These subjects prove less suitable for flying work: 71% of the pilots examined were grounded by the medical expertise.     

Investigation into microcirculation in the vascular bed of healthy people and patients at rest and during the LBNP test]

Computer capillaroscopy during the lower body pressure test (LBNP) provided additional information about the effects of orthostasis on blood microcirculation and separate estimation of blood velocity in arterial, intermediate and venous segments of capillaries. Microcirculation was demonstrated to be sensitive to the LBNP exposure as in healthy volunteered subjects, so in ischemic, including hypertensive, patients. The highest velocity of capillary blood and the lowest Kv were determined in ischemic patients including hypertensive, in whom venous velocity in capillaries prevailed over arterial (Kv < 1), whereas in healthy subjects Kv never fell below 1. 09. Results of the comparative investigations of blood microcirculation in healthy people and patients with various cardiovascular problems can be used in clinical and space medicine for assessment of the CVS functioning and orthostatic tolerance.     

持续认知操作活动诱发脑疲劳状态时服用酪氨酸的效果观察

目的 观察持续认知操作活动期间服用酪氨酸（Tyr)的效果。为飞行2中使用提供依据。方法 8名健康男性青年在22：00-06：00期间持续完成大约8h的方知操作任务和有关量表评定,02：00和03：00接受Tyr（或安慰剂）试验,04：00和05：00完成脑事件相关电位（ERPs)的测量。次日完成与残留效应有关的脑功能状态评定及肝、肾功能检查。结果 Tyr明显缩短ERPs的P3潜伏期并减缓认知操作反应错误率的上升趋势,同时也减轻了嗜眠及脑疲劳症状,服用Tyr对肝、肾功能及次日的工作影响均不显著。结论 Tyr在对抗持续认知操作活动期间的能力下降及改善脑功能状态方面可能是一种相对无害的物质,存在应用于飞行员的可能性。     

28例飞行人员胸外科疾病的诊治及医学鉴定

目的探讨飞行人员胸外科疾病的诊治及医学鉴定原则。方法收集分析我院近20年收治的28例胸外科疾病飞行人员的临床诊治经过及最终医学鉴定结论资料,对不同疾病种类、有无临床症状、飞行结论、机种以及合格飞行人员的随访进行统计分析。结果有50％的患者无临床症状,系在体检过程中胸部X线检查发现。有、无临床症状与疾病的性质及鉴定结论间无相关性。恶性疾病9例,占32．1％,其中肺癌常见;非恶性疾病中,先天性疾病、感染性疾病及原发性气胸常见。28例胸外科疾病飞行人员治疗后飞行合格率较高,为60．7％。合格飞行人员随访至今或最高年限,疾病未再发,空中适应良好。结论飞行人员罹患胸外科疾病相对较少,年度大体检特别是胸部X线片检查对疾病早期诊断有重要价值。肺癌早期经积极治疗,肺功能良好者可恢复飞行。胸外科微创治疗有利于恢复飞行。原发性气胸及肺大泡的医学鉴定应注意复发率的评估。重视肺内孤立结节的鉴别诊断。     

Postural control in male patients with hip osteoarthritis

Earlier studies have demonstrated that postural control is worse in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) than in control subjects, whereas little information is available about the postural control in patients with hip OA. The aim of this study was to investigate the standing balance in different test conditions in men with hip OA and to compare the results with those of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Twenty-seven volunteers 47-64-year-old men with hip OA and 30 randomly selected, healthy age-matched men were tested using the sensory organisation test (SOT). The center point of force velocity (CPFV (cm/s)) was also determined during one- and two-footed standing. There was no difference between the patients and controls in the SOT test, in the strategy analysis or during one-footed standing. There were no significant differences in CPFV values between the better and worse hip side. Fatiguing exercise had no effect on two-footed CPFV with eyes open, but when the eyes were closed both two and one-footed CPFV values were significantly increased (p<0.01-0.05) in both groups. No differences were found in fatiguing exercise between control and OA subjects with eyes open or closed or in one-footed trials. In OA patient's subjective pain was related to increasing CPFV (p<0.05). In conclusion, the hip OA had no effect on static balance in men.     

