油砂沥青水溶液与溶剂抽提及分离

采用热碱水法对内蒙油砂进行了沥青抽提及分离实验,并对产物沥青进行了性质分析.实验表明,热碱水抽提适宜条件为:碱浓度0.25%、反应温度95℃、搅拌速度80r·min-1、固液比S/L=1:1.5、反应时间15min,沥青收率可达92%.本研究为油砂资源的研究和开发利用提供了理论和基础实验参数.     

溶剂抽提法处理炼厂污泥实验

主要以石油醚(30—60℃)为溶剂,对炼厂污泥进行抽提处理,考查了在不同泥剂质量比下的抽出率及抽出油的馏程,并利用萃取理论进行抽出效率抽出率理论推算。实验结果表明:当泥剂质量比为 1∶8时,污泥中的油抽出率为 99. 73%,此结果与理论推算规律基本一致。此油可以作为原油回炼,抽提溶剂可以回收,重复使用。     

不同有机溶剂对新疆油砂沥青的组成性质影响

油砂作为一种非常规石油资源,越来越受到人们的重视。油砂沥青的含量和性质对其开发有着重要的影响。有机溶剂抽提可以测定油砂沥青的含量。本文研究了3种溶剂对新疆油砂的抽提能力,并对不同溶剂抽提得到的新疆油砂沥青进行了性质分析。结果表明,新疆油砂含油率（甲苯测）为11.75%,属于中品位油砂矿;甲苯、氯仿和石油醚3种不同溶剂对新疆油砂沥青进行抽提,发现3种溶剂抽提能力的大小关系为氯仿＞甲苯＞石油醚;抽提过程中,氯仿表现出对胶质和沥青质较强的萃取能力,而石油醚对沥青质的萃取能力几乎为0,采用氯仿可以更准确地测定油砂沥青的含量。氯仿抽提得到新疆油砂沥青及其组分的杂原子含量和分子量高于甲苯和石油醚抽提的。由红外谱图发现,氯仿抽提得到的油砂沥青的含氧、含硫官能团的吸收峰强度大于甲苯和石油醚抽提的,表明氯仿对油砂沥青中极性物质的抽提能力更强。     

溶剂萃取法分离油砂

溶剂萃取技术是一种很有发展前景的油砂分离方法,具有操作节水节能、适用性广、分离效率高、无乳化现象、溶剂可循环利用、污染小等优点。本研究细致的考察了溶剂种类、溶剂用量、溶剂极性、操作条件(如温度、搅拌强度及时间等)对油砂沥青萃取率的影响,并通过正交实验获得了最佳萃取条件。在此基础上,对萃取组分和残留物质进行族组分分析,发现沥青中的沥青质的溶解性对温度的敏感性大于其余3种组分(饱和分、芳香分和胶质)。同时,通过实验还观察到萃取过程中悬浮于溶液中的沥青颗粒主要以沥青质组分为主,并含有一定量的轻组分;而油砂中的黏土等细颗粒固体(<44μm)则与悬浮沥青颗粒共存于溶液中,有必要采取过滤、离心等手段对萃取液进行处理,以防这些颗粒对后续的炼油过程产生危害。根据前述的实验研究结果,提出了油砂溶剂萃取过程的机理模型。     

新疆塔城地区油砂的实验室研究

对塔城地区的油砂样品进行实验室铝甑干馏试验研究,分析其含油率,并且使用甲苯抽提法测试油砂样中的沥青含量,为工业化应用提供基础技术数据。     

加拿大油砂溶剂抽提分离工艺的研究

对加拿大油砂进行了溶剂抽提分离试验,考察了石油醚、石脑油、甲苯、环己烷以及重整汽油对提取效果的影响,确定重整汽油为最佳抽提溶剂.综合考察了提取温度、溶剂与油砂体积比、提取时间以及搅拌速度等工艺操作条件对油砂沥青提取的影响,结果表明,在提取温度500℃,溶剂和油砂的体积比为1∶1,提取时间60 min,搅拌速度为80 r/min的条件下,油砂沥青提取率达到92.57%.     

克拉玛依油砂溶剂萃取分离实验研究

以克拉玛依油砂为实验对象,考察石油醚、环己烷、正戊烷、正庚烷、甲苯、CS2及复合溶剂EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青的效果,确定EOSA为最佳萃取溶剂。研究了温度、溶剂用量、时间对EOSA萃取分离油砂沥青收率的影响。结果表明,在萃取温度30℃、剂砂比2 mL/g条件下萃取30 min,油砂沥青的收率可达95%以上。再生实验结果表明,在60~80℃条件下,溶剂回收率超过99%。该工艺具有无水参与、零排放、低能耗、高收率等优点。     

溶剂抽提法分离油砂技术的研究进展

介绍了溶剂抽提法在油砂分离中的应用和研究现状,阐述了抽提溶剂的选择原则,溶剂抽提法的实验原理与萃取机理,影响抽提效果的实验因素。并分别介绍了单一溶剂抽提、复合溶剂抽提、水辅助溶剂抽提以及离子液体在抽提实验中的应用,根据各类溶剂的抽提特点,分析了其在油砂分离中的应用前景并对溶剂抽提技术的发展提出了相关建议。     

油砂溶剂抽提实验研究

对新疆油砂使用溶剂萃取法进行处理,选用93#汽油作为溶剂进行正交实验和单因素实验,通过对比萃取前后油砂显微结构对油砂萃取理论进行研究。实验表明油砂粒径、萃取时间、萃取温度、剂砂比对油砂萃取率的影响依次降低。当萃取时间30min、萃取温度80℃、油砂粒径小于450μm(中位粒径268μm)和剂砂比为4∶1时,萃取率可达到90%,尾砂含油率为1.7%。     

印尼特细油砂的基本性质和加工路线研究

印尼特细油砂是一种原产于印度尼西亚的稠油资源,常见有黄色和黑色两种。通过甲苯溶剂抽提法和减压蒸馏法可得到油砂沥青和细砂粒,得到的油砂沥青和砂粒用于油砂基本性质的测定。并简单探讨了该油砂适宜的加工路线。印尼油砂具有含油率高,含硫量高的特点,并且适合采用热解法进行后续加工成轻质油。     

油砂开发利用的研究进展

世界上油砂资源十分丰富,其探明储量换算成油砂油,远大于世界石油的探明储量.加拿大油砂储量居世界首位,其次为前苏联、委内瑞拉、美国和中国.油砂分离制取油砂油始于19世纪90年代末的加拿大,但由于在廉价原油的开采及油砂分离成本较高等因素的制约下,对油砂研究进展缓慢.当前,由于世界原油价格的不断上涨,油砂油的生产在不少国家已有利可图.中国在油砂分离方面的研究刚刚起步,目前仅处在实验室研究阶段.     

有机溶剂萃取加拿大油砂应用研究

介绍了溶剂作为萃取剂分离油砂的技术,溶剂萃取油砂过程包含两个阶段:沥青相向溶剂的溶解过程和沥青、溶剂与砂粒的分离过程。考察了单一溶剂甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯和甲苯/正庚烷、丙酮/正庚烷、乙酸乙酯/正庚烷组成的复合溶剂体系在相同条件下对油砂沥青的萃取率,在此基础上进一步对比了不同溶剂体系对沥青四组分饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质的萃取效果,同时考察了不同浓度的沥青-溶剂溶液的表面张力,结果表明在油砂萃取过程中沥青-溶剂体系的表面张力主要取决于所选溶剂的种类,而沥青的浓度对溶液表面张力的影响不大。混合溶剂体系甲苯/正庚烷、丙酮/正庚烷、乙酸乙酯/正庚烷相比纯溶剂萃取率较高,其沥青溶液表面张力较低,是良好的分离油砂溶剂体系。     

Understanding Water‐Based Bitumen Extraction from Athabasca Oil Sands

The current state of knowledge on the fundamentals of bitumen recovery from Athabasca oil sands using water‐based extraction methods is reviewed. Instead of investigating bitumen extraction as a black box, the bitumen extraction process has been discussed and analyzed as individual steps: Oil sand lump size reduction, bitumen liberation, aeration, flotation and interactions among the different components that make up an oil sand slurry. With the development and adoption of advanced analytical instrumentations, our understanding of bitumen extraction at each individual step has been extended from the macroscopic scale down to the molecular level. How to improve bitumen recovery and bitumen froth quality from poor processing ores is still a future challenge in oil sands processing.     

溶剂萃取分离铁锌

氯化物溶液中，铁（Ⅱ）、铁（Ⅲ）、锌（Ⅱ）与氯离子配位，形成不同的络合物，具有可萃性差异。对ＴＢＰ、叔胺、季铵进行分离性能比较后发现，季铵对铁（Ⅱ）、锌表现出优良的分离性能和较大的负载容量。机理研究表明，季铵萃锌是阴离子交换反应。模拟实验证实，经两级萃取能使铁（Ⅱ）、锌几乎完全分离。     

A New Device to Determine Bitumen Extraction from Oil Sands

The Batch Extraction Unit (BEU) has been in use since the 1970's for studying the extraction of bitumen from oil sand. The present study investigates an alternative method for estimating bitumen recovery, based on visualization of oil sand slurry undergoing digestion. A Couette flow device is loaded with known amounts of oil sand and water. Air is bubbled through the oil sand slurry, while it is subjected to controlled chemical conditions and shear environment. Images of the slurry are captured at various time intervals and then analyzed using image analysis software, which selects black areas based on the gray scale intensities of the area in view. The variation of the black area with time is used as a measure of bitumen recovery. The technique provides quick estimates of final recovery, while enabling kinetic studies of the liberation and recovery processes. The experimental set‐up offers great flexibility in selecting conditions for the digestion of oil sands.     

New Bitopic Ligands for the Group Actinide Separation by Solvent Extraction

Abstract

The synthesis and evaluation of solvent extraction performance of N,N,N′,N′-tetraalkyl-6,6″-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)diamides and N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-diphenyl-6,6″-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)diamide are reported here. These new bitopic ligands were found to extract actinides in different oxidation states (U(VI), Np(V and VI), Pu(IV), Am(III), and Cm(III)) from 3 M nitric acid. The presence of three soft nitrogen donors led to the selective extraction of actinides(III) over lanthanides(III) (Ce, Eu) and the presence of two amide functional groups grafted to the terpyridine unit allowed the extraction to occur from a highly acidic medium by minimizing the basicity of the ligand. Ligands bearing long alkyl chains (C4 and C8) or phenyl groups showed increased performances in a polar diluent like nitrobenzene.     

Processibility of Athabasca Oil Sand Using a Laboratory Hyd ro t ransport Extraction System (LHES)

A novel laboratory scale apparatus has been developed and used to assess the extraction performance of oil sands under conditions analogous to current industrial processes. The apparatus can be used to investigate independently, the liberation of bitumen from the sand as well as air‐bitumen attachment and bitumen recovery. Experiments show that lower operating temperatures have a detrimental effect on bitumen recovery and controlled air addition is beneficial for recovery. The liberation of bitumen from sand grains has been found to proceed faster than air attachment and bitumen recovery, making the flotation the ratelimiting step in the extraction process. The potential benefit of staged air injection into hydrotransport pipelines as a possible process aid is discussed.     

Separation of NaOH by Solvent Extraction Using Weak Hydroxy Acids

Abstract

Separation of sodium hydroxide from aqueous salt solutions at elevated pH may be accomplished by use of solvent extraction with weak hydroxy acids. A series of lipophilic weak hydroxy acids, including alkyl phenols and fluorinated alcohols, has been characterized with regard to their ability to extract sodium into 1‐octanol as a function of temperature and extractant concentration. Isotherms are presented at 10, 25, and 60°C, employing extractant concentrations up to 1 M and aqueous NaOH concentrations up to 7 M. Near stoichiometric loading of all compounds tested may be achieved in a process postulated to be simple cation exchange. Extraction strength increases with the expected acidity of the hydroxy acids. Strongest extraction was observed with two alkyl phenols and 4‐n‐octyl‐α,α‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol. Essentially complete removal of free hydroxide from a solution containing sodium hydroxide, nitrate, and aluminate was accomplished using 1 M 4‐tert‐octylphenol in 1‐octanol at 60°C. Consequently, as the pH of the solution was lowered, aluminum was observed to precipitate as the Bayerite form of Al(OH)₃. Contacting the loaded solvent with water released NaOH into the strip solution, and good selectivity for hydroxide vs. nitrate and aluminate was obtained. Since hydroxide equivalents rather than the hydroxide ion itself are believed to be extracted by the weak hydroxy acids, the process is referred to as pseudo‐hydroxide extraction. Application of this concept to sodium removal and caustic recycle in the treatment of alkaline nuclear waste appears feasible.     

Extraction of El-Lajjun Oil Shale

Abstract

Extraction of the bitumen fraction of El-Lajjun oil shale was carried out using 17 different solvents, pure and combined. Out of all the solvents used, toluene and chloroform were found to be the most efficient for extraction of the bitumen to perform the major part of the experiments. This selectivity was based on the quality and quantity of the yield and on the quantity of solvent recovered. Extraction was carried out using a Soxhlet extractor. For complete recovery of solvent the extract phase was subjected to two stages of distillation, simple distillation followed by fractional distillation, where different cuts of oil were obtained. It was found that an optimum shale size of 1.0 mm offered better solvent recovery. One hour was the optimum time needed for complete extraction. The yield of oil was determined from the material balance gained from fractional distillation after testing for the existence of any traces of solvent trapped in the different cuts by using a gas chromotography technique. When chloroform was used, it was found that the average amount of bitumen extracted was 0.037 g/g of shale, which corresponds to 98% of the actual bitumen trapped in the oil shale (by assuming the bitumen represents 15% of the organic matter) and 84.1% of solvent recovered. When toluene was used, it was found that the average amount of oil extracted was 0.0293 g/g of shale, which corresponds to 78% of the actual bitumen trapped in the oil shale (by assuming bitumen represents 15% of the organic matter) and 89.9% of solvent for extraction with toluene.