A novel hybrid state estimator for including synchronized phasor measurements

State estimator is crucial for on-line power system monitoring, analysis and control. With the increasing use of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU) in power grids, how to utilize phasor measurements to improve the precision of state estimator becomes imperative. Since there are lots of traditional measurements in SCADA system and it is hard for phasor measurements to replace them in the near future, the best way is to develop hybrid state estimator which includes both phasor and traditional measurements to get better behavior. In this paper, a novel state estimator for including voltage phasors, branch current phasors and traditional measurements is proposed. The detailed model and how to calculate covariance matrix of PMU measurements are described in detail. New England 39-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system are used as test systems and the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed state estimation algorithm improves the precision greatly and gets better behavior as compared with other state estimators with or without phasor measurements.     

基于混合量测的电力系统动态状态估计

针对目前广域量测量无法单独进行状态估计的问题,引入部分SCADA功率量测与广域量测一起构成混合量测系统,提出了基于混合量测的动态状态估计算法。该算法采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法实现状态预测与滤波,并能利用精度高和短期更新的广域量测数据去提高状态滤波效果。仿真分析表明,当广域量测在混合量测数据所占比例逐渐增加以及广域量测更新周期缩短后,状态预测和滤波结果精度均会有明显提高。     

Multi area state estimation using synchronized phasor measurements

This paper investigates the problem of state estimation in very large power systems, which may contain several control areas. An estimation approach which coordinates locally obtained decentralized estimates while improving bad data processing capability at the area boundaries is presented. Each area is held responsible for maintaining a sufficiently redundant measurement set to allow bad data processing among its internal measurements. It is assumed that synchronized phasor measurements from different area buses are available in addition to the conventional measurements provided by the substation remote terminal units. The estimator is implemented and tested using different measurement configurations for the IEEE 118-bus test system and the 4520-bus ERCOT system.     

Generalized State Estimation of Flexible AC Power Systems Considering Wind Generators and Primary Frequency Control

This paper proposes a practical approach to incorporate the mathematical models of both fixed-speed and variable-speed wind turbine generators, automatic load frequency controls as well as voltage magnitude and frequency dependent loads into a weighted least squares-based state estimation algorithm suitable for the analysis of flexible alternating current (AC) transmission systems. As opposed to conventional static state estimators, where the inclusion of these electric components has been neglected so far, the proposed approach permits the determination of the steady state operation of a power system in the event of a supply-demand unbalance by estimating the magnitude of the frequency deviation from its nominal value. The state estimation is based on measurements related to those that should be obtained by a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and phasor measurement units. For the purpose of this paper, the set of values associated with SCADA measurements (nodal power injections, power flows, and voltage magnitudes) and phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurements (voltage and current phasors) are generated from a power flow analysis of the network under study. Lastly, numerical simulations are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

PMU在多区域互联系统状态估计中的应用

利用PMU和SCADA (数据采集与监控系统)组成混合量测,提出一种基于PMU量测多区域互联系统状态估计方法.从通过对角块加边模型(BBDF)的方法对大规模系统进行分区出发,在各区域内部单独进行状态估计的基础上,推导通过区域间数据交换得到修正的各区域外网戴维南等值,进而利用边界条件构造基于边界节点状态量的状态迭代模型,并通过不断修正各子系统相应的外界节点状态得到整个系统状态估计结果,通过6机25节点系统的仿真结果,验证了算法的有效性及优越性.     

基于广域测量系统的状态估计研究综述

广域测量系统（WAMS）的逐步发展给电力系统在线分析方法提供了一个新思路。针对WAMS测量精度高、具有同步相量测量功能以及数据传输快等特点，分别从引入高精度节点电压相量量测的状态估计算法、引入高精度支路电流相量量测的算法、引入全部WAMS量测的算法以及其他与WAMS状态估计相关的问题等4个方面，介绍了目前引入WAMS量测的各种状态估计算法；并详细分析了各种算法的优缺点和适用范围，从工程应用出发研究其可行性，对部分算法给出了改进措施。讨论了WAMS的不良数据检测与辨识问题、相量测量装置（PMU）的最优配置问题以及基于PMU的动态状态估计和谐波状态估计等与WAMS状态估计相关的其他问题。     

计及PMU支路电流相量的状态估计模型

评述了相量量测在电力系统状态估计中的各种应用模型,包括仅采用相量测量装置(PMU)的量测进行线性估计、在非线性估计中加入PMU电压幅值和相角量测,以及把非线性估计和线性估计结合等方案.把PMU量测值直接作为估计值虽然可以降低估计的维数,但不一定有利于估计精度.当前PMU的配置还难以满足可观性要求,故必须将PMU量测与其他量测一起用于状态估计.但在非线性估计中,很难直接利用PMU支路电流量测,特别是其相角量测.文中提出通过量测变换来计及PMU支路电流幅值和相角量测的模型.对各种非线性估计模型的仿真说明该模型的估计精度优于其他方案.     

