基于力学测量的架空输电线路覆冰监测系统

对输电线路覆冰载荷进行了力学分析，讨论了覆冰厚度的计算方法。开发了基于架空输电线路轴向张力、二维倾角和风速风向、温湿度等气象信息测量的覆冰监测系统。利用全球移动通信系统（GSM）/通用分组无线电业务（GPRS）网络，线路监测终端与中心监控主站进行数据传输，由主站专家系统软件利用相关覆冰理论模型分析导线覆冰状况，及时给出除冰信息，有效预防冰害事故发生。     

输电线路覆冰浅论

输电线路覆冰引起的故障会严重影响电力系统的正常运行，对电力系统的安全产生严重危害。本文介绍了输电线路覆冰的类型、成因、危害、国内外研究状况、覆冰监测、防冰除冰方法及展望等问题。     

覆冰对输电线路的危害及采取新型防冰涂料的可行性

结合“一一·五”事件，分析了输电线路覆冰的原因及其对源-安（霸）线路及绝缘子的损坏方式，指出目前的PRTV涂料不能有效防冰闪。介绍了国内最新型的防冰涂料，论述了新型防冰涂料应用于电厂现场的可行性。     

广西区域输电线路工程覆冰特点分析

笔者通过调研近年来广西各地输电线路工程覆冰情况,介绍覆冰成因及种类,采取长短径法、冰重法及调查或实测覆冰直径法计算导线、地线、树枝等的标准冰厚,分析微地形、微气象区域覆冰案例,总结受损线路历次抗冰加固经验,提出广西区域输电线路覆冰特点,也为覆冰预报与评估提供依据。     

输电线路覆冰在线监测系统的研究现状

介绍了输电线路覆冰的原因、种类和危害,梳理了输电线路覆冰过程的一些研究模型及国内外覆冰导线状态检测技术的研究现状,根据其应用情况和存在的不足,提出了相应的改进措施。     

基于四阶矩法的输电线路覆冰可靠度分析

架空导线长期处于复杂环境下,经常遭受覆冰影响。为了保证输电线路的安全运行,架空导线 的可靠度分析是十分必要的。以输电线路的导线强度失效为失效边界,选择导线的覆冰厚度和容许应 力为基本随机变量建立功能函数。采用简化的四阶矩法计算架空导线的可靠指标,并与一次二阶矩法 和基于ＭＡＴＬＡＢ的蒙特卡洛模拟法的结果对比。另外引入功能函数的峰度及偏度到可靠度分析中。结 果表明:四阶矩法的功能函数值及可靠指标普遍偏于保守,并且其可靠指标计算的结果相比一次二阶矩 法的结果依然可取。因此可将改进的四阶矩法应用于等高悬点输电线路的可靠度计算中。     

设计规程变更后的广西电网220kV及以上输电线路抗冰加固方案研究

为保障电网安全可靠供电,有必要对广西220kV及以上输电线路抵御覆冰灾害的能力进行研究.通过对新旧设计规程相关设计要求的对比分析,结果表明现行规程对输电线路防冰能力的要求远高于旧版规程,从而说明了部分按照旧版设计规程建成的线路是不能满足目前防覆冰要求的.进一步研究提出了广西220kV及以上输电线路抗冰加固原则和具体的项目建议,为后续工程提供参考.     

输电线路覆冰对电力网的影响及危害分析

输电线覆冰将严重影响电网安全运行,会导致杆塔荷载增大、输电线垂度增大。覆冰严重时还会引起倒塔。行对于此,分析了输电线覆冰对输电线安全的影响,即输电线覆冰对输电线负载的影响、覆冰厚度增加时对输电线强度的影响,为输电线路设计和安全提供了参考。     

2008年桂北架空线路覆冰的初步分析

根据2008年广西桂北电网遭受雨雪冰冻灾害的覆冰特点,对强冷空气入侵的天气变化过程、覆冰形成的条件、线路覆冰厚度的计算、本次覆冰的特点、重现期的评估以及实际冰厚与气象区划的比较等多方面进行分析,提出加强电网抗冰能力的建议.     

直流融冰装置的研制与应用

输电线路的持续覆冰会导致输电线路严重受损,造成电网部分或全网停运。为了防止这种情况的再次出现,进行输电线路的融冰是一种很好的方法,直流融冰技术的研究与应用对于电网抗击冰灾具有重大意义。通过对南方电网各电压等级架空线路直流融冰参数进行仔细分析和计算,提出了适用于南方电网的交流输电线路的直流融冰技术方案,介绍了南方电网直流融冰装置样机的研制及其应用,特别介绍了60 MW, 25 MW和500 kW直流融冰装置的样机设计、工厂测试、现场试验和现场实际融冰效果。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.