柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析，发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6～7月，20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势，柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地，分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨韵主要影响系统有高空槽（南支槽）、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种，可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析,发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6~7月,20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势,柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地,分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨的主要影响系统有高空槽(南支槽)、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种,可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

柳江致洪暴雨及其影响系统统计特征分析

通过对柳江流域历年25个致洪暴雨过程进行统计分析,发现柳江流域致洪暴雨主要发生于6~7月,20世纪90年代后柳江致洪暴雨的发生频率和强度都有增加的趋势,柳江东北部流域和西部流域是柳江洪水的主要来源地,分析还发现柳江致洪暴雨的主要影响系统有高空槽(南支槽)、低涡、低层切变线、地面静止锋、低空急流、副热带高压等6种,可分为低槽切变类、低涡切变类和低空急流切变类三种类型。     

长江上游大范围致洪暴雨的成因分析

使用1981～1996年6～8月长江上游19站日降水资料以及同期500hPa、700hPa、850hPa天气图资料，分析了其间长江上游113个暴雨日的主要影响系统。结果表明，按500hPa环流形势划分，可将长江上游大范围致洪暴雨分为北槽南涡类、低涡切变类、河西小槽类等三种类型，其中北槽南涡类和低涡切变类对长江致洪影响极大。同时，以1981～1996年6～8月08时500hPa、700hPa、850hPa资料为初始场，结合日本数值预报产品，归纳出了长江上游未来24小时内大范围暴雨的预报判据。     

陕西历史最早暴雨成因初步分析

利用天气学原理和T213提供的物理量场分析了2004-02-20发生在陕西历史上最早的暴雨过程，发现此次暴雨是在新疆分裂冷空气、高原槽、低涡切变和地面倒槽的共同影响形成的，环流形势为“东高西低”和“北槽南涡”．西南低空急流、低涡切变是此次暴雨的直接影响系统，动力结构为高层强辐散和低层强辐合．能量场具有典型的“Ω”中尺度结构，700hPa层SW低空暖湿急流是主要水汽和能量输送系统，暴雨区水汽辐合强烈，暴雨发生在水汽通量的最大梯度处，与夏季暴雨水汽特征相似。     

三都县一次特大致洪暴雨成因分析

利用常规天气图、物理量场和雷达回波等资料,对2006-06-26三都水族自治县的特大致洪暴雨天气过程进行综合分析.结果表明:此次特大暴雨过程的发生与500 hPa两高切变、中低层(低涡)切变和地面中尺度辐合线的共同作用密切相关.中低层偏南气流维持时间长、西南低空急流的建立和维持、对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散以及喇叭口地形的强化作用为特大暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽、大量不稳定能量和持久的动力条件.     

2007年6月12～13日柳州市特大暴雨过程分析

运用常规天气图、气象卫星资料、新一代天气雷达资料等资料对2007年6月12～13日柳州市的特大暴雨过程进行分析,发现这次大暴雨过程的最主要的影响系统是低层的低涡切变和低空急流.柳州市、柳江县的短时大暴雨、特大暴雨产生时低层切变在附近维持,而切变南侧低空急流加强并向北推进致使低层辐合大大加强.随着急流轴的东移,切变线东移南压,地面弱冷空气补充南下,强降水过程趋于结束.     

贵州省2011年5月11日暴雨天气过程分析

该文根据贵州省七要素自动气象站雨量资料、区域自动气象站雨量资料、Micaps常规资料,应用天气学原理和方法对2011年5月10日20时—11日20时（北京时下同）发生在贵州省东南部的区域性暴雨天气过程进行综合分析,期望加深对低空急流与低涡切变共同导致贵州暴雨的认识,丰富这类天气系统配合下的贵州暴雨天气分析个例,为将来建立低空急流与低涡切变配合型贵州暴雨天气模型积累个例档案,为今后此类贵州暴雨预报与服务提供参考。结果表明：西南低空急流、低层切变辐合是形成此次暴雨的直接影响系统。低空急流向暴雨区提供了大量的水汽、能量和垂直上升运动条件,对此次暴雨天气过程的产生起主导作用。暴雨落区位于：六盘水市东部、黔西南州东部及南部,安顺地区南部,黔南州中部及南部,黔东南州大部,此天气系统配置对贵州暴雨落区预报具有指导性。此次区域性暴雨具有明显的MCC特征。     

一次东北冷涡暴雨过程的数值模拟试验

利用MM5非静力模式成功地模拟了1998年8月8－9日一次东北冷涡切变型暴雨过程。发现本次过程中，低涡西北象限的强降水中心的产生是由于高层形成的强辐散，切变降水的产生由于偏南急流与偏东急流的交汇，切变带上升运动层明显低于低涡。同时，通过对比试验发现，偏南急流是本次过程主要水汽输送带。且对切变降水影响较大。偏南急流区水汽的减弱对系统（低涡、切变）的降水强弱有直接影响；西路冷空气加强主要使大气斜压作用增强导致低涡强度及降水增强；东路冷空气主要通过阻挡偏南气流形成抬升从而主要影响切变强度和降水。阻高则通过对上游低值系统的阻挡影响其位置和强度进而影响过程降水。     

厦门连续性暴雨天气气候特征

1956～2002年厦门降水资料和相应天气图资料分析结果表明：厦门连续性暴雨天气过程主要产生在台风季和雨季；雨季间连续性暴雨环流背景是500hPa的阻塞形势，分单阻和双阻两型，850hPa形势特征则表现为低涡切变偏南和低空西南急流两型；台风连续性暴雨的台风路径主要有台湾类和南海类两类，所对应的主要登陆地段分别是厦门至福清和厦门至珠江口，500hPa环流形态有台风倒槽、台风后部、槽台迎近和北槽南台4类。     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.