汉代五铢钱币腐蚀特性研究

用光学显微镜、X-射线衍射及扫描电镜能谱等方法，研究了五铢钱币的化学组成及表面腐蚀特点。通过对模拟青铜样片进行锈蚀产生条件及腐蚀特征的分析，研究了铜币的腐蚀机理。研究表明，尽管不同钱币表面上的化学元素含量差异较大，但钱币基体的元素含量约为Cu 82％～86％，Sn 2％～4％，Pb 7％～11％，属于青铜材料。Fe、Si和Al的含量较低。钱币腐蚀产物以多种形式附着在铜币表面，淡绿色的粉状腐蚀产物主要为Cu2（OH）3Cl（绿铜矿），致密的绿色腐蚀产物主要为Cu3（CO3）3（OH）2（蓝铜矿），坚硬致密的墨绿色突出结状物为Cu2（OH）2CO3（孔雀石），土绿色锈蚀为铜锈与铁锈的混合物，锈层较厚。模拟腐蚀研究表明，Cl^-、O2、H2O及酸性条件共存是五铢钱币腐蚀的主要因素。     

NaCl沉积对Zn的大气腐蚀产物影响的FTIR光谱研究

用红外光谱技术研究了表面经有固体NaCl沉积的Zn试 样在含有10-6 SO2大气环境中的腐蚀，探讨了其腐蚀过程.表面沉积有NaCl的Zn在 干燥大气中的腐蚀产物是Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O，当具有该产物的Zn样品置于含有10 -6 SO2大气环境中时，腐蚀产物中会有多种硫酸盐成分存在，且硫酸盐的量随暴露时 间的延长而增加.     

青铜制品的腐蚀行为研究

通过模拟闭塞电池实验对青铜制品表面局部腐蚀过程进行了研究。结果表明,合金元素选择性腐蚀和溶解速度顺序均为铅、铜、锡。随着腐蚀时间延长,腐蚀产物起初为Cu Cl和少量Cu2O,然后产生Cu Cl、Cu2O和少量Cu2Cl(OH)3、Cu4SO4(OH)6;腐蚀产物呈层状,由内至外依次为Cu Cl、Cu Cl及Cu2O、Cu4SO4(OH)6H2O。     

沈阳大气环境下纯铜的初期腐蚀行为

通过1年的遮雨和未遮雨大气暴露实验,研究了在沈阳大气环境下纯铜的初期腐蚀行为.不同暴露环境下,纯铜的大气腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物组成及其保护性都存在差异.未遮雨暴露条件下,纯铜的大气腐蚀速率较高,尤其在降雨较多的暴露期间,雨水冲刷使纯铜经历了更长的润湿周期,从而显著加速了纯铜的大气腐蚀.不同暴露条件下,纯铜表面形成的大气腐蚀产物主要为Cu2O.遮雨条件下,腐蚀产物的组成还有Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O和Cu4SO4(OH)6;而未遮雨条件下,雨水的冲刷、溶解作用延缓了Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O的形成,因而在6个月时腐蚀产物仅为Cu2O;随着暴露周期的延长,12个月后逐渐有Cu4SO4(OH)6·H2O形成.未遮雨暴露的纯铜表面形成了致密的厚腐蚀产物膜,有效地抑制了大气腐蚀的阴极反应,具有更好的保护性.     

西沙严酷海洋大气环境下紫铜和黄铜的腐蚀行为

通过现场暴晒实验,研究T2紫铜和H62黄铜在西沙海洋大气环境下分别暴晒3/4、1、2、和4 a的长周期腐蚀行为。利用SEM观察表面、截面腐蚀产物以及去除腐蚀产物后的腐蚀形貌,并分别用EDS及XRD对腐蚀产物的元素分布及相组成进行分析。结果表明,紫铜和黄铜均发生了严重的腐蚀,4 a内其平均腐蚀速度分别为5.90和5.88μm/a;紫铜表面发生了均匀腐蚀,腐蚀产物由内层致密的Cu2O及外层的Cu2Cl(OH)3组成;黄铜发生了明显的脱锌腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要为ZnO和Zn5(OH)8Cl2.2H2O,腐蚀产物层下的基体为20~50μm厚度不等的脱锌层。     

Cu对Sn-Co/C复合材料结构和电化学性能的影响

分别以单质Cu粉和CuCO3.Cu(OH)2为Cu源,采用固相烧结法制备锂离子电池Sn-Co-Cu/C复合材料,利用SEM、XRD和电池程控测试仪研究Cu对材料结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:Sn-Co/C复合材料由CoSn相和微量CoSn2组成,添加Cu粉或CuCO3.Cu(OH)2的Sn-Co-Cu/C均由大量CoSn、α-Co3Sn2和少量CoSn2组成;添加的Cu固溶于Sn-Co合金,使颗粒细化,同时比表面积也增大。添加Cu粉和CuCO3.Cu(OH)2的Sn-Co-Cu/C的首次充电、放电容量分别为467、319 mA.h/g和489、326 mA.h/g,经过40次循环后容量保持率分别为83.4%和86.8%;添加Cu导致多相的形成以及颗粒的细化,增加了Li+的扩散通道和增强了材料的结构稳定性,从而显著改善了材料的电化学性能。     

Preparation of chain copper oxide nanoparticles by microwave

Cu（OH）2 nano-fibers were prepared by chemical precipitation with CuSO4·5H2O and NaOH as raw materials. The Cu（OH）2 nano-fibers have a diameter of 10-30 nm and a length of 1-6 μm. The reaction conditions were as follows： the concentration of CuSO4 solution was 0.1 mol·L^-1,NaOH solution 4 mol·L^-1,the dropping rate of the NaOH solution 50 mL·min^-1,the reaction temperature 20℃the pH value of the reaction terminal 13,and the stirring rate 1200 r·min^-1. The chain nano-CuO grains were obtained through the microwave radiation of the Cu（OH）2 nano-fibers.     