基于广域测量系统的混合量测状态估计算法

针对当前广域测量系统（WAMS）测量点少、无法进行状态估计的问题，提出利用量测变换的方法将数据采集与监控系统 (SCADA)支路功率量测转换成等效电流相量量测，与WAMS量测组成混合量测系统，并提出了直角坐标系下混合量测的状态估计算法。理论分析和算例表明该算法具有常数的雅克比矩阵和信息矩阵，而且信息矩阵能够针对节点电压相量的实部和虚部进行解耦处理。该算法收敛快速，属于线性收敛，且基本不受系统规模的影响。此外，本文还研究了该算法对有注入功率节点的处理，不同R/X值对该算法收敛情况的影响以及PMU量测值对估计结果精度的影响分析。     

部分电压和电流相量可测量时电压相量的状态估计

基于电风坟相量和电流相量可测的条件下,推导出了整个电网电压相量的线性状态估计表达式,并对测量随机误差对电压相量状态地的影响进行了分析。由于对电压相量的状态估计是线性的,因此能实时实现对电网的监视。     

基于交替方向乘子法的分布式双线性状态估计

提出了一种计及数据采集与监控(SCADA)系统和相量测量单元(PMU)混合量测的电力系统多区域分布式状态估计的新方法。首先假设量测模型是线性的,以扩展子区域法进行分区,所得到的扩展子区域包含了相邻区域的边界母线。然后采用广泛应用于分布式计算的交替方向乘子法(ADMM)求解,由于各子区域间仅需交换边界母线状态量信息,无需中央协调侧,因而保留了各子区域的独立性。随后基于SCADA系统和PMU混合量测的双线性模型,将传统的非线性加权最小二乘(WLS)估计转化为三阶段问题,第1、第3阶段为线性WLS估计(各子区域由ADMM分布式求解);第2阶段为一步非线性变换(各子区域可独立变换)。双线性理论与ADMM技术的结合,保证了分布式状态估计的收敛性,同时也提高了计算效率。最后,算例测试部分从多个方面论证了所述方法相比于现有方法的优越性。     

A Novel Topological Genetic Algorithm-Based Phasor Measurement Unit Placement and Scheduling Methodology for Enhanced State Estimation

Phasor measurement units are emerging as a potential tool for on-line power system state estimation. Incorporation of phasor measurement units to the existing power system's monitoring system is impeded by various physical and economic constraints. This article proposes a novel topological genetic algorithm for optimal placement of phasor measurement units along with existing conventional measurement units such that state estimation can be achieved with enhanced accuracy and immunity against power grid contingencies. The proposed algorithm optimally places phasor measurement units so that complete observability of the power system is achieved through them and enhanced redundancy in measurement can be accomplished through conventional measurement units. Since practical phasor measurement unit placements are accomplished in multiple horizons, intelligent sorting and phase optimization methodologies have been presented to attain maximum observability during phasing periods. Placement of phasor measurement units with multiple channel limits has also been studied in this article. The efficacy of the proposed topological genetic algorithm for optimizing the number of phasor measurement units and enhancing state estimation under various operating conditions has been validated through extensive simulation studies conducted in IEEE standard bus systems. Practical case studies have been performed in the western and southern region Indian power grids.     

State estimation and bad data processing for systems including PMU and SCADA measurements

Conventional state estimators (SE) are based on real-time measurements, consisting of bus voltages and active and reactive power flows and injections, and estimate the voltage phasors of the network buses. Until recently, these measurements were obtained only through SCADA. With the advent of GPS synchronized measurements obtained by phasor measurement units (PMU), effective techniques are required to incorporate the extremely accurate PMU measurements into state estimation, in order to improve its performance and observability. This paper develops a non-linear weighted least squares estimator by modeling the current phasor measurements either in rectangular or in polar coordinates and compares the two approaches. Any numerical problems arised at flat start or for lightly loaded lines, are resolved. The error amplification, due to the current phasor measurement transformation from polar into rectangular coordinates, is also investigated. The normalized residual test is used to effectively identify any bad data in the conventional and phasor measurements. The proposed techniques are tested with the IEEE 14-bus system.     

