塑料封装球栅阵列器件焊点的可靠性

对比了充胶和未充胶塑料封装球栅阵列(PBGA)器件在-40 ℃～125 ℃温度循环条件下的热疲劳寿命,采用光学显微镜研究了失效样品焊点的失效机制,并分析了充胶提高器件热疲劳寿命的机制.实验发现底充胶可使PBGA样品的寿命从500周提高到2000周以上,失效样品裂纹最先萌生于最外侧焊球中近硅芯片界面外边缘处,界面处焊料组织粗化及界面脆性金属间化合物Ni3Sn2和NiSn3相的生成均促使裂纹沿该界面从焊球边缘向中心扩展.PBGA焊点界面处裂纹的萌生和扩展是该处应力应变集中、焊料组织粗化以及生成脆性金属间化合物等各种金属学和力学因素共同作用的结果.     

SnAgCu无铅焊点低周疲劳行为研究（英文）

在25℃下利用单轴微力疲劳试验机对96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊点进行不同频率(1~10 Hz)和应变范围(2%~8%)的低周疲劳试验。结果表明,不同应变范围条件下无铅焊点的低周疲劳行为符合Coffin-Manson方程。频率修正的Coffin-Manson方程可以用来描述频率对无铅焊点低周疲劳寿命的影响。疲劳裂纹首先在焊点边缘的钎料与金属间化合物(IMC)之间的界面处萌生,随后,裂纹沿近IMC层的钎料内进行扩展。不同频率条件下焊点的断口形貌主要分为3个特征区域:裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和最终断裂区。随着频率的升高,焊点的断裂机制由沿晶断裂向穿晶断裂转变。     

SnAgCu无铅焊点低周疲劳行为研究

在25℃下利用单轴微力疲劳试验机对96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊点进行不同频率（1Hz~10Hz）和应变范围（2%~8%）的低周疲劳试验。结果表明,不同应变范围条件下无铅焊点的低周疲劳行为符合Coffin-Manson方程。频率修正的Coffin-Manson方程可以用来描述频率对无铅焊点低周疲劳寿命的影响。疲劳裂纹首先在焊点边缘的钎料与金属间化合物（IMC）之间的界面处萌生,随后,裂纹沿近IMC层的钎料内进行扩展。不同频率条件下焊点的断口形貌主要分为三个特征区域：裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和最终断裂区。随着频率的升高,焊点的断裂机制由沿晶断裂向穿晶断裂转变。     

高铌TiAl合金在疲劳蠕变作用下的裂纹萌生及扩展

利用SEM原位观察技术研究了近片层Ti-45Al-8Nb-0.2W-0.2B-0.1Y合金在750℃疲劳蠕变交互作用下的裂纹萌生及扩展行为,循环实验采用在最大拉应力保载的梯形波.结果表明,裂纹主要在片层团界面萌生,裂纹萌生方式包括蠕变空洞和疲劳微裂纹.片层团界面处的微裂纹先通过吞并蠕变空洞或在裂纹尖端应力集中作用下沿片层团界面进行扩展,然后相互连接长大;当裂纹扩展受到不同取向的片层团界面阻碍时,受阻的裂纹开始沿试样厚度方向扩展,且附近伴随出现垂直于载荷方向的微裂纹;最终受阻的裂纹相互连接直至合金断裂.将实验结果与该合金在相同条件下疲劳变形和蠕变变形的原位观察结果进行了比较.结合实验结果建立了高铌TiAl合金在疲劳蠕变交互作用下裂纹萌生及扩展示意模型.     

核电厂常规岛小支管断裂失效分析

通过对核电厂常规岛小支管断裂位置的宏观检查,角焊缝检查,断口检查,裂纹源、扩展区、终断区的分析,结果表明：断口的启裂区、扩展区和终断区特征明显,符合疲劳断口的特征,裂纹启裂于角焊缝高度最小处,终断位置与启裂处对称,试样断口为疲劳断口,常规岛系统主管在运行期间的长时间震动,小支管的外载荷、震动等,是导致小支管启裂和扩展的主要因素,为后续同类型接头的断裂分析提供借鉴。     