Sn-0.75Cu钎料接头在NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为(英文)

采用动电位极化及浸出方法研究Sn-0.75Cu钎料及Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。极化曲线测试结果表明Sn-0.75Cu钎料的腐蚀速率比Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头的低。在特殊电位时的形貌观察及相分析表明,在Sn-0.75Cu钎料表面活化溶解区形成腐蚀产物Sn3O(OH)2Cl2。从活化/钝化区开始,Sn-0.75Cu钎料的表面完全被腐蚀产物Sn3O(OH)2Cl2覆盖,并且在极化测试后出现蚀坑。与Sn-0.75Cu钎料合金相比,Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头的钎料表面在活化区形成较多的Sn3O(OH)2Cl2,在极化测试结束时腐蚀坑的尺寸较大。浸出实验结果证实了Sn-0.75Cu/Cu接头较快的电化学腐蚀速率引起较多的Sn从中接头中释放出来。     

Mg合金AZ91D在城市大气环境中的腐蚀行为

用扫描电镜、X射线衍射方法对Mg合金AZ91D在城市大气中的腐蚀层形貌,腐蚀产物进行了分析和研究。结果表明:腐蚀初期在材料表面生成一层Mg(OH)_2薄膜,随着腐蚀的不断进行,膜增厚并开裂,最终形成网状结构,在裂纹处水蒸气容易凝聚,腐蚀性气体及盐粒容易吸附,且裂纹或缝隙为氧的扩散提供了通道,造成Mg合金局部腐蚀严重,生成的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)_2,Al(OH)_3,Mg_2CO_3(OH)_2·3H_2O和Mg_2(OH)_3Cl-4H_2O,这些微溶的腐蚀产物对基体起到了一定的保护作用,从而在后期降低了Mg合金的腐蚀速率。     

青铜器加速腐蚀的多孔氧电极研究

用具有适当空隙的电镀Cu-Sn-Pb三元合金作为青铜器模拟试片.应用腐蚀膏试验和微电极测试,研究了氯化亚铜(CuCl)、碱式氯化铜［Cu2Cl(OH)3］和碱式碳酸铜［Cu2(OH)2CO3］等腐蚀产物对氧的去极化反应的影响.以上述铜盐为活性物质制备出多孔氧电极,与青铜试片在3％NaCl溶液中组成腐蚀原电池,进行了阴极极化曲线测试,并进行以CuCl为活性物质的氧电极的恒电流放电和恒电阻放电测试.结果表明CuCl使试片的腐蚀速度高出其它二价铜盐两个数量级,对氧的去极化反应催化活性最高,氧电极的放电性能稳定并且模拟了被称为“粉状锈”主要成分的Cu2Cl(OH)3的生成过程 .提出了加速青铜器小孔腐蚀的多孔氧电极机理.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also     

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress & Exhibition

The 9th China International Diecasting Congress ＆ Exhibition was held on July 22-24, 2014 at Shanghai New International Expc Centre. This exhibition was the most successful over the years, with over 6890 visitors and 155 exhibitors, and the exhibition area increased by 30% from 9,500 square meters in 2012 to 12340 square meters. Die casting enterprises from a total of 24 countries and regions, including China mainland, Chinese Taiwan and Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, Germany, India, Thailand, Malaysia, the United States, Russia, Australia, Iran, Ukraine, Brazil, Colombia, Singapore, Austria, Canada, Croatia, France, Turkey, United Kingdom, Vietnam, attended the congress and exhibition.     

Introduction of the Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology

正The Fluid Control Engineering Institute of Kunming University of Science and Technology was set up in 1996.The researches of institute concentrate on electro-hydraulic(pneumatic)servo/proportional control and hydromechatronics.The Institute is committed to research and development of electro-hydraulic control of high-end technical equipment in ferrous metallurgy refining produc-     

RARE METALS Volume Contents

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Antimony Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

Antimony induced crystallization of PVD (physics vapor deposition) amorphous silicon can be observed on sapphire substrates. Very large crystalline regions up to several tens of micrometers can be formed. The Si diffraction patterns of the area of crystallization can be observed with TEM (transmission electron microscopy). Only a few and much smaller crystals of the order of 1μm were formed when the antimony layer was deposited by MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) compared with a layer formed by thermal evaporation. The use of high vacuum is essential in order to observe any Sb induced crystallization at all. In addition it is necessary to take measures to limit the evaporation of the antimony.     

A CUMULATIVE FATIGUE DAMAGE RULE UNDER THE ALTERNATIVE OF CORROSION OR CYCLIC LOADING

Fatigue damage increases with the applied loading cycles in a cumulative manner and the material deteriorates with the corrosion time. A cumulative fatigue damage rule under the alternative of corrosion or cyclic loading was proposed. The specimens of aluminum alloy LY12-CZ soaked in corrosive liquid for different times were tested under the constant amplitude cyclic loading to obtain S-N curves. The test was carried out to verify the proposed cumulative fatigue damage rule under the different combinations among corrosion time, loading level, and the cycle numbers. It was shown that the predicted residual fatigue lives showed a good agreement with the experimental results and the proposed rule was simple and can be easily adopted.