A new hybrid state estimation based on pseudo‐voltage measurements

This paper presents a new hybrid state estimation method based on the concept of pseudo‐voltage measurements for a power system containing both conventional and synchronizing phasor measurements. Actual measurement data is employed to calculate the magnitude and phase of the pseudo‐voltage. In the proposed formulation, the measurement matrix describing the relations between the measured data and the state variables contains only 0 or 1. Then the state estimation problem is formulated based on the weighted least‐squares criterion, and its solution can be obtained without using iterative procedures. Comparisons with previous hybrid state estimation methods have been performed on IEEE 14‐bus, 57‐bus, and 118‐bus systems. Numerical experimental results indicate that the proposed approach yields solutions of comparable accuracy with other methods but with shorter computation times. Moreover, the proposed method also provides superior results in the presence of bad data. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

同步相量测量技术在配电网中的应用

随着智能电网建设的不断深入,配电网的智能化升级改造也步入正轨。同步相量测量技术不仅适用于输电系统,在实现配电网智能化方面也能发挥积极作用。基于美国FNET系统和国内WAMS Light系统,给出国内外配电网同步相量测量系统概念;从状态估计、故障定位、谐波估计、孤岛检测角度,介绍同步相量测量技术在配电网诊断方面的应用,并从微电网协调、电能质量控制、控制与保护角度论及它在配电网保护方面的应用。最终,针对配电网同步相量测量技术发展所遇问题,试着提出明确的解决思路。     

基于全网架相量测量的抗差状态估计算法

鉴于海南电网实现了主网架全PMU覆盖,提出了一种基于全PMU量测的抗差状态估计算法。该算法以测点正常率最大为目标,兼顾功率、电压相量和电流相量量测,采用现代内点法实现系统非线性模型的高效求解。由于充分利用所有PMU量测数据,该算法可有效排除不良数据的影响。算例表明,所提算法显著地提升了状态估计的收敛率、合格率和计算频率。     

一种新的分布式电力系统状态估计算法

随着电力系统的发展,区域电网互联,形成了规模更大的系统。为了适应这一趋势,电力系统状态估计应采用分布式算法。在配置少量PMU的基础上,将分区后的边界等式约束条件通过拉格朗日乘子计入整体目标函数,将分布式状态估计的问题转化为一个带等式约束的最优化问题,实现了电力系统状态估计的分布式计算。该算法不仅提高了状态估计的速度,而且可在不必改动原有状态估计模块的基础上,很容易地加入等式约束的修正模块。最后通过IEEE14节点和IEEE30节点系统的模拟仿真,验证了该算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于超短期负荷预测和混合量测的线性动态状态估计

目前电力系统量测主要是广域测量系统(wide area measurement system,WAMS)和数据采集与监控系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)混合量测并存。利用量测变换技术,将SCADA系统下支路功率量测和节点注入功率量测转换为等效的电流相量量测,并与WAMS量测组成混合量测系统,在此基础上提出了直角坐标系下的线性动态状态估计算法。此外,采用高精度的母线超短期负荷预测并通过潮流计算得到预测值,实现了系统状态的实时跟踪预测。该算法减少了动态状态估计的计算时间,提高了动态状态估计的计算精度。采用IEEE14节点系统对提出的算法进行了验证。     

含微型同步相量测量的智能配电网信息集成方法

随着分布式电源、柔性负荷、电动汽车的大量接入,配电网呈现出潮流双向化、源荷智能化、网络电力电子化等新特征,为提高智能配电网的可观测性,微型同步相量测量装置等新技术产品得到逐步推广和使用,为智能配电网状态监测和运行控制提供了新方法和新手段。针对大规模分布式电源、柔性负荷、电动汽车接入智能配电网实际情况以及微型同步相量测量信息与已有SCADA数据集成应用需求,提出了多源端系统数据信息集成思路和方法,构建了基于海量数据总线和高速数据总线的硬件架构和软件架构方案,通过采用主动分布式内存库、高速数据总线等技术将微型同步相量量测高密度实时数据与已有自动化、信息化系统实现信息集成和融合共享,为智能配电网高频运行状态估计、小电流故障诊断与定位、动态特性优化协调控制等高级应用提供数据信息支撑。     

Diakoptic State Estimation Using Phasor Measurement Units

This paper presents a diakoptic-based distributed state estimation (SE) algorithm suitable for large-scale power systems. In the proposed approach the large-scale power system is divided into a certain number of subsystems by removing tie line measurements. Based on diakoptic theory, the SE problem is then partitioned into a number of subproblems which are solved for each subsystem using local computational resources. In subsequent steps, the intermediate subsystem SE solutions are sent to a central computer for completing the state estimation process by taking the tie line measurements into consideration. Phasor measurement units are used to make each subproblem solvable and to coordinate the voltage angles of each subsystem SE solution. Test results on the IEEE 14-bus test bed and IEEE 118-bus test bed are provided.