水工沥青混凝土动态抗压尺寸效应试验研究

为研究动态荷载作用下水工沥青混凝土力学性能的尺寸效应规律，在5℃的环境温度及10^-5/s～10^-2/s的应变率条件下，对直径为100 mm、高径比分别为0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0的水工沥青混凝土试样开展了单轴动态抗压试验研究，分析了应变率效应与尺寸效应对沥青混凝土动态抗压强度、弹性模量及破坏模式的影响。结果表明：应变率越大或试样高径比越小，试样破坏越显著；随着高径比的增加，抗压强度减小，而弹性模量增大；随着应变率的增加，抗压强度与弹性模量的动态增强因子呈非线性增长趋势。基于试验研究，综合考虑应变率效应与尺寸效应的协同作用，引入应变率影响因子建立了水工沥青混凝土动态抗压尺寸效应计算模型，并验证了模型的合理性。     

再生砖粗骨料混凝土基本力学性能试验研究

为深入了解再生砖粗骨料混凝土的基本力学性能,测试了5种再生砖粗骨料替代率的混凝土棱柱体抗压强度、应力-应变关系和静力受压弹性模量等基本力学指标。结果表明:再生砖粗骨料混凝土棱柱体受压破坏过程与破坏形态与普通混凝土类似;随着再生砖粗骨料替代率的增加,棱柱体抗压强度先增大后减小、静力受压弹性模量逐渐降低、单轴受压应力-应变曲线的峰值应变逐渐增大;提出了再生砖粗骨料混凝土棱柱体抗压强度与立方体抗压强度的换算关系以及单轴受压应力-应变曲线的拟合公式,为再生砖粗骨料混凝土的进一步研究提供了重要依据。更多还原     

温度场作用下水工沥青混凝土的力学稳定性研究

为研究不同温度场下沥青混凝土的力学性能,在0～20℃条件下对水工沥青混凝土进行了三轴抗压试验和三轴蠕变试验,获得不同温度场下的材料性能影响,并通过引入硬化参量进行温度修正,根据logistic函数建立不同温度场的沥青混凝土应力-应变本构模型.研究表明:沥青混凝土在0℃表现出明显应力软化现象,出现脆性破坏,随着温度上升,...     

温度因素对心墙沥青混凝土三轴力学性能的影响

为研究高寒地区温度因素对沥青混凝土心墙力学性能的影响,在不同温度(5、10、15、20℃)、不同围压(0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 MPa)下进行了圆柱体常规三轴压缩试验。结果表明,温度对沥青混凝土心墙的应力-应变全曲线、破坏偏应力、抗剪强度、弹性模量、吸能能力以及破坏形式有显著的影响。在试验温度范围内,沥青混凝土心墙的破坏偏应力、抗剪强度以及弹性模量随着温度升高逐渐减小。其中,在5～15℃下降较快,15～20℃下降较缓,沥青混凝土的力学性能趋于稳定;内摩擦角以及拉压强度比(α)变化不明显;模强比呈现先下降后上升的趋势。此外,随着温度的升高沥青混凝土呈现塑性破坏特性越明显。     

海水冻融后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压强度和变形性能

针对我国渤海湾北部海域轻骨料混凝土结构的工作环境和受力状态，进行了海水中不同冻融循环次数后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压强度试验，考察了试件的破坏形态和表面裂缝的走向特征。根据试验结果，分析了极限抗压强度随冻融循环次数和应力比的变化规律，并在此基础上建立了考虑海水冻融影响的双轴压压强度准则。探讨了冻融循环作用后轻骨料混凝土的双轴压压变形性能，包括峰值应变、应力-应变关系随冻融循环次数和应力比的变化规律。研究结果说明，随冻融循环次数的增加各种应力比下的应力-应变关系曲线均逐渐扁平，峰值应力点明显下降并右移，说明混凝土的极限抗压强度逐渐降低。     

三级配大骨料混凝土双轴抗压性能试验分析

利用自行研制的大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,完成了5种应力比、4种应变率、3种含水状态（干燥、自然、饱和）的三级配大骨料混凝土双轴动态抗压试验。试验研究了含水率对三级配大骨料混凝土动态极限抗压强度的影响,并在此基础上提出考虑含水率影响的大骨料混凝土动态破坏准则。研究表明,饱和混凝土试件在高应变率下的强度明显提高,而在低应变率下强度则有所降低。在相同应变率下,极限抗压强度在应力比为1∶0.5时达到最大值。影响三级配大骨料混凝土试件破坏形态的主要因素为应力比,其动态极限抗压强度随含水率的增大而增大,而静态极限抗压强度随含水率的增大而减小;单轴受压状态下的变形明显小于双轴受压,试件的峰值应变随应变率的增大而减小。     