飞行人员慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征的调查分析及干预对策

目的 了解男性飞行人员慢性前列腺炎/慢性骨盆疼痛综合征(CP/CPPS)的发病情况,探讨有效的预防措施. 方法 将146名男性飞行人员、260名男性地勤人员分别按21～28岁、29～36岁、37岁以上分为3个年龄组;并将146名男性飞行人员,按1000 h以下、1001～2000 h、2001～3000 h、3001 h以上分为4个飞行时间段,及按歼击机、强击机、运输机、直升机和轰炸机分为5个机种.采用自编的前列腺健康知识调查问卷,根据美国国立卫生研究院慢性前列腺炎症状指数(NIH-CPSI)中的症状评分标准判定结果,及以前列腺液卵磷脂小体减少或消失,前列腺液细菌培养阴性做为诊断标准. 结果 共调查146名男性飞行人员,260名男性地勤人员.其中明确诊断为CP/CPPS的男性飞行人员和地勤人员,分别为16人和56人,且21～28岁年龄组的患病率高于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同飞行时间、不同飞行机种之间,CP/CPPS患病率差异无统计学意义. 结论 飞行人员中CP/CPPS的发病情况需引起重视.干预对策包括健康教育、心理辅导、饮水、适度的物理性治疗和药物治疗等方面.     

由心率与血压变异性估计民航飞行人员的心血管年龄

目的研究由心率与血压变异性估计民航飞行人员心血管年龄的方法 ,并探讨其在心血管疾病防治中的意义。方法先对 89名健康民航飞行人员的心率变异性 (HRV)与血压变异性 (BPV)的谱分析及压力反射敏感性 (BRS)数据进行主成分分析 ,再利用多重回归分析得出心血管年龄的估计方程。结果1 7个HRV、BPV与BRS原指标所蕴含的有关心血管自主神经调节功能状态的信息可由 7个主成分来反映 ,且原始指标变量的第 2与第 4主成分 (PC2 orig,PC4orig)及导出指标变量的第 2主成分 (PC2 deri)分别与实际年龄呈负相关关系 (P <0 .0 5) ,而原始指标变量的第 3主成分 (PC3orig)则与实际年龄呈正相关关系 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;根据估计方程得到的心血管年龄与实际年龄有较好的相关性 (r =0 .73,P <0 .0 1 )。结论由HRV与BPV分析估计得出的心血管年龄可综合反映健康飞行人员心血管自主神经调节功能随年龄的生理性变化 ,其实际应用价值有待进一步探讨     

Short-term action of high carbon monoxide concentrations on the psychophysiological functions of a human operator

Experiments on volunteers, aged 26-40, demonstrated that a 10-minute exposure to carbon monoxide at a concentration of 900 +/- 20 mg/m3 caused a significant decline of the quality of their operator's function. The task they performed was a two-dimensional compensatory tracking task combined with mental arithmetic. Some of the test subjects showed symptoms of mild CO intoxication which preceded disorders in their work and were accompanied by an increase of HbCO to 10 +/- 0.57%. Such an exposure to CO should be regarded as hazardous since it may increase the probability of erroneous actions particularly, of the flying personnel.     

海军飞行员脂肪肝患病率及危险因素分析

目的 为了解海军飞行员脂肪肝患病率及危险因素，以便制定预防措施。方法 对人院保健疗养的458名男性飞行员进行肝脏B超检查，测身高、体重和清晨空腹血脂。按事先设计好的表格，以询问的形式对受试者进行有关因素的调查登记。危险因素的确定采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法。结果 本组海军飞行员脂肪肝患病率为14．8％。根据多因素Logistic回归分析，脂肪肝的危险因素为：饮酒、体重指数、高甘油三酯血症、飞行总时间、年龄，其优势化(0R)值以饮酒为最高(11．99)。结论 鉴于海军飞行人员脂肪肝患病率明显高于一般人群和民航飞行人员，应加强对可控危险因素的干预。     

Effect of long-term hypokinesia on cardiac/bioelectric activity in healthy men

Bioelectric activity of the heart was measured in 39 healthy men, aged 25 to 45 years, during their exposure to head-down tilt. The first experimental study which continued for 182 days (-4.5 degrees) was performed on 18 test subjects, and the second study which lasted for 120 days (-4.5 degrees) on 21 test subjects. Both studies included controls (15 subjects) and subjects who exercised during head-down tilt (16 subjects). In addition, the second study also included 4 test subjects who took drugs to modify metabolic shifts and 4 test subjects who were in the drugs + exercise regiment. Prolonged hypokinesia led to a heart rate increase, A-V conductance decrease, and repolarization phase (T-wave) changes. Except for heart rate variations, these changes developed beginning with the first weeks of exposure, plateaued during 1.5 to 2 months and then varied in a sinusoidal manner, coinciding with similar changes in blood neurotransmitters and electrolytes. T-wave changes correlated well with K, Mg and Ca variations in blood. Exercises performed during head-down tilt decreased significantly (1.5-2 times) the level of T-depression and accelerated the restoration of ECG parameters during readaptation. Corinfar taken for two weeks had a noticeably beneficial effect on electrophysiological processes of the heart. The above electrophysiological changes that developed in healthy men during prolonged hypokinesia were of functional, reversible character and disappeared within the 2-month recovery period.     