Ti/Al异种合金电弧熔钎焊接头界面断裂行为分析

采用TIG电弧的方法实现了钛合金与铝合金熔钎焊连接,分析了不同焊丝形成的熔钎焊接头的界面组织和断裂特征.结果表明,纯铝接头界面为单一的TiAl3相,裂纹主要沿着TiAl3反应层与焊缝之间的界面扩展.拉伸时首先从坡口拐角启裂,当裂纹扩展至接头反面时,断裂扩展形式转变为从焊缝金属撕裂,接头抗拉强度为139MPa.添加Al-Cu-La焊丝的接头界面结构为TiAl3+ Ti2Al20La双化合物层,拉伸时沿TiAl3反应层与钛合金界面开裂,以界面内的微裂纹为裂纹源并向反应层内扩展,属于准解理断裂,接头抗拉强度达270 MPa.稀土La元素作用下形成的双化合物层是提高接头强度的关键.     

驻留时间和加载速率对无铅焊点低周疲劳行为的影响

在25 ℃下利用单轴微力疲劳试验机对96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu无铅焊点进行不同驻留时间(1~20 s)和不同应变速率(0.01~0.08 mm/s)条件下的低周疲劳试验. 结果表明,在25 ℃下1~20 s的驻留时间对焊点的疲劳寿命影响不大;随着应变速率的加快,焊点的疲劳寿命逐渐降低,断裂机制逐渐由延性断裂向脆性断裂转变. 不同应变速率条件下的疲劳裂纹主要在焊点边缘钎料与金属间化合物(IMC)之间的界面处萌生,并在近IMC层的钎料内扩展. 焊点断口主要分为:裂纹扩展区和最终断裂区.     

复相化钻杆在循环应力下断裂行为研究

采用疲劳试验、扫描电镜动态拉伸装置和透射电镜,研究了复相化钻杆的疲劳强度和在循环应力作用下裂纹萌生、扩展的特点,并分析讨论了显微组织对钻杆疲劳断裂行为的影响.研究结果表明：下贝氏体组织或下贝氏体/马氏体界面可使钻杆的显微断裂模式由沿晶＋穿晶断裂转变为穿晶断裂,增加了裂纹转折和二次裂纹,提高了材料的裂纹扩展抗力.在钻杆材料中引入适当比例的下贝氏体＋马氏体复相组织,明显增长了裂纹萌生周期,可使钻杆在机械性能相近情况下具有优于回火索氏体组织的疲劳性能.     

ZTC4合金高周疲劳断裂机理

对ZTC4合金室温高周疲劳断裂机理进行研究.结果表明:疲劳裂纹主要沿垂直和平行于α/β片层的方向扩展:裂纹萌生于试样表面、内部晶界以及α/β相界面;源区为类解理断裂,疲劳裂纹扩展区除有大量疲劳条带外,还出现扩展台阶和二次裂纹;断口形貌受晶体学取向和显微组织影响.     

SiC纤维增强Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的疲劳行为及损伤演化研究（英文）

研究SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料(SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V)室温疲劳行为和损伤演化机制。疲劳试验条件:载荷控制、应力比0.1和加载频率10 Hz。采用疲劳断裂试验建立最大加载应力为600~1200 MPa内SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V的S-N曲线。采用疲劳中止试验以及SEM显微分析研究应力水平对SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V疲劳损伤演化的影响。结果表明,SiCf/Ti-6Al-4V疲劳损伤萌生模式与演化过程与应力水平密切相关。在高应力水平(Smax=1000 MPa),纤维开裂是主要损伤萌生模式。一旦2或3根纤维断裂后,纤维裂纹和基体裂纹开始联接并形成宏观扩展裂纹。在中等应力水平(Smax=800 MPa),基体裂纹萌生与扩展是主要损伤模式。多条基体裂纹萌生于试样外表面棱边和离外表面附近试样内部开裂的纤维基体界面处。基体裂纹均沿垂直于加载方向扩展,且大部分纤维未断裂并纤维桥接基体裂纹。在低应力水平(Smax=600 MPa),仅在C涂层和界面反应层之间和C涂层内部观察到局部界面脱粘现象。     

Influence of weld geometry and process on fatigue crack growth characteristics of AISI 304L cruciform joints containing lack of penetration defects

Abstract

The influence of weld geometry in conjunction with the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes on fatigue properties of AISI 304L load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints, containing lack of penetration (LOP) defects, has been studied. The fatigue lives of the joints were evaluated using conventional S -N (stress - number of cycles to failure) and fracture mechanics methods. The fatigue lives were calculated according to the two stage approach in which both the fatigue crack initiation and the crack propagation phases were considered. Constant amplitude fatigue experiments with stress ratio R=0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the crack initiation and propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted life was compared with the experimental values. It was found that the fatigue lives of the joints fabricated via GTAW were longer than those of the corresponding GMAW joints. It was also observed that the fillet geometry plays a major role in determining the failure mode and life. Test results have been compared with the BS 5400 design curve.     