再生透水混凝土应力——应变全曲线试验研究

以再生骨料替代率(0、30%、70%、100%)和养护龄期(3d、7d、28d)为变化参数,完成了不同龄期不同再生粗骨料替代率下再生混凝土的单轴受压应力—应变全曲线试验,分析了不同养护龄期及不同再生骨料替代率对再生透水骨料混凝土的破坏形态、弹性模量、应力—应变全曲线斜率及发展趋势的影响。研究表明,再生透水混凝土的破坏形态和普通混凝土相似,再生骨料替代率对破坏裂纹有影响,替代率越高裂纹越宽,龄期对破坏面与荷载垂线方向夹角相关,龄期越长夹角越小,不同龄期不同替代率下透水混凝土的应力—应变曲线和普通混凝土的类似,分为上升和下降两个部分,龄期对上升部分影响显著,龄期越长应力—应变曲线斜率越大,再生骨料替代率对下降部分影响较大,再生骨料增加试样弹性模量变低,下降曲线变陡。且再生透水混凝土的棱柱体抗压强度与立方体抗压强度的比值高于普通混凝土。     

历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀的混凝土力学性能

通过对历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀的混凝土进行单轴压缩试验,研究了荷载水平和溶液浓度对混凝土力学性能变化规律及侵蚀机理的影响,并与历经荷载后受硫酸盐侵蚀高强混凝土的力学性能进行了对比分析。分析结果表明:随荷载水平的增大,未侵蚀试件的峰值应力、弹性模量和峰值应变均有减小趋势,而受浓度为5%和10%侵蚀试件的峰值应力和弹性模量均减小,峰值应变增大;相同荷载水平时,随溶液浓度的增大,混凝土的峰值应力和弹性模量减小,峰值应变增大;随着荷载水平和溶液浓度的增大,普通混凝土和高强混凝土的应力-应变曲线均有变饱满的趋势,普通混凝土的主要力学指标比高强混凝土变化更显著。研究结果可为在硫酸盐侵蚀环境下的受损伤混凝土结构设计提供一定的参考依据。     

浇筑式沥青混凝土应力应变关系试验研究

对以天然砂砾石作为骨料的浇筑式沥青混凝土在不同沥青用量和不同温度条件下进行三轴试验。结果表明:浇筑式沥青混凝土的应力应变曲线呈现出应力硬化形态,且随着沥青用量的增加、温度的升高,应力硬化现象更加明显,双曲线段范围增大;邓肯-张模型及修正邓肯-张模型的理论曲线与试验曲线均吻合较好,主要模型参数随沥青用量增加或温度升高均呈下降趋势。通过对比两种本构模型破坏偏应力随围压的变化情况发现,在较高围压情况下,随着围压的升高,修正邓肯-张模型的破坏偏应力趋于平缓,增幅小,而邓肯-张模型的破坏偏应力几乎呈线性增加,其值明显大于修正邓肯-张模型的破坏偏应力,因此修正模型更加符合浇筑式沥青混凝土的强度特性。     

地震应变率下水饱和度对混凝土动力压缩效应的影响

为揭示地震应变率下不同含水量混凝土的力学性能变化规律,采用真空饱水设备快速制备不同水饱和度混凝土试件以消除水泥进一步水化对试验结果的影响;进行了3种应变率下(10-5s-1、10-4s-1、10-3s-1)的单轴压缩试验,测试分析了应变率和水饱和度对混凝土的应力应变曲线形态、抗压强度、弹性模量以及峰值应变的影响规律与影响机理。研究结果表明,随着应变率增加,混凝土动态抗压强度增大、弹性模量增加、而峰值应变减小;随着水饱和度增加,混凝土在静载以及动载下的抗压强度绝对值减小,但动载作用时动力强度增长因子增大;应变率越高混凝土峰值应变随水饱和度增大而减小的趋势越明显。综合考虑应变率效应以及水饱和度的影响,提出了混凝土力学性能指标的经验计算公式,与试验结果有着较好的吻合度。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…