内田-克莱佩林测验在民航飞行学员情绪稳定性评价中的应用

目的　探讨内田 -克莱佩林测验在民航飞行学员情绪稳定性的评价效度。　方法　对35 3名理论学习阶段的飞行学员进行了内田 -克莱佩林测验和艾森克人格测验 ;通过访谈法和因素分析确定情绪稳定性的效标系统。在飞行训练阶段对全体受试者进行了情绪稳定性的评估。　结果　该情绪稳定性效标有较好的效度 ;能力指数和飞行情绪稳定性有显著相关 (r=0 .2 4,P<0 .0 5 ) ;受试者的“心理素质”和飞行成绩在兴奋性的 3个水平上差异有显著性意义。　结论　内田 -克莱佩林测验在评价民航飞行学员的情绪稳定性上有较好的效度     

飞行人员合理应用抗抑郁药的研究进展

目的 对飞行人员抗抑郁药的应用研究及发展趋势进行综述. 资料来源与选择该领域的相关论文、综述、专著及技术报告. 资料引用国内外公开发表的论文22篇、综述两篇、著作3部、技术报告6份. 资料综合主要对飞行人员抗抑郁药应用的研究背景,常用抗抑郁药的分类和药理作用,抗抑郁药对飞行工作能力影响的实验评价和实际观察,关于飞行人员使用抗抑郁药的有关管理规定及修订建议4个相关问题进行介绍和讨论. 结论 合理使用抗抑郁药有利于飞行人员身心健康和飞行安全.应在临床治疗、实验评估和实际飞行观察的基础上,逐渐放宽飞行人员使用抗抑郁药的相关鉴定标准.     

Gastric emptying effects of dietary fiber during 8 hours at two simulated cabin altitudes

BACKGROUND: In a questionnaire survey, long-distance flying staff of a charter airline reported significantly more dyspeptic symptoms than did short-haul crewmember and ground personnel (belching: 57% vs. 37%, bloating: 51% vs. 36%). To elucidate the reason for increased frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms during long-distance flights, we investigated the effects of altitude and diet on gastric emptying, cardiovascular function, and bodily complaints. METHODS: In a 2 x 2 repeated measurement design we simulated an 8-h flight in a hypobaric chamber in 16 healthy men subjected to 2 meal conditions (high fiber vs. low fiber) on separate days, and assigned to either a flight altitude of 2500 m (8200 ft) or 1000 m (3280 ft). The subjects were blinded toward altitude. Heart rate and gastrointestinal symptoms were taken every hour, and gastric emptying was assessed by 13C-octanoic acid breath-test. In a separate experiment, we examined the effect of the two test meals (2 g vs. 20 g of fiber) in 30 healthy men under conventional laboratory conditions and found no significant differences. RESULTS: At an altitude of 2500 m, heart rate was significantly increased independent of the dietary condition. Gastric emptying (T1/2) was significantly delayed at 2500 m (8200 ft) when a high-fiber meal was given (146.3 +/- 58.4 min low fiber vs. 193.9 +/- 54.3 min high fiber). The symptom score for gastric distension (mean: 1.33 +/- 0.3 vs. mean: 1.07 +/- 0.15) and bloating (mean: 1.82 +/- 0.47 vs. mean: 1.34 +/- 0.35) were also significantly increased at 2500 m for the high-fiber meal compared with the low-fiber meal. CONCLUSIONS: Flight altitude is a physiological load. In combination with a high-fiber diet, this induces significant delays in gastric emptying that may explain symptoms of cabin and cockpit crew and passengers on long-distance flights.     

Vestibular function of middle-aged persons exposed to 30-day head-down tilt hypokinesia

Vestibular responses of 15 men (aged 42-50) to 30-day head-down tilt (-8 degrees) were investigated. The test subjects showed atherosclerotic symptoms and neuro-circulatory dystonia of the hypertensive type. They were exposed to the Fitzgerald-Hallpike caloric test, indirect otolithometry (eye counter-rolling reflex according to the method of successively presented images), and motion sickness according to Bryanov. In the pretest period vestibular changes were seen at the level of labyrinths and central formations (change in the nystagmic pattern, dissociation of the components of the caloric reaction, vestibular asymmetry, negative counter-rolling). During head-down tilt cupular reflexes remained essentially unaltered, except for the asymmetry and enhancement of the sensory and autonomic components of the caloric reaction. The otolith function was modified in all the test subjects. After exposure tolerance to motion sickness was not deteriorated. The time-course variations of the vestibular reactions of the tilted subjects were similar to those seen in young and healthy test subjects. The results of this simulated study suggest that vestibular reactions of crewmembers of the above age group in real space flight should be close to those of the young and healthy crewmembers.