肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A在体外循环后肺损伤中作用的研究进展

背景 体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)后肺损伤是心脏手术重要的并发症,它与术后死亡率和心脏手术成功率有密切关系,而肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A(pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A,SP-A)在CPB后肺损伤中的作用近年来受到关注. 目的 对SP-A在CPB后肺损伤中作用的最新研究进展进行综述,为临床基础研究提供理论依据.内容 介绍SP-A的分子结构、基因、受体、调控及生理作用,重点阐述SP-A在CPB后肺损伤中的研究进展. 趋向 随着分子生物学技术的发展,克隆或合成人类SP-A、构建载体在体内进行真核细胞表达成为可能,为治疗CPB后肺损伤提供了一个新的发展方向.     

Acute lung injury

Acute lung injury is a clinically and radiologically defined syndrome which is commonly diagnosed in intensive care. This article describes the epidemiology, pathology and pathophysiology as well as current management strategies with supporting evidence where available.     

奥曲肽对急性坏死性胰腺炎肺损伤的治疗作用

目的　观察奥曲肽对急性坏死性胰腺炎 (acutenecrotizcpancreatitis,ANP)大鼠肺损伤的治疗作用 ,并探讨其机制。方法　选用大鼠 63只 ,在胰胆管内注射 5 %牛磺胆酸钠溶液诱导大鼠ANP模型。观察奥曲肽对ANP大鼠肺组织形态及细胞因子变化的影响。结果　奥曲肽治疗组较ANP NS组肺湿/干重显著降低 ,PaO2 明显提高 ,肺泡灌洗液中蛋白质含量 [奥曲肽组为 (3 3 9.9± 72 .5 )mg/L]和白细胞计数明显下降或呈下降趋势。同时 ,血浆内毒素、血清TNFα和NO2 -/NO3-水平及肺组织NOS活性显著降低 ,肺组织血管内皮细胞和导管上皮细胞一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)表达下调 ,肺组织病理学改变减轻。结论　奥曲肽对ANP大鼠并发肺损伤有一定的治疗作用 ,其机制与其对内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子 α和一氧化氮等炎症介质的调节作用有关。     

急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征液体治疗策略

背景 高通透性肺水肿是急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome,ALI/ARDS)的基本病理生理特征,其程度与ALI/ARDS的预后密切相关.目的 对ALI/ARDS患者合理的液体管理,有助于改善ALI/ARDS患者的肺水肿,降低该病病死率.内容 回顾了ALI/ARDS液体治疗策略探索过程中存在争议的问题(如限制性或开放性的液体治疗策略及治疗液体种类的选择),总结了该领域近年来的研究进展(如ALI/ARDS病程不同阶段的差异化治疗及液体治疗的监测指标).趋向 今后将进一步探索该病在不同的病理生理状态下特异性的液体治疗方法,寻求高效敏感的监测指标,指导液体治疗策略的选择和调整.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者机械通气相关肺纤维化机制及治疗新进展

背景 机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者的救治过程中发挥着重要作用,然而机械通气使用不当,可诱发或加重肺损伤,即呼吸机相关性肺损伤,更关键的是机械通气可显著增加ARDS患者肺纤维化的发病率和病死率,有研究报道在ARDS的致死原因中,难以控制的肺纤维化占40％ ～60％. 目的 就ARDS患者机械通气相关肺纤维化的发生机制、防治策略等方面的研究新进展予以综述. 内容 机械通气产生的机械牵张可激活细胞信号通路最终导致肺纤维化的发生发展. 趋向 机械通气导致的肺纤维化已成为ARDS患者预后不良及肺功能下降的重要原因之一,我们应当予以高度重视.随着对其发病机制的不断探索,将为研发有效的防治措施提供更好的理论基础.     

Role of biomarkers in acute traumatic lung injury

In severely injured patients severe thoracic trauma is common and can significantly influence the outcome of these critically ill patients by increased rates of mainly pulmonary complications. Furthermore, patients who sustained thoracic trauma are at increased risk for Acute Lung Injury (ALI) or Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Therapeutic options are limited, basically consisting of prophylactic antibiotic therapy and changing patient’s positions. It is known, that ALI and ARDS differ clinically and pathobiologically from ALI/ARDS caused by other reasons, but the exact pathology remains elusive. Due to that no reliable predictive or surveillance biomarkers could be established for clinical diagnosis and identification of patients at high risk for acute traumatic lung injury. Nevertheless, there are plenty of promising markers that need to be further elucidated in larger case numbers and multicenter studies. This article sums up the recent status of those promising clinical biomarkers.     

乌司他丁对创伤后ARDS病人C反应蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶2的影响

目的探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）病人血C反应蛋白（CRP）和基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP-2）水平的变化及乌司他丁对其的影响。方法对61例收入ICU内的ARDS病人分为乌司他丁治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予乌司他丁20万单位＋生理盐水100ml每天2次静脉注射,其余治疗方案两组均相同,然后对两组病人血CRP和MMP-2水平、呼吸频率、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、PaCO2、APACHEII评分进行测定。结果两组病人治疗前各项值呼吸频率（次／分）、PaCO2（mmHg）、PaO2/FiO2、APACHEII评分、年龄及CRP、MMP-2水平无显著性差异;乌司他丁治疗可显著减少ARDS病人血CRP、MMP-2的表达（P〈0．01）,显著改善ARDS病人的呼吸情况,改善APACHEII评分（P〈0．001）。结论乌司他丁抑制ARDS的CRP、MMPs表达和改善呼吸情况,对ARDS病人有保护作用。     

Effect of ablated bronchial blood flow on survival rate and pulmonary function after burn and smoke inhalation in sheep

The bronchial circulation plays a significant role in the pathophysiological changes of burn and smoke-inhalation injury. Bronchial blood flow markedly increases immediately after inhalational injury. This study examines whether the ablation of the bronchial artery attenuates pathophysiological changes and improves survival after burn and smoke-inhalational injury in an ovine model. Acute lung injury was induced by 40% total body surface-area third-degree cutaneous burn and cotton smoke inhalation (48 breaths of cotton smoke, <40 °C) under deep anaesthesia. Twelve adult female sheep were divided into two groups: (1) sham (injured, non-ablated bronchial artery, n = 6); (2) ablation (injured, ablated bronchial artery, n = 6). Ablation of the bronchial artery was performed 72 h before the injury. The experiment was continued for 96 h. Burn and smoke-inhalation injury significantly increased regional blood flow in the bronchi. Ablation of the bronchial artery significantly reduced acute regional blood flow increases in the proximal and distal bronchi. All animals in the ablation group survived to 96 h. Four of these were successfully weaned off the ventilator. Three animals of the sham group met standardised euthanasia criteria at 60 h, while another met the criteria at 78 h. The lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, histology score and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly increased by the insult, but ablation of the bronchial artery attenuated these changes. Burn and smoke-inhalation injury induced a significant increase in bronchial blood flow and accelerated airway obstruction, pulmonary vascular changes, pulmonary oedema and pulmonary dysfunction. Ablated bronchial circulation attenuated these pathophysiological changes.