经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的 探讨经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法 、疗效及并发症. 方法 对确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的62例患者,经颞部锁孔开颅,切除中前段颞下回,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除海马杏仁核及海马旁回等内侧颞叶结构.结果 62例患者术后随访至少24～80个月,无严重手术并发症;Engel癫痫疗效分级;Ⅰ级45例(72.6%),Ⅱ级12例(19.4%),Ⅲ级5例(8.0%). 结论 经颢下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法 ,其手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高.     

经颞下沟选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的探讨经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法、效果及并发症。方法确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的30例患者,在无框架神经导航指引下,经颞部锁孔开颅,显微镜下分开一小段颞下沟,切开侧脑室壁,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除杏仁核海马。结果30例患者术后随访至少2年时间（24—59个月）,神经功能改善,无严重手术并发症,23例（76．7％）癫痫发作完全消失（EngelⅠ级）。结论经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法,在神经导航辅助下手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高。     

选择性海马-杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫85例分析

目的 采用选择性海马-杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫85例，探讨手术入路的选择及治疗效果。方法 总结2000年～2004年85例选择性海马-杏仁核切除手术病例的术前临床表现、影像检查、视频脑电图和脑磁图所见以及外科手术方法，观察随访结果。结果 术后74．2％癫痫发作停止。Engel癫痫疗效分级：1级74．2％，2级16．5％，3级5．1％，4级4．2％。总有效率为95.8％。结论 选择性海马-杏仁核切除术对80％以上的内侧颞叶癫痫有效。颧弓翼点经颞下沟入路安全有效。颞底海马旁回入路可避免损伤颞叶新皮质。     

病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗颞叶内侧占位病变所致癫痫

目的观察病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫的效果。方法回顾分析颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫且术中深部电极探查出海马异常放电的16例患者，采用改良翼点切口开颅经颞中回皮层入路行病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗。术后随访至少1年以上，采用Engel分级量表评价癫痫控制效果。结果16例患者均取得占位病灶的肉眼全切。Engel分级Ⅰ级12例，Ⅱ级3例。Ⅲ级1例，Ⅳ级0例，2例出现对侧1／4象限盲；3例出现近期记忆功能较术前下降，无手术死亡及其他持久并发症。结论病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗病侧海马异常放电的颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫，并发症少，安全有效。     

不同手术入路治疗海马硬化性颞叶内侧癫痫的比较

目的 比较常用的四种手术方式在治疗海马硬化性颞叶内侧癫痫(MTLE/HS)中的优缺点.方法 106例顽固性MTLE/HS患者中23例行经皮层脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术;23例行经侧裂选择性海马杏仁核切除术;30例行前内侧颞叶切除术;30例行经颞下选择性海马杏仁核切除术.随访6个月-9年.采用Engel分级量表评价癫痫治疗效果,并比较并发症发生率.结果 四种术式在对癫痫发作的治疗效果比较上差异无统计学意义,无手术死亡,在并发症发生率方面差异无统计学意义.结论 对于经严格筛选的MTLE/HS,四种手术方式在疗效和安全性方面相当,可根据个人手术经验加以选择.     

经颞下梭状回入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶内侧癫痫

目的探讨经颞下梭状回入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的手术方法、疗效及并发症。方法药物难治性颞叶内侧癫痫30例患者,经颞下切开梭状回,进入侧脑室颞角,选择性切除杏仁核海马及海马旁回等内侧颞叶结构。结果30例患者术后随访至少3年时间(36～61个月),无严重手术并发症。Engel癫痫疗效分级:I级22例(73.3%),II级6例(20%),III级1例(3.3%),IV级1例(3.3%)。结论经颞下梭状回入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗颞叶内侧癫痫的有效方法,对脑组织创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高。     

微创锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除治疗伴海马硬化的内侧颞叶癫痫

目的探讨经颞上沟-侧脑室锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2014年9月~2016年3月南京军区南京总医院神经外科19例难治性内侧颞叶癫痫患者的临床资料。患者均采用颞上沟-侧脑室锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除手术方式。结果术后复查头颅MRI示,手术切除范围满意。术后随访6~24个月,EngelⅠ级14例(73.6%)、Ⅱ级4例(21%)、Ⅲ级1例(5.4%),无严重手术并发症。结论经颞上沟-侧脑室锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗难治性内侧颞叶癫痫安全有效;与传统手术入路相比,手术创伤小,手术时间缩短。     

选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗顽固性颞叶癫痫

目的 探讨选择性涨马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶癫痫的机理、适应征及手术入路。方法 对２０例经ＥＥＧ和ＭＲ诊断为颞叶内侧癫痫病例实施海马杏仁核切除。结果 １０例颞叶癫痫患接受经颞底入路选择性涨马杏仁核切除,另１０例接受经颞极入路海马杏仁核切除。术后随访,所有患癫痫发作控制满意,无手术并发症发生。结论 选择性海马杏仁２核切中通过消除癫痫灶或阻断癫痫环路来治疗颞叶癫痫,深部电极提示有颞叶内侧放电或ＭＲ发现     

神经导航锁孔入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫(癎)(附23例分析)

目的 探讨神经导航下锁孔入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颢叶癫(癎)的疗效及手术经验.方法 回顾性分析23例药物难治性内侧颞叶癫(癎)的手术经验.均在无框架神经导航指引下,经颢部锁孔开颅,在显微镜下分开一小段颞下沟,切开侧脑室颢角前外侧壁后进入侧脑室,选择性切除杏仁核海马,并将海马旁回和钩回逐步吸除.结果 本组无严重手术并发症发生.术后随访24-57个月,Engel Ⅰ级(发作完全消失)17例(73.9%),Ⅱ级4例(17.4%),Ⅲ级2例(8.7%).结论 神经导航下经锁孔颞下沟入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫(癎)的有效方法,手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高.     

经锁孔颞下入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶内侧癫

目的探讨经锁孔颞下入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶内侧癫的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析29例颞叶内侧癫的病例资料,均在全麻下行后颞锁孔开颅,经梭状回造瘘进入侧脑室颞角,分块切除杏仁核海马及海马旁回等颞叶内侧结构。结果 29例病人术后平均随访43个月,Engel癫疗效分级:Ⅰ级24例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。无失语、严重记忆力减退及视野缺损发生。结论选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗颞叶内侧癫的有效方法,创伤小,可妥善保护语言区、颞干和视放射。     

The role of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure in evaluation of patients for epilepsy surgery

PURPOSE: To examine the role of the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) in the presurgical evaluation of patients with medically refractory localization-related epilepsy. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 111 patients who underwent cortical resective surgery at our center between 1991 and 1996. In patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), a presurgical determination of the epileptogenic zone was compared with localization based on IAP memory asymmetry scores, and with ultimate localization after resective surgery. In patients with neocortical or mesial frontal epilepsy, the IAP was evaluated for evidence of unilateral or bilateral poor memory performance. RESULTS: Of 68 patients with mTLE localized by noninvasive tests, 60 had concordant lateralized memory deficits on IAP. Eight patients had lateralized memory deficits on IAP that were discordant with noninvasive tests and with localization as determined by surgical outcome. All 11 mTLE patients requiring invasive EEG monitoring were correctly lateralized by IAP, including one patient in whom the noninvasive evaluation otherwise provided false lateralization. Of 32 patients with neocortical or mesial frontal lobe epilepsy, 21 displayed memory deficits on IAP. Of 10 patients with bilateral deficits, five had mesial frontal lobe epilepsy. In 13 patients with lateralized memory deficits, seven underwent electrode implantation in the mesial temporal lobe, and four ultimately underwent resection of an epileptogenic mesial temporal lobe in addition to a neocortical resection. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mTLE, lateralized memory deficits on IAP usually confirm localization provided by noninvasive tests. However, in mTLE not well lateralized by the noninvasive evaluation, and in neocortical or mesial frontal epilepsy, the IAP may provide information regarding localization that ultimately alters surgical management.     

Epilepsy surgery outcomes in temporal lobe epilepsy with a normal MRI

Purpose:   To determine the long-term efficacy of anterior temporal lobectomy for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with nonlesional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Methods:   We identified a retrospective cohort of 44 patients with a nonlesional modern "seizure protocol" MRI who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy for treatment of medically refractory partial epilepsy. Postoperative seizure freedom was determined by Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis. Noninvasive preoperative diagnostic factors potentially associated with excellent surgical outcome were examined by univariate analysis in the 40 patients with follow-up of >1 year.
Results:   Engel class I outcomes (free of disabling seizures) were observed in 60% (24 of 40) patients. Preoperative factors associated with Engel class I outcome were: (1) absence of contralateral or extratemporal interictal epileptiform discharges, (2) subtraction ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) abnormality localized to the resection site, and (3) subtle nonspecific MRI findings in the mesial temporal lobe concordant to the resection.
Discussion:   In carefully selected patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and a nonlesional MRI, anterior temporal lobectomy can often render patients free of disabling seizures. This favorable rate of surgical success is likely due to the detection of concordant abnormalities that indicate unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy in patients with nonlesional MRI.     

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with lateral temporal lobe abnormalities in magnetoencephalography and glucose metabolism.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and positron emission tomography (PET) revealed abnormal findings in the lateral temporal lobe of a 22 year old female with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Electroencephalography identified the epileptogenic focus in the left mesial temporal lobe and standard anterior temporal lobectomy resulted in a good surgical outcome. These discrepancies can be explained by the presence of anatomical and functional pathways between the mesial and lateral temporal structures, or pathophysiological abnormalities in both the mesial and lateral temporal lobes. Careful evaluation is necessary for analysis of MEG and PET findings in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.     

Intracranial EEG in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Intracranial EEG monitoring before epilepsy surgery, while becoming less commonly performed in patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, is still widely used when bilateral independent temporal lobe seizures are suspected or when extratemporal foci cannot be ruled out by noninvasive means. Additionally, many epilepsy centers are reporting excellent surgical outcome in patients with neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy, when resections are guided by intracranial EEG studies. This article reviews the indications, technical aspects, risks, and interpretation of intracranial EEG in patients with temporal lobe seizures. It also considers intracranial EEG features predictive of surgical outcome.     

Surgically proven coexistence of focal and generalized epilepsy: A case report

The coexistence of focal and idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is rarely observed, and the mechanism underlying this situation remains unknown. We report a 13-year-old girl with well-controlled generalized epilepsy and medically-refractory left temporal lobe epilepsy.She underwent intracranial EEG recording, which demonstrated two characteristic seizure patterns of generalized ictal onset and left mesial temporal onset. In addition, two types of interictal spike distribution, including the left mesial temporal region and generalized spikes, were also supportive of the coexistence of left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and IGE. Thereafter, a left anterior temporal lobectomy and post-surgical medication significantly improved her seizure outcome. This case illustrates the importance of considering surgical management for patients with medically-intractable focal epilepsy coexisting with generalized epilepsy.     

Qualitative MRI Segmentation in Mesial Temporal Sclerosis: Clinical Correlations

Summary: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reliable and sensitive in the detection of mesial temporal atrophy in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. We investigated the MRI patterns of atrophy in 47 patients with histologically confirmed hippocampal sclerosis and correlated the imaging findings to the clinical features and surgical outcome. One hundred percent of patients had hippocampal body atrophy, 70% had hippocampal tail atrophy, 23% had amygdala atrophy, and 10% had focal hippocampal body atrophy without other segmental involvement. Correlative analysis of the segmented MRI findings with other clinical variables, including a previous history of childhood febrile convulsions, showed no significant associations except for younger age of seizure onset associated with hippocampal tail atrophy (p < 0.03). No associations between surgical outcome and the patterns of mesial temporal atrophy were detected. Our results demonstrate that variable patterns of atrophy exist in mesial temporal atrophy, but invariably atrophy involves the hippocampal body segment. Segmental MRI analysis in mesial temporal atrophy provides added useful diagnostic information.     

Localizing and prognosis value of 99Tcm-ECD spect in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsies]

Interictal and ictal 99Tcm ECD-SPECT were retrospectively studied in 46 patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Forty two of these patients underwent an anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalo-hippocampectomy or a cortical resection. SPECT findings as indicator of localization for the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and surgical prognosis were validated by comparison with other investigations including video-EEG monitoring with surface electrodes in all the patients, intracranial electrodes in 18 patients and the results of post-surgery outcome. Reliability of SPECT for localizing the epileptogenic zone (EZ) was found for mesial temporal epilepsy (28 patients) and the presumed bilateral temporal epilepsies (7 patients). In these latter cases, ECD-SPECT findings may serve to replace invasive methods with use of intracranial electrodes. SPECTs were unreliable when EZ was undetermined whether mesial or lateral by other non invasive investigations. Unilateral mesial temporal hyperperfusion associated with hypoperfusion of contralateral mesial structures evidenced by ictal SPECTs appear to be preoperative criteria for a successful outcome after surgery.     

Predictive value of 1H MRSI for outcome in temporal lobectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive value of 1H MRSI for outcome in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). BACKGROUND: 1H MRSI has been shown to be highly sensitive in the lateralization of temporal lob epilepsy. METHODS: The authors analyzed the relationship between the 1H MRSI findings and surgical outcome in 40 consecutive patients who underwent temporal lobe surgery for MTLE. Outcome at a mean of 24 months (range 18 to 40 months) was classified as seizure free or not seizure free. RESULTS: At follow-up, 78% of patients were seizure free. Correlations showed no predictive value for the creatine/N-acetylated compound (Cr/NA) ratio of the operated temporal lobe and outcome. However, a relationship was found between surgical failure and the Cr/NA ratio of the nonoperated temporal lobe and with a Cr/NA ratio in the nonoperated lobe above 1.21 in patients with bilateral abnormalities (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative elevations in the Cr/NA ratio in the nonoperated temporal lobe or the presence of higher metabolic ratios contralateral to the proposed surgery are associated with surgical failure. The predictive value of 1H MRSI absolute metabolite concentrations for outcome in MTLE requires further investigation.     

Absence of simple partial seizure in temporal lobe epilepsy: its diagnostic and prognostic significance

The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the absence of simple partial seizures (SPS) immediately preceding complex partial seizures (CPS) was examined in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The status of self-reported SPS in 193 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who had surgical therapy more than 2 years ago was reviewed. Before surgery, 37 patients never experienced SPS before CPS (Group A), 156 patients either always or occasionally had SPS before CPS (Group B). The frequency of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) was lower and the age at onset of epilepsy was higher in Group A. The seizure focus was in the language-dominant temporal lobe in 73% of the cases in Group A, compared with 40% in Group B. The surgical outcome did not differ between the two groups. The findings suggest that temporal lobe seizures without preceding SPS tend to originate in the language-dominant temporal lobe that contains a pathologic etiology other than MTS, especially in the lateral temporal lobe. The surgical outcome in patients without SPS is similar to that in patients with SPS.     

Contralateral medial temporal lobe damage in right but not left temporal lobe epilepsy: a (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

BACKGROUND: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the hippocampus is useful in lateralising the epileptic focus in temporal lobe epilepsy for subsequent surgical resection. Previous studies have reported abnormal contralateral MRS values in up to 50% of the patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the contributing factors to contralateral damage, as determined by MRS, and its extension in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: Single voxel MRS was carried out in the hippocampus and lateral temporal neocortex of both hemispheres in 13 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) and 16 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RTLE). All patients had mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Controls were 21 healthy volunteers of comparable age. RESULTS: Consistent with previous studies, the NAA/(Cho+Cr) ratio was abnormally low in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the focus (p < 0.0001), and there were lower values in both patient groups in the ipsilateral temporal neocortex (p < 0.0001). Patients with RTLE had left hippocampal MRS anomalies (p = 0.0018), whereas the right hippocampus seemed to be undamaged in LTLE patients. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with widespread metabolic abnormalities which involve contralateral mesial and neocortical temporal lobe structures. These abnormalities appear to be more pronounced in patients with RTLE.