AZ31B镁合金及其焊接接头的疲劳断裂机理

对AZ31B镁合金进行疲劳实验,在2×106循环次数下,母材、对接接头、横向十字接头和侧面连接接头的疲劳强度分别为66.72,39.00,24.38和24.40MPa。采用光学显微镜对裂纹扩展特征进行分析,结果表明,AZ31B母材的疲劳裂纹宏观扩展路径平滑,但微观观察发现疲劳裂纹扩展方向曲弯,有些裂纹分成两岔;裂纹尖端扩展均为沿晶扩展。焊接接头裂纹均在焊趾部位起裂,对接接头和横线十字接头的裂纹沿着热影响区扩展;侧面连接接头的裂纹起裂位于焊脚部位。采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断裂机理进行分析。疲劳断口由准解理或解理台阶组成,均为脆性断裂,断口中存在二次裂纹,对接接头中存在疲劳条纹,其间距约为5μm。     

纳米SiC颗粒增强镁基复合材料的动态断裂行为研究

采用机械搅拌与高能超声处理相结合的分散法制备了纳米SiC颗粒增强AZ91D镁基复合材料(n-SiCp/AZ91D),利用动态SEM原位拉伸方法研究了纳米复合材料的断裂行为.结果表明:微裂纹主要在晶界上的β-Mg17Al12处萌生,并沿着晶界上的脆性相不断开裂和连接向前扩展,由于颗粒和界面的阻碍,裂纹扩展路径较长.AZ91D合金的裂纹也主要沿着晶界上的脆性相不断向前扩展,但裂纹扩展路径比较平坦,AZ91D合金在加载初期就萌生出大量的裂纹.     

Fatigue life prediction using two stage model for AISI 304L cruciform joints,with different fillet geometry,failing at toe

Abstract

Reports in the literature indicate that the fillet geometry affects the fatigue properties of cruciform welded joints in structural steels. In an attempt to study the above effect with respect to stainless steel sheet metal welded joints, load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints having a two fillet geometry were fabricated from AISI 304L stainless steel using gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding with 308L electrodes. The objective of the present work is to predict the fatigue life of AISI 304L cruciform joints failing at the weld toe using a two stage model. The local stress life method was applied to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, whereas the fatigue crack propagation life was estimated using fracture mechanics concepts. Constant amplitude fatigue tests with stress ratio R ~ 0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted lives were compared with the experimental values.     

In-situ SEM observation on fracture behavior of austempered silicon alloyed steel

Crack initiation,propagation and microfracture processes of austempered high silicon cast steel have been investigated by using an in-situ tensile stage installed inside a scanning electron microscope chamber. It is revealed that micro cracks always nucleate at the yielding near imperfections and the boundary of matrix-inclusions due to the stress concentration. There are four types of crack propagations in the matrix:crack propagates along the boundary of two clusters of bainitic ferrite;crack propagates along the boundary of ferrite-austenite in bainitic ferrite laths;crack propagates into bainitic ferrite laths;crack nucleates and propagates in the high carbon brittle plate shape martensite which is transformed from some blocky retained austenite due to plastic deformation.Based on the observation and analysis of microfracture processes,a schematic diagram of the crack nucleation and propagation process of high silicon cast steel is proposed.     

Effect of unwelded length on behaviour of brittle crack arrest in T-joint structure

In the large heat input weld joint of heavy gauge steel plate used for large container carriers, a brittle crack possibly propagates straight along a weld joint without diverging to the base metal. This phenomenon is discussed for its application to the large heat input weld of heavy gauge plate to ship structures. In this study, to arrest a brittle crack at the T-joint embedding unwelded face, the effect of the unwelded face on behaviour of brittle crack propagation/arrest in the T-joint structure was investigated and analysed. The ESSO test of the T-joint structure was carried out, supposing that a brittle crack which propagates along a weld joint of hatch coaming rush into T-joint of hatch coaming and strength deck. The test results showed that the brittle crack arrested at the T-joint embedding the unwelded face, and the brittle crack arrested easier, the longer the unwelded face. The results of static FEM analysis showed that the stress intensity factor of the brittle crack was increased by the unwelded face, until the brittle crack reached a flange. However, when the brittle crack propagated into the flange, the stress intensity factor of the brittle crack was decreased by the unwelded face. The crack-arrest effect of the unwelded face appears after the brittle crack propagates into the flange.     

A356合金原位拉伸裂纹萌生与扩展行为分析

采用扫描电镜原位拉伸观察了电解低钛A356合金铸态下裂纹萌生与扩展特征。结果表明:铸态A356合金裂纹优先萌生于二次枝晶臂间薄弱的共晶体区、大块的共晶硅相处;裂纹的扩展主要是微裂纹易沿着共晶体与基体界面扩展,合金组织中的共晶硅相对裂纹的扩展有一定的阻碍作用,当裂纹与共晶硅颗粒相遇时,扩展方向发生偏离而转向裂纹尖端前沿处有共晶体区开裂、共晶硅相发生断裂、或与基体界面发生分离的更薄弱区。     

Mechanical response of the TiAl/steel brazed joint under torsional load

An attempt to investigate the mechanical response to the torsional load, torsional tests of TiAl/steel brazed joints were conducted at room temperature. The TiAl/steel joints used in the torsional loading tests were brazed under the optimum parameters of 1173 K and 300 s . Torsional strength, fracture path and the behavior of the reaction phases were studied. The results show that the average torsional strength of the joints with the diameters of 13 mm, 16 mm and 20 mm is 136 N?m, 270 N?m and 490 N?m, respectively; which is 81.9%, 85.5% and 86.2% of the TiAl base metal, respectively. Fracture path and crack propagation process analysis shows, when subjected to the torsional load, Ag-based solid solution is deformed and cracks germinate at the interface of Ag-based solid solution/AlCu₂Ti particles or Ag-based solid solution/AlCu₂Ti layers, grow up and propagate into the Al Cu Ti brittle reaction layers, then propagate into the TiAl base metal, subsequently result in failure.     

Einfluß von Prüffrequenz und Salzgehalt des Korrosionsmediums auf die Korrosionsermüdung von Stählen bei betriebsähnlichen Lastabläufen

Influence of test frequency and NaCl-concentration on the fatigue life of steels under a realistic load sequence Because of the size and fatigue life of offshore structures the corrosion fatigue behaviour of those structures cannot be determined under service conditions. Also for the relevant corrosion fatigue tests in the laboratory using welded joints a compromise has to be found to reduce testing time to an economic justifiable amount. This compromise may be a higher stress used in the test, a higher test frequency or a higher concentration of NaCl in the seawater. The influence of test frequency and NaCl concentration on the fatigue life of fillet welded V-shaped specimens made from Fe E 355 KT was determined in artifical seawater and under a realistic load sequence. The fatigue life was separated into the crack initiation phase and the crack propagation phase as well. Mean frequencies of 0.2 Hz, 1.0 Hz and 10 Hz did not affect the fatigue life of welded joints until crack initiation, while low test frequencies of 0.2 Hz and 1.0 Hz accelerated the crack propagation. Higher NaCl-concentration of the seawater, however, had no effect on the fatigue life in both phases.     

AZ31镁合金及其TIG焊接接头断裂机理研究

对AZ31镁合金及其焊接接头进行拉伸、冲击和疲劳试验,分析了镁合金的断裂机理及疲劳裂纹扩展方向.母材拉伸试验结果表明,试样几乎没有缩颈,抗拉强度为236.29 MPa;焊接接头的抗拉强度为185.68 MPa,拉伸断裂从焊接接头焊趾部位启裂,抗拉强度为母材的78%.冲击试验在-80～340 ℃进行,结果表明,在较低温度下AZ31镁合金冲击韧性较小,断口为准解理形貌的脆性断裂;随着温度的增加,断裂形式由准解理+韧窝形貌的混合断裂过渡为韧性断裂;在常温下焊缝中心的冲击韧性比母材的高,但热影响区的冲击韧性较差.AZ31B镁合金母材的疲劳强度为66.72 MPa,对接接头的疲劳强度为39.00 MPa;母材疲劳断口由解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂;焊接接头疲劳断口由解理和准解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂.