垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40／μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二 相态分布特征

采集了机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85%以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤筒相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1%.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30%以上.     

两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁(口英)相态分布特征

采集了机械炉捧焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉两种典型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气样品,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC/HRMS)同位素内标稀释法分别测定了烟气不同相样品中17种2,3,7,8-位氯取代的PCDDs/PCDFs同类物的含量.结果表明,两种炉型中PCDDs/PCDFs同类物及毒性当量贡献率在冷凝水相中所占的比例均在85％以上,远远高于在滤筒相和XAD-2树脂相中所占的比例,机械炉排炉焚烧排放烟气中∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为0.77;而循环流化床焚烧排放烟气∑PCDFs与∑PCDDs的比值为5.28.机械炉排炉焚烧烟气三相中OCDD为优势分布,尤其是滤简相中OCDD的百分比含量高达51.1％.流化床焚烧炉焚烧烟气滤筒、树脂、冷凝水相中没有出现某个单体对总浓度具有绝对优势的贡献.机械炉排焚烧炉和循环流化床焚烧炉排放的烟气中PCDFs的毒性当量贡献最大,尤其是单体2,3,4,7,8-peCDF对总毒性当量的贡献均在30％以上.     

Experimental investigation of ash deposits on convection heating surfaces of a circulating fluidized bed municipal solid waste incinerator

Incineration of municipal solid waste(MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction, as well as a source of renewable energy.During MSW combustion, increased formation of deposits on convection heating exchanger surfaces can pose severe operational problems, such as fouling, slagging and corrosion.These problems can cause lower heat transfer efficiency from the hot flue gas to the working fluid inside the tubes. A study was performed where experiments were carried out to examine the ash deposition characteristics in a full-scale MSW circulating fluidized bed(CFB) incinerator, using a newly designed deposit probe that was fitted with six thermocouples and four removable half rings. The influence of probe exposure time and probe surface temperature(500, 560, and 700℃) on ash deposit formation rate was investigated. The results indicate that the deposition mass and collection efficiency achieve a minimum at the probe surface temperature of 560℃. Ash particles are deposited on both the windward and leeward sides of the probe by impacting and thermophoretic/condensation behavior. The major inorganic elements present in the ash deposits are Ca,Al and Si. Compared to ash deposits formed on the leeward side of the probe,windward-side ash deposits contain relatively higher Ca and S concentrations, but lower levels of Al and Si. Among all cases at different surface temperatures, the differences in elemental composition of the ash deposits from the leeward side are insignificant.However, as the surface temperature increases, the concentrations of Al, Si, K and Na in the windward-side ash deposits increase, but the Ca concentration is reduced. Finally,governing mechanisms are proposed on the basis of the experimental data, such as deposit morphology, elemental composition and thermodynamic calculations.     

城市生活垃圾滚筒筛分选特性研究

滚筒筛筛分是生活垃圾分选中常用的工艺,国内目前有关滚筒筛分选生活垃圾的研究尚不多见.因此,本实验通过自行设计的一台处理能力为150kg.h-1的滚筒筛,采用实际生活垃圾进行分选实验,确定最佳运行参数范围.结果表明,当滚筒筛孔径为120mm时,在V实测/V极限（V实测为滚筒转动时实时测定转速,V极限为物料与滚筒一起转动时...     

Effect of bio-surfactant on municipal solid waste composting process

Bio-surfactant is a new type of surfactant that is produced in microbial metabolism. Adding bio-surfactant during composting process, especially to those contain some toxic substances, has been proved to be a promising way. In this study, Strains Ⅲ(2), a bacterial with high activity to produce bio-surfactant, were isolated firstly. Following comparison experiments with and without adding Strains Ⅲ(2), namely Run 1 and Run R, were conducted, respectively. The experimental results showed that, by adding Strains Ⅲ (2),the surface tension could reduce from 46.5 mN/m to 39.8 mN/m and the corresponding time to maintain the surface tension under 50 mN/m could prolong from 60 h to 90 h. The oxygen uptake rate and total accumulated oxygen consumption with Stains Ⅲ (2) were both higher than those without Strains Ⅲ (2), while the accumulation of H2S in outlet gas was reduced to around 50% of Run R. Moreover, two additional experiments were also carried out to examine the effects of strains coming from different systems. One is adding Strains Ⅲ (2)with a dose of 0.4% (Run 2), and the other is seedling commercial Strains at the same conditions, the composting experiments showed that: Run 2 was more effective than Run 3, because the commercial Strains can be suppressed significantly in a complex composting system with different pH, high temperature and some of metals. The bio-surfactant was also added into the solid waste, which contained some toxic substances, the corresponding results showed that the remove rate of Hg and sodium pentachlorophenolate(PCP-Na) could be improved highly. Thus, the microenvironment, reactionrate and composting quality could be enhanced effectively by adding bio-surfactant to the composting process.     

梧州市生活垃圾高固体厌氧发酵产甲烷

以梧州市的生活垃圾为原料,针对其难降解部分含量相对较高的特点,进行高浓度中温[(35±2)℃]批式厌氧消化实验,主要研究TS的3个设置浓度对厌氧消化稳定性及性能的影响.结果表明,分别为20%、25%和30%的3种TS均能实现稳定的产甲烷过程,在整个过程中没有明显产生挥发性脂肪酸的抑制,pH能实现自稳态调控;TS为20%、25%和30%的厌氧消化的累积产甲烷量为93.06、105.92和117.23L/kgVS;较低的总固体浓度有助于缩短厌氧发酵周期,而较高浓度可提高产甲烷效率.     

混合垃圾在热重分析仪和流化床中的燃烧特性

针对我国目前垃圾焚烧以烧原生垃圾为主的特点,以热重分析和流化床燃烧实验台为主要研究手段,对于混合垃圾的燃烧特性展开深入研究并将二者的试验数据进行对比.实验结果表明:不同的垃圾在流化床中的燃烧速率的数值比较接近.而不同的垃圾在热重仪中的燃烧速率差别很大,针对所选的试样其燃烧速率的变化范围是0.49～5.50.另外,在热重分析中,试样完全燃烬的时间一般为20～25min,而在流化床燃烧实验台中,试样的燃烧过程发展得非常快,燃烬时间非常短,仅需3～3.5min.混合垃圾在热重分析仪中的燃烧特性可以用单组分物质的叠加来表示,而混合的垃圾在流化床中燃烧时,用简单的单组分叠加来表示不很合理.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场甲烷收集效率研究

为提高垃圾填埋场CH4收集系统的收集效率,减少CH4的排放,对广州某生活垃圾填埋场CH4收集效率和填埋堆体表面CH4释放速率进行了研究.研究表明:采用US-EPA一级动力学模型计算出2010年该填埋场理论CH4产量为7.22×107m3,估算实际产量为(2.17～2.89)×107m3,实际收集量为1.75×107m3,实际收集量占估算实际产量的60.6%～80.6%.填埋作业面是填埋场主要的CH4排放源,年排放量为0.175×107m3,占实际收集量的10.0%.其中,陈垃圾作业面和新填垃圾作业面CH4的释放速率分别为4.17mol·m-·2h-1和0.29mol·m-·2h-1.     

珠三角地区生活垃圾焚烧厂汞的排放特征

利用OH法对珠三角8家垃圾焚烧厂(6家采用炉排炉工艺,2家采用流化床工艺)进行烟气采样,同时采集飞灰、底渣、煤炭样品进行分析.研究结果表明,珠三角炉排炉焚烧烟气平均总汞(THg)排放浓度为(51.4±28.3) μg·Nm^-3,流化床为(19.5±13.6) μg·Nm^-3.炉排炉飞灰THg含量为6674 μg·kg^-1,流化床飞灰THg含量为2135 μg·kg^-1,底渣中炉排炉THg含量为70 μg·kg^-1,流化床为30 μg·kg^-1.飞灰中的汞含量要远远高于底渣.垃圾焚烧过程中炉排炉70.8%的汞由烟气排放,26.3%存在飞灰中,底渣中的汞仅占2.9%.流化床工艺烟气汞排放占总汞排放的33.2%.利用质量平衡法计算珠三角垃圾中汞含量平均值为0.293 mg·kg^-1,流化床工艺因添加燃煤所产生的汞排放占到垃圾焚烧总汞排放的31.6%.     

垃圾筛上物热解特性的实验研究

在小型外热式固定床热解炉实验台上,开展了垃圾筛上物在550℃至750℃范围内热解特性的实验研究,并进行系统能量的分析．得到了热解炉内不同部位物料的温度变化和不同热解终温下的热解产气速度、产气量及其它产物产量．结果表明．热解炉内各部位温度先升高后趋于稳定．产气速度在20min左右达到最大,且最大产气速度、热解液体量、产气量随终温升高而增加,残炭量则随终温升高而减少．其中750℃下热解得到产物：127.765g热解液,102．101L热解气和220．18g残炭．700℃下能量平衡分析表明：热解气和残炭的热值较高．垃圾热解产物经过处理后作为燃料应用在热解过程中可以减少外界能量的消耗．提高系统运行的经济性．     

垃圾在流化床中燃烧的特性

在一台特别设计的小型流化床燃烧实验台上对垃圾可燃物代表组分进行实验研究 .结果表明 ,干燥的垃圾在床温仅为 50 0℃就能在很短的时间内迅速燃烧 ,产生明亮的火焰 .在本实验条件下 ,床温没有因为实验组分的加入而下降 ,而是随着垃圾的迅速燃烧而急剧升温 ,床温提高 30～ 70℃不等 .垃圾在流化床中燃烧受多种因素的影响 ,并讨论了当物料形状 (整或碎 )、含水量、实验风量 (从 5.5m³/h到 7.5m³/h)等因素变化后对于燃烧气体成分及炉内温度的影响 .在本实验条件下 ,当物料剪碎后会引起炉内温度水平明显提高 ,并使得CO排放量略有下降 .物料含水量增加时会导致炉内温度水平明显下降 .实验风量提高时 ,CO排放量明显减少 .     

城市生活垃圾处理技术和资源化应用探讨

介绍我国城市生活垃圾处理技术和城市垃圾资源化现状,对北京阿苏卫生活垃圾综合处理进行详细分析,为城市生活垃圾的处理工艺选型和垃圾处理发展前景提供了参考依据。     

德国城市生活垃圾管理现状及启示

德国是城市生活垃圾管理最为成功的国家之一。从德国垃圾处理的发展过程、法律法规框架、管理体系、管理措施及实施成果等方面介绍了德国城市生活垃圾的管理现状,从而为解决我国现有的城市垃圾管理问题提供管理思路和方法。     

Microbiological indication of municipal solid waste landfill non-stabilization

Accidental collapse resulted from unstable factors is an important technological problem to be solved in sanitary landfill. Microbiological degradation of organic matters in landfilled solid waste are an important unstable factor. A landfill reactor was thus manufactured and installed to examine quantitative and population dynamics of microorganisms during degradation of landfilled solid waste. It was showed that unstable landfill can be reflected and indicated by microbiological features such as rapidly decreased growth amount of microorganisms, no detection of fungi and actinomyces, and changing the dominant population into methanogenic bacteria and Acinotobacter.     

城市生活垃圾产量影响因素的路径分析——以厦门市为例

城市生活垃圾产量日益剧增,已成为制约我国城市健康和可持续发展的瓶颈.深入开展城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素研究有助于揭示垃圾产生机制,把握其动态变化趋势,从而指导生活垃圾可持续管理及调控.因此,以厦门市为例,基于1979-2010年生活垃圾清运量及经济、生活水平、城市发展水平、社会人口学特征、自然等方面的时间序列数据,运用路径分析方法,开展了城市生活垃圾产量影响因素研究.结果表明,所构建的路径分析模型拟合优度很高,相比较简单的相关分析,很好地解释了因素与垃圾产量的因果关系;城市规模、人均可支配收入、城市化率、GDP的直接影响系数分别为0.58(p ＜0.001)、0.55(p＜0.001)、0.52(p ＜0.001)、0.51(p ＜0.001),均大于0.5,说明正影响作用很大;家庭特征直接影响系数为-0.40(p ＜0.001),为较大负影响;GDP通过旅游人次、城市规模通过家庭特征对垃圾产量有间接作用,影响系数分别为0.13(p ＜0.001)、0.31(p＜0.001);各因素总影响系数排序为城市规模(0.89,p＜0.001)＞ GDP(0.64,p ＜0.001)＞人均可支配收入(0.55,p ＜0.001)＞城市化率(0.52,p ＜0.001)＞家庭特征(-0.40,p＜0.001)＞旅游人次(0.19,p＜0.001)＞年均温度(0.09,p ＜0.001);旅游人次影响作用为中等偏弱,温度只引起生活垃圾产量的年内变动而不影响年际变化.     

1979~2016年中国城市生活垃圾产生和处理时空特征

改革开放以来,随着我国社会经济发展、居民生活水平提高,城市生活垃圾与日俱增,其妥善处理是我国各级政府面临的重要环境管理问题之一.本文通过系统收集和整理1979~2016年我国城市生活垃圾产生和处理的政府统计及相关中英文文献数据,分析了我国城市生活垃圾产生和处理的时空演变特征,建立了全国与各地区城市生活垃圾物理组分数据清单.研究结果表明：1979~2016年我国城市生活垃圾产生量显著增长至2016年的2.04亿t,以厨余类为主要成分.全国城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达到96.6%,无害化处理方式逐渐转向为焚烧为主、填埋补充的技术格局.我国各地区城市生活垃圾产生量、产生量增速、物理组分、无害化处理率和处理能力等存在时空差异,各地区应因地制宜,结合国家专项规划,提高生活垃圾减量化和资源化水平,弥补无害化处理缺口.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场中抗生素残留特征研究

为研究城市生活垃圾填埋场中抗生素的残留及其浓度特征,采集上海市老港填埋场中固体废弃物和渗滤液样本,采用超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用技术(UPLC-3Q-MS)检测抗生素浓度.结果显示,固体废弃物和渗滤液中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内脂类及β-内酰胺类抗生素的检出浓度范围分别为0.1~4.9μg·kg~(-1),nd~3245.0 ng·L~(-1)、nd~16.3μg·kg~(-1),nd~1360.0 ng·L~(-1)、0.2~367.5μg·kg~(-1),nd~6950.0ng·L~(-1)、LOQ~8.4μg·kg~(-1),0.3~9450.0 ng·L~(-1)及nd~2.8μg·kg~(-1),nd~293.5 ng·L~(-1).抗生素浓度在垃圾填埋场中的分布存在时空差异,填埋场1.5 m处固体废弃物中抗生素的浓度高于0.5 m处,新鲜渗滤液中抗生素浓度大于老龄渗滤液.研究结果为可今后垃圾填埋场中残留抗生素的治理提供理论